/*
 * Copyright (c) 2019, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This source code is subject to the terms of the BSD 2 Clause License and
 * the Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0. If the BSD 2 Clause License
 * was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
 * obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
 * Media Patent License 1.0 was not distributed with this source code in the
 * PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
 */

#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include "config/aom_config.h"
#include "config/aom_dsp_rtcd.h"
#include "config/av1_rtcd.h"

#include "aom_dsp/aom_dsp_common.h"
#include "aom_dsp/binary_codes_writer.h"
#include "aom_ports/mem.h"
#include "aom_ports/aom_timer.h"

#include "av1/common/reconinter.h"
#include "av1/common/blockd.h"

#include "av1/encoder/encodeframe.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodeframe_utils.h"
#include "av1/encoder/var_based_part.h"
#include "av1/encoder/reconinter_enc.h"
#include "av1/encoder/rdopt_utils.h"

// Possible values for the force_split variable while evaluating variance based
// partitioning.
enum {
  // Evaluate all partition types
  PART_EVAL_ALL = 0,
  // Force PARTITION_SPLIT
  PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT = 1,
  // Force PARTITION_NONE
  PART_EVAL_ONLY_NONE = 2
} UENUM1BYTE(PART_EVAL_STATUS);

typedef struct {
  VPVariance *part_variances;
  VPartVar *split[4];
} variance_node;

static inline void tree_to_node(void *data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                variance_node *node) {
  node->part_variances = NULL;
  switch (bsize) {
    case BLOCK_128X128: {
      VP128x128 *vt = (VP128x128 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_64X64: {
      VP64x64 *vt = (VP64x64 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_32X32: {
      VP32x32 *vt = (VP32x32 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_16X16: {
      VP16x16 *vt = (VP16x16 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    case BLOCK_8X8: {
      VP8x8 *vt = (VP8x8 *)data;
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx].part_variances.none;
      break;
    }
    default: {
      VP4x4 *vt = (VP4x4 *)data;
      assert(bsize == BLOCK_4X4);
      node->part_variances = &vt->part_variances;
      for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++)
        node->split[split_idx] = &vt->split[split_idx];
      break;
    }
  }
}

// Set variance values given sum square error, sum error, count.
static inline void fill_variance(uint32_t s2, int32_t s, int c, VPartVar *v) {
  v->sum_square_error = s2;
  v->sum_error = s;
  v->log2_count = c;
}

static inline void get_variance(VPartVar *v) {
  v->variance =
      (int)(256 * (v->sum_square_error -
                   (uint32_t)(((int64_t)v->sum_error * v->sum_error) >>
                              v->log2_count)) >>
            v->log2_count);
}

static inline void sum_2_variances(const VPartVar *a, const VPartVar *b,
                                   VPartVar *r) {
  assert(a->log2_count == b->log2_count);
  fill_variance(a->sum_square_error + b->sum_square_error,
                a->sum_error + b->sum_error, a->log2_count + 1, r);
}

static inline void fill_variance_tree(void *data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  variance_node node;
  memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
  tree_to_node(data, bsize, &node);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[0], node.split[1], &node.part_variances->horz[0]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[2], node.split[3], &node.part_variances->horz[1]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[0], node.split[2], &node.part_variances->vert[0]);
  sum_2_variances(node.split[1], node.split[3], &node.part_variances->vert[1]);
  sum_2_variances(&node.part_variances->vert[0], &node.part_variances->vert[1],
                  &node.part_variances->none);
}

static inline void set_block_size(AV1_COMP *const cpi, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  if (cpi->common.mi_params.mi_cols > mi_col &&
      cpi->common.mi_params.mi_rows > mi_row) {
    CommonModeInfoParams *mi_params = &cpi->common.mi_params;
    const int mi_grid_idx = get_mi_grid_idx(mi_params, mi_row, mi_col);
    const int mi_alloc_idx = get_alloc_mi_idx(mi_params, mi_row, mi_col);
    MB_MODE_INFO *mi = mi_params->mi_grid_base[mi_grid_idx] =
        &mi_params->mi_alloc[mi_alloc_idx];
    mi->bsize = bsize;
  }
}

static int set_vt_partitioning(AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCKD *const xd,
                               const TileInfo *const tile, void *data,
                               BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                               int64_t threshold, BLOCK_SIZE bsize_min,
                               PART_EVAL_STATUS force_split) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  variance_node vt;
  const int block_width = mi_size_wide[bsize];
  const int block_height = mi_size_high[bsize];
  int bs_width_check = block_width;
  int bs_height_check = block_height;
  int bs_width_vert_check = block_width >> 1;
  int bs_height_horiz_check = block_height >> 1;
  // On the right and bottom boundary we only need to check
  // if half the bsize fits, because boundary is extended
  // up to 64. So do this check only for sb_size = 64X64.
  if (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_64X64) {
    if (tile->mi_col_end == cm->mi_params.mi_cols) {
      bs_width_check = (block_width >> 1) + 1;
      bs_width_vert_check = (block_width >> 2) + 1;
    }
    if (tile->mi_row_end == cm->mi_params.mi_rows) {
      bs_height_check = (block_height >> 1) + 1;
      bs_height_horiz_check = (block_height >> 2) + 1;
    }
  }

  assert(block_height == block_width);
  tree_to_node(data, bsize, &vt);

  if (mi_col + bs_width_check <= tile->mi_col_end &&
      mi_row + bs_height_check <= tile->mi_row_end &&
      force_split == PART_EVAL_ONLY_NONE) {
    set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    return 1;
  }
  if (force_split == PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT) return 0;

  // For bsize=bsize_min (16x16/8x8 for 8x8/4x4 downsampling), select if
  // variance is below threshold, otherwise split will be selected.
  // No check for vert/horiz split as too few samples for variance.
  if (bsize == bsize_min) {
    // Variance already computed to set the force_split.
    if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) get_variance(&vt.part_variances->none);
    if (mi_col + bs_width_check <= tile->mi_col_end &&
        mi_row + bs_height_check <= tile->mi_row_end &&
        vt.part_variances->none.variance < threshold) {
      set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      return 1;
    }
    return 0;
  } else if (bsize > bsize_min) {
    // Variance already computed to set the force_split.
    if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) get_variance(&vt.part_variances->none);
    // For key frame: take split for bsize above 32X32 or very high variance.
    if (frame_is_intra_only(cm) &&
        (bsize > BLOCK_32X32 ||
         vt.part_variances->none.variance > (threshold << 4))) {
      return 0;
    }
    // If variance is low, take the bsize (no split).
    if (mi_col + bs_width_check <= tile->mi_col_end &&
        mi_row + bs_height_check <= tile->mi_row_end &&
        vt.part_variances->none.variance < threshold) {
      set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
      return 1;
    }
    // Check vertical split.
    if (mi_row + bs_height_check <= tile->mi_row_end &&
        mi_col + bs_width_vert_check <= tile->mi_col_end) {
      BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_partition_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_VERT);
      BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
          get_plane_block_size(subsize, xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_x,
                               xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_y);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->vert[0]);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->vert[1]);
      if (vt.part_variances->vert[0].variance < threshold &&
          vt.part_variances->vert[1].variance < threshold &&
          plane_bsize < BLOCK_INVALID) {
        set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);
        set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col + block_width / 2, subsize);
        return 1;
      }
    }
    // Check horizontal split.
    if (mi_col + bs_width_check <= tile->mi_col_end &&
        mi_row + bs_height_horiz_check <= tile->mi_row_end) {
      BLOCK_SIZE subsize = get_partition_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_HORZ);
      BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
          get_plane_block_size(subsize, xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_x,
                               xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_y);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->horz[0]);
      get_variance(&vt.part_variances->horz[1]);
      if (vt.part_variances->horz[0].variance < threshold &&
          vt.part_variances->horz[1].variance < threshold &&
          plane_bsize < BLOCK_INVALID) {
        set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, subsize);
        set_block_size(cpi, mi_row + block_height / 2, mi_col, subsize);
        return 1;
      }
    }
    return 0;
  }
  return 0;
}

static inline int all_blks_inside(int x16_idx, int y16_idx, int pixels_wide,
                                  int pixels_high) {
  int all_inside = 1;
  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    all_inside &= ((x16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(idx, 3)) < pixels_wide);
    all_inside &= ((y16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(idx, 3)) < pixels_high);
  }
  return all_inside;
}

#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
// TODO(yunqingwang): Perform average of four 8x8 blocks similar to lowbd
static inline void fill_variance_8x8avg_highbd(
    const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride, const uint8_t *dst_buf,
    int dst_stride, int x16_idx, int y16_idx, VP16x16 *vst, int pixels_wide,
    int pixels_high) {
  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    const int x8_idx = x16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(idx, 3);
    const int y8_idx = y16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(idx, 3);
    unsigned int sse = 0;
    int sum = 0;
    if (x8_idx < pixels_wide && y8_idx < pixels_high) {
      int src_avg = aom_highbd_avg_8x8(src_buf + y8_idx * src_stride + x8_idx,
                                       src_stride);
      int dst_avg = aom_highbd_avg_8x8(dst_buf + y8_idx * dst_stride + x8_idx,
                                       dst_stride);

      sum = src_avg - dst_avg;
      sse = sum * sum;
    }
    fill_variance(sse, sum, 0, &vst->split[idx].part_variances.none);
  }
}
#endif

static inline void fill_variance_8x8avg_lowbd(
    const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride, const uint8_t *dst_buf,
    int dst_stride, int x16_idx, int y16_idx, VP16x16 *vst, int pixels_wide,
    int pixels_high) {
  unsigned int sse[4] = { 0 };
  int sum[4] = { 0 };

  if (all_blks_inside(x16_idx, y16_idx, pixels_wide, pixels_high)) {
    int src_avg[4];
    int dst_avg[4];
    aom_avg_8x8_quad(src_buf, src_stride, x16_idx, y16_idx, src_avg);
    aom_avg_8x8_quad(dst_buf, dst_stride, x16_idx, y16_idx, dst_avg);
    for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
      sum[idx] = src_avg[idx] - dst_avg[idx];
      sse[idx] = sum[idx] * sum[idx];
    }
  } else {
    for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
      const int x8_idx = x16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(idx, 3);
      const int y8_idx = y16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(idx, 3);
      if (x8_idx < pixels_wide && y8_idx < pixels_high) {
        int src_avg =
            aom_avg_8x8(src_buf + y8_idx * src_stride + x8_idx, src_stride);
        int dst_avg =
            aom_avg_8x8(dst_buf + y8_idx * dst_stride + x8_idx, dst_stride);
        sum[idx] = src_avg - dst_avg;
        sse[idx] = sum[idx] * sum[idx];
      }
    }
  }

  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    fill_variance(sse[idx], sum[idx], 0, &vst->split[idx].part_variances.none);
  }
}

// Obtain parameters required to calculate variance (such as sum, sse, etc,.)
// at 8x8 sub-block level for a given 16x16 block.
// The function can be called only when is_key_frame is false since sum is
// computed between source and reference frames.
static inline void fill_variance_8x8avg(const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride,
                                        const uint8_t *dst_buf, int dst_stride,
                                        int x16_idx, int y16_idx, VP16x16 *vst,
                                        int highbd_flag, int pixels_wide,
                                        int pixels_high) {
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (highbd_flag) {
    fill_variance_8x8avg_highbd(src_buf, src_stride, dst_buf, dst_stride,
                                x16_idx, y16_idx, vst, pixels_wide,
                                pixels_high);
    return;
  }
#else
  (void)highbd_flag;
#endif  // CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
  fill_variance_8x8avg_lowbd(src_buf, src_stride, dst_buf, dst_stride, x16_idx,
                             y16_idx, vst, pixels_wide, pixels_high);
}

static int compute_minmax_8x8(const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride,
                              const uint8_t *dst_buf, int dst_stride,
                              int x16_idx, int y16_idx,
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
                              int highbd_flag,
#endif
                              int pixels_wide, int pixels_high) {
  int minmax_max = 0;
  int minmax_min = 255;
  // Loop over the 4 8x8 subblocks.
  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    const int x8_idx = x16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(idx, 3);
    const int y8_idx = y16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(idx, 3);
    int min = 0;
    int max = 0;
    if (x8_idx < pixels_wide && y8_idx < pixels_high) {
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (highbd_flag & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        aom_highbd_minmax_8x8(
            src_buf + y8_idx * src_stride + x8_idx, src_stride,
            dst_buf + y8_idx * dst_stride + x8_idx, dst_stride, &min, &max);
      } else {
        aom_minmax_8x8(src_buf + y8_idx * src_stride + x8_idx, src_stride,
                       dst_buf + y8_idx * dst_stride + x8_idx, dst_stride, &min,
                       &max);
      }
#else
      aom_minmax_8x8(src_buf + y8_idx * src_stride + x8_idx, src_stride,
                     dst_buf + y8_idx * dst_stride + x8_idx, dst_stride, &min,
                     &max);
#endif
      if ((max - min) > minmax_max) minmax_max = (max - min);
      if ((max - min) < minmax_min) minmax_min = (max - min);
    }
  }
  return (minmax_max - minmax_min);
}

// Function to compute average and variance of 4x4 sub-block.
// The function can be called only when is_key_frame is true since sum is
// computed using source frame only.
static inline void fill_variance_4x4avg(const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride,
                                        int x8_idx, int y8_idx, VP8x8 *vst,
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                        int highbd_flag,
#endif
                                        int pixels_wide, int pixels_high,
                                        int border_offset_4x4) {
  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    const int x4_idx = x8_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(idx, 2);
    const int y4_idx = y8_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(idx, 2);
    unsigned int sse = 0;
    int sum = 0;
    if (x4_idx < pixels_wide - border_offset_4x4 &&
        y4_idx < pixels_high - border_offset_4x4) {
      int src_avg;
      int dst_avg = 128;
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (highbd_flag & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        src_avg = aom_highbd_avg_4x4(src_buf + y4_idx * src_stride + x4_idx,
                                     src_stride);
      } else {
        src_avg =
            aom_avg_4x4(src_buf + y4_idx * src_stride + x4_idx, src_stride);
      }
#else
      src_avg = aom_avg_4x4(src_buf + y4_idx * src_stride + x4_idx, src_stride);
#endif

      sum = src_avg - dst_avg;
      sse = sum * sum;
    }
    fill_variance(sse, sum, 0, &vst->split[idx].part_variances.none);
  }
}

static int64_t scale_part_thresh_content(int64_t threshold_base, int speed,
                                         int non_reference_frame,
                                         int is_static) {
  int64_t threshold = threshold_base;
  if (non_reference_frame && !is_static) threshold = (3 * threshold) >> 1;
  if (speed >= 8) {
    return (5 * threshold) >> 2;
  }
  return threshold;
}

// Tune thresholds less or more aggressively to prefer larger partitions
static inline void tune_thresh_based_on_qindex(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t thresholds[], uint64_t block_sad, int current_qindex,
    int num_pixels, bool is_segment_id_boosted, int source_sad_nonrd,
    int lighting_change) {
  double weight;
  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks >= 3) {
    const int win = 20;
    if (current_qindex < QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR - win)
      weight = 1.0;
    else if (current_qindex > QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR + win)
      weight = 0.0;
    else
      weight =
          1.0 - (current_qindex - QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR + win) / (2 * win);
    if (num_pixels > RESOLUTION_480P) {
      for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        thresholds[i] <<= 1;
      }
    }
    if (num_pixels <= RESOLUTION_288P) {
      thresholds[3] = INT64_MAX;
      if (is_segment_id_boosted == false) {
        thresholds[1] <<= 2;
        thresholds[2] <<= (source_sad_nonrd <= kLowSad) ? 5 : 4;
      } else {
        thresholds[1] <<= 1;
        thresholds[2] <<= 3;
      }
      // Allow for split to 8x8 for superblocks where part of it has
      // moving boundary. So allow for sb with source_sad above threshold,
      // and avoid very large source_sad or high source content, to avoid
      // too many 8x8 within superblock.
      uint64_t avg_source_sad_thresh = 25000;
      uint64_t block_sad_low = 25000;
      uint64_t block_sad_high = 50000;
      if (cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id == 0 &&
          cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers > 1) {
        // Increase the sad thresholds for base TL0, as reference/LAST is
        // 2/4 frames behind (for 2/3 #TL).
        avg_source_sad_thresh = 40000;
        block_sad_high = 70000;
      }
      if (is_segment_id_boosted == false &&
          cpi->rc.avg_source_sad < avg_source_sad_thresh &&
          block_sad > block_sad_low && block_sad < block_sad_high &&
          !lighting_change) {
        thresholds[2] = (3 * thresholds[2]) >> 2;
        thresholds[3] = thresholds[2] << 3;
      }
      // Condition the increase of partition thresholds on the segment
      // and the content. Avoid the increase for superblocks which have
      // high source sad, unless the whole frame has very high motion
      // (i.e, cpi->rc.avg_source_sad is very large, in which case all blocks
      // have high source sad).
    } else if (num_pixels > RESOLUTION_480P && is_segment_id_boosted == false &&
               (source_sad_nonrd != kHighSad ||
                cpi->rc.avg_source_sad > 50000)) {
      thresholds[0] = (3 * thresholds[0]) >> 1;
      thresholds[3] = INT64_MAX;
      if (current_qindex > QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR) {
        thresholds[1] =
            (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[1] << 1) + weight * thresholds[1]);
        thresholds[2] =
            (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[2] << 1) + weight * thresholds[2]);
      }
    } else if (current_qindex > QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR &&
               is_segment_id_boosted == false &&
               (source_sad_nonrd != kHighSad ||
                cpi->rc.avg_source_sad > 50000)) {
      thresholds[1] =
          (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[1] << 2) + weight * thresholds[1]);
      thresholds[2] =
          (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[2] << 4) + weight * thresholds[2]);
      thresholds[3] = INT64_MAX;
    }
  } else if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks >= 2) {
    thresholds[1] <<= (source_sad_nonrd <= kLowSad) ? 2 : 0;
    thresholds[2] =
        (source_sad_nonrd <= kLowSad) ? (3 * thresholds[2]) : thresholds[2];
  } else if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks >= 1) {
    const int fac = (source_sad_nonrd <= kLowSad) ? 2 : 1;
    if (current_qindex < QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR - 45)
      weight = 1.0;
    else if (current_qindex > QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR + 45)
      weight = 0.0;
    else
      weight = 1.0 - (current_qindex - QINDEX_LARGE_BLOCK_THR + 45) / (2 * 45);
    thresholds[1] =
        (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[1] << 1) + weight * thresholds[1]);
    thresholds[2] =
        (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[2] << 1) + weight * thresholds[2]);
    thresholds[3] =
        (int)((1 - weight) * (thresholds[3] << fac) + weight * thresholds[3]);
  }
  if (cpi->sf.part_sf.disable_8x8_part_based_on_qidx && (current_qindex < 128))
    thresholds[3] = INT64_MAX;
}

static void set_vbp_thresholds_key_frame(AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t thresholds[],
                                         int64_t threshold_base,
                                         int threshold_left_shift,
                                         int num_pixels) {
  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.force_large_partition_blocks_intra) {
    const int shift_steps =
        threshold_left_shift - (cpi->oxcf.mode == ALLINTRA ? 7 : 8);
    assert(shift_steps >= 0);
    threshold_base <<= shift_steps;
  }
  thresholds[0] = threshold_base;
  thresholds[1] = threshold_base;
  if (num_pixels < RESOLUTION_720P) {
    thresholds[2] = threshold_base / 3;
    thresholds[3] = threshold_base >> 1;
  } else {
    int shift_val = 2;
    if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.force_large_partition_blocks_intra) {
      shift_val = 0;
    }

    thresholds[2] = threshold_base >> shift_val;
    thresholds[3] = threshold_base >> shift_val;
  }
  thresholds[4] = threshold_base << 2;
}

static inline void tune_thresh_based_on_resolution(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t thresholds[], int64_t threshold_base,
    int current_qindex, int source_sad_rd, int num_pixels) {
  if (num_pixels >= RESOLUTION_720P) thresholds[3] = thresholds[3] << 1;
  if (num_pixels <= RESOLUTION_288P) {
    const int qindex_thr[5][2] = {
      { 200, 220 }, { 140, 170 }, { 120, 150 }, { 200, 210 }, { 170, 220 },
    };
    int th_idx = 0;
    if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.var_part_based_on_qidx >= 1)
      th_idx =
          (source_sad_rd <= kLowSad) ? cpi->sf.rt_sf.var_part_based_on_qidx : 0;
    if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.var_part_based_on_qidx >= 3)
      th_idx = cpi->sf.rt_sf.var_part_based_on_qidx;
    const int qindex_low_thr = qindex_thr[th_idx][0];
    const int qindex_high_thr = qindex_thr[th_idx][1];
    if (current_qindex >= qindex_high_thr) {
      threshold_base = (5 * threshold_base) >> 1;
      thresholds[1] = threshold_base >> 3;
      thresholds[2] = threshold_base << 2;
      thresholds[3] = threshold_base << 5;
    } else if (current_qindex < qindex_low_thr) {
      thresholds[1] = threshold_base >> 3;
      thresholds[2] = threshold_base >> 1;
      thresholds[3] = threshold_base << 3;
    } else {
      int64_t qi_diff_low = current_qindex - qindex_low_thr;
      int64_t qi_diff_high = qindex_high_thr - current_qindex;
      int64_t threshold_diff = qindex_high_thr - qindex_low_thr;
      int64_t threshold_base_high = (5 * threshold_base) >> 1;

      threshold_diff = threshold_diff > 0 ? threshold_diff : 1;
      threshold_base =
          (qi_diff_low * threshold_base_high + qi_diff_high * threshold_base) /
          threshold_diff;
      thresholds[1] = threshold_base >> 3;
      thresholds[2] = ((qi_diff_low * threshold_base) +
                       qi_diff_high * (threshold_base >> 1)) /
                      threshold_diff;
      thresholds[3] = ((qi_diff_low * (threshold_base << 5)) +
                       qi_diff_high * (threshold_base << 3)) /
                      threshold_diff;
    }
  } else if (num_pixels < RESOLUTION_720P) {
    thresholds[2] = (5 * threshold_base) >> 2;
  } else if (num_pixels < RESOLUTION_1080P) {
    thresholds[2] = threshold_base << 1;
  } else {
    // num_pixels >= RESOLUTION_1080P
    if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN) {
      if (num_pixels < RESOLUTION_1440P) {
        thresholds[2] = (5 * threshold_base) >> 1;
      } else {
        thresholds[2] = (7 * threshold_base) >> 1;
      }
    } else {
      if (cpi->oxcf.speed > 7) {
        thresholds[2] = 6 * threshold_base;
      } else {
        thresholds[2] = 3 * threshold_base;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Increase the base partition threshold, based on content and noise level.
static inline int64_t tune_base_thresh_content(AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                               int64_t threshold_base,
                                               int content_lowsumdiff,
                                               int source_sad_nonrd,
                                               int num_pixels) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  int64_t updated_thresh_base = threshold_base;
  if (cpi->noise_estimate.enabled && content_lowsumdiff &&
      num_pixels > RESOLUTION_480P && cm->current_frame.frame_number > 60) {
    NOISE_LEVEL noise_level =
        av1_noise_estimate_extract_level(&cpi->noise_estimate);
    if (noise_level == kHigh)
      updated_thresh_base = (5 * updated_thresh_base) >> 1;
    else if (noise_level == kMedium &&
             !cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks)
      updated_thresh_base = (5 * updated_thresh_base) >> 2;
  }
  updated_thresh_base = scale_part_thresh_content(
      updated_thresh_base, cpi->oxcf.speed,
      cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.non_reference_frame, cpi->rc.frame_source_sad == 0);
  if (cpi->oxcf.speed >= 11 && source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad &&
      cpi->rc.high_motion_content_screen_rtc)
    updated_thresh_base = updated_thresh_base << 4;
  return updated_thresh_base;
}

static inline void set_vbp_thresholds(AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t thresholds[],
                                      uint64_t blk_sad, int qindex,
                                      int content_lowsumdiff,
                                      int source_sad_nonrd, int source_sad_rd,
                                      bool is_segment_id_boosted,
                                      int lighting_change) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int is_key_frame = frame_is_intra_only(cm);
  const int threshold_multiplier = is_key_frame ? 120 : 1;
  const int ac_q = av1_ac_quant_QTX(qindex, 0, cm->seq_params->bit_depth);
  int64_t threshold_base = (int64_t)(threshold_multiplier * ac_q);
  const int current_qindex = cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
  const int threshold_left_shift = cpi->sf.rt_sf.var_part_split_threshold_shift;
  const int num_pixels = cm->width * cm->height;

  if (is_key_frame) {
    set_vbp_thresholds_key_frame(cpi, thresholds, threshold_base,
                                 threshold_left_shift, num_pixels);
    return;
  }

  threshold_base = tune_base_thresh_content(
      cpi, threshold_base, content_lowsumdiff, source_sad_nonrd, num_pixels);
  thresholds[0] = threshold_base >> 1;
  thresholds[1] = threshold_base;
  thresholds[3] = threshold_base << threshold_left_shift;

  tune_thresh_based_on_resolution(cpi, thresholds, threshold_base,
                                  current_qindex, source_sad_rd, num_pixels);

  tune_thresh_based_on_qindex(cpi, thresholds, blk_sad, current_qindex,
                              num_pixels, is_segment_id_boosted,
                              source_sad_nonrd, lighting_change);
}

// Set temporal variance low flag for superblock 64x64.
// Only first 25 in the array are used in this case.
static inline void set_low_temp_var_flag_64x64(CommonModeInfoParams *mi_params,
                                               PartitionSearchInfo *part_info,
                                               MACROBLOCKD *xd, VP64x64 *vt,
                                               const int64_t thresholds[],
                                               int mi_col, int mi_row) {
  if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_64X64) {
    if ((vt->part_variances).none.variance < (thresholds[0] >> 1))
      part_info->variance_low[0] = 1;
  } else if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_64X32) {
    for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++) {
      if (vt->part_variances.horz[part_idx].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
        part_info->variance_low[part_idx + 1] = 1;
    }
  } else if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_32X64) {
    for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++) {
      if (vt->part_variances.vert[part_idx].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
        part_info->variance_low[part_idx + 3] = 1;
    }
  } else {
    static const int idx[4][2] = { { 0, 0 }, { 0, 8 }, { 8, 0 }, { 8, 8 } };
    for (int lvl1_idx = 0; lvl1_idx < 4; lvl1_idx++) {
      const int idx_str = mi_params->mi_stride * (mi_row + idx[lvl1_idx][0]) +
                          mi_col + idx[lvl1_idx][1];
      MB_MODE_INFO **this_mi = mi_params->mi_grid_base + idx_str;

      if (mi_params->mi_cols <= mi_col + idx[lvl1_idx][1] ||
          mi_params->mi_rows <= mi_row + idx[lvl1_idx][0])
        continue;

      if (*this_mi == NULL) continue;

      if ((*this_mi)->bsize == BLOCK_32X32) {
        int64_t threshold_32x32 = (5 * thresholds[1]) >> 3;
        if (vt->split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.none.variance < threshold_32x32)
          part_info->variance_low[lvl1_idx + 5] = 1;
      } else {
        // For 32x16 and 16x32 blocks, the flag is set on each 16x16 block
        // inside.
        if ((*this_mi)->bsize == BLOCK_16X16 ||
            (*this_mi)->bsize == BLOCK_32X16 ||
            (*this_mi)->bsize == BLOCK_16X32) {
          for (int lvl2_idx = 0; lvl2_idx < 4; lvl2_idx++) {
            if (vt->split[lvl1_idx]
                    .split[lvl2_idx]
                    .part_variances.none.variance < (thresholds[2] >> 8))
              part_info->variance_low[(lvl1_idx << 2) + lvl2_idx + 9] = 1;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static inline void set_low_temp_var_flag_128x128(
    CommonModeInfoParams *mi_params, PartitionSearchInfo *part_info,
    MACROBLOCKD *xd, VP128x128 *vt, const int64_t thresholds[], int mi_col,
    int mi_row) {
  if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_128X128) {
    if (vt->part_variances.none.variance < (thresholds[0] >> 1))
      part_info->variance_low[0] = 1;
  } else if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_128X64) {
    for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++) {
      if (vt->part_variances.horz[part_idx].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
        part_info->variance_low[part_idx + 1] = 1;
    }
  } else if (xd->mi[0]->bsize == BLOCK_64X128) {
    for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++) {
      if (vt->part_variances.vert[part_idx].variance < (thresholds[0] >> 2))
        part_info->variance_low[part_idx + 3] = 1;
    }
  } else {
    static const int idx64[4][2] = {
      { 0, 0 }, { 0, 16 }, { 16, 0 }, { 16, 16 }
    };
    static const int idx32[4][2] = { { 0, 0 }, { 0, 8 }, { 8, 0 }, { 8, 8 } };
    for (int lvl1_idx = 0; lvl1_idx < 4; lvl1_idx++) {
      const int idx_str = mi_params->mi_stride * (mi_row + idx64[lvl1_idx][0]) +
                          mi_col + idx64[lvl1_idx][1];
      MB_MODE_INFO **mi_64 = mi_params->mi_grid_base + idx_str;
      if (*mi_64 == NULL) continue;
      if (mi_params->mi_cols <= mi_col + idx64[lvl1_idx][1] ||
          mi_params->mi_rows <= mi_row + idx64[lvl1_idx][0])
        continue;
      const int64_t threshold_64x64 = (5 * thresholds[1]) >> 3;
      if ((*mi_64)->bsize == BLOCK_64X64) {
        if (vt->split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.none.variance < threshold_64x64)
          part_info->variance_low[5 + lvl1_idx] = 1;
      } else if ((*mi_64)->bsize == BLOCK_64X32) {
        for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++)
          if (vt->split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.horz[part_idx].variance <
              (threshold_64x64 >> 1))
            part_info->variance_low[9 + (lvl1_idx << 1) + part_idx] = 1;
      } else if ((*mi_64)->bsize == BLOCK_32X64) {
        for (int part_idx = 0; part_idx < 2; part_idx++)
          if (vt->split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.vert[part_idx].variance <
              (threshold_64x64 >> 1))
            part_info->variance_low[17 + (lvl1_idx << 1) + part_idx] = 1;
      } else {
        for (int lvl2_idx = 0; lvl2_idx < 4; lvl2_idx++) {
          const int idx_str1 =
              mi_params->mi_stride * idx32[lvl2_idx][0] + idx32[lvl2_idx][1];
          MB_MODE_INFO **mi_32 = mi_params->mi_grid_base + idx_str + idx_str1;
          if (*mi_32 == NULL) continue;

          if (mi_params->mi_cols <=
                  mi_col + idx64[lvl1_idx][1] + idx32[lvl2_idx][1] ||
              mi_params->mi_rows <=
                  mi_row + idx64[lvl1_idx][0] + idx32[lvl2_idx][0])
            continue;
          const int64_t threshold_32x32 = (5 * thresholds[2]) >> 3;
          if ((*mi_32)->bsize == BLOCK_32X32) {
            if (vt->split[lvl1_idx]
                    .split[lvl2_idx]
                    .part_variances.none.variance < threshold_32x32)
              part_info->variance_low[25 + (lvl1_idx << 2) + lvl2_idx] = 1;
          } else {
            // For 32x16 and 16x32 blocks, the flag is set on each 16x16 block
            // inside.
            if ((*mi_32)->bsize == BLOCK_16X16 ||
                (*mi_32)->bsize == BLOCK_32X16 ||
                (*mi_32)->bsize == BLOCK_16X32) {
              for (int lvl3_idx = 0; lvl3_idx < 4; lvl3_idx++) {
                VPartVar *none_var = &vt->split[lvl1_idx]
                                          .split[lvl2_idx]
                                          .split[lvl3_idx]
                                          .part_variances.none;
                if (none_var->variance < (thresholds[3] >> 8))
                  part_info->variance_low[41 + (lvl1_idx << 4) +
                                          (lvl2_idx << 2) + lvl3_idx] = 1;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static inline void set_low_temp_var_flag(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, PartitionSearchInfo *part_info, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    VP128x128 *vt, int64_t thresholds[], MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame_partition,
    int mi_col, int mi_row, const bool is_small_sb) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  // Check temporal variance for bsize >= 16x16, if LAST_FRAME was selected.
  // If the temporal variance is small set the flag
  // variance_low for the block. The variance threshold can be adjusted, the
  // higher the more aggressive.
  if (ref_frame_partition == LAST_FRAME) {
    if (is_small_sb)
      set_low_temp_var_flag_64x64(&cm->mi_params, part_info, xd,
                                  &(vt->split[0]), thresholds, mi_col, mi_row);
    else
      set_low_temp_var_flag_128x128(&cm->mi_params, part_info, xd, vt,
                                    thresholds, mi_col, mi_row);
  }
}

static const int pos_shift_16x16[4][4] = {
  { 9, 10, 13, 14 }, { 11, 12, 15, 16 }, { 17, 18, 21, 22 }, { 19, 20, 23, 24 }
};

int av1_get_force_skip_low_temp_var_small_sb(const uint8_t *variance_low,
                                             int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                             BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  // Relative indices of MB inside the superblock.
  const int mi_x = mi_row & 0xF;
  const int mi_y = mi_col & 0xF;
  // Relative indices of 16x16 block inside the superblock.
  const int i = mi_x >> 2;
  const int j = mi_y >> 2;
  int force_skip_low_temp_var = 0;
  // Set force_skip_low_temp_var based on the block size and block offset.
  switch (bsize) {
    case BLOCK_64X64: force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[0]; break;
    case BLOCK_64X32:
      if (!mi_y && !mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[1];
      } else if (!mi_y && mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[2];
      }
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X64:
      if (!mi_y && !mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[3];
      } else if (mi_y && !mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[4];
      }
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X32:
      if (!mi_y && !mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[5];
      } else if (mi_y && !mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[6];
      } else if (!mi_y && mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[7];
      } else if (mi_y && mi_x) {
        force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[8];
      }
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X16:
    case BLOCK_16X32:
    case BLOCK_16X16:
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[pos_shift_16x16[i][j]];
      break;
    default: break;
  }

  return force_skip_low_temp_var;
}

int av1_get_force_skip_low_temp_var(const uint8_t *variance_low, int mi_row,
                                    int mi_col, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  int force_skip_low_temp_var = 0;
  int x, y;
  x = (mi_col & 0x1F) >> 4;
  // y = (mi_row & 0x1F) >> 4;
  // const int idx64 = (y << 1) + x;
  y = (mi_row & 0x17) >> 3;
  const int idx64 = y + x;

  x = (mi_col & 0xF) >> 3;
  // y = (mi_row & 0xF) >> 3;
  // const int idx32 = (y << 1) + x;
  y = (mi_row & 0xB) >> 2;
  const int idx32 = y + x;

  x = (mi_col & 0x7) >> 2;
  // y = (mi_row & 0x7) >> 2;
  // const int idx16 = (y << 1) + x;
  y = (mi_row & 0x5) >> 1;
  const int idx16 = y + x;
  // Set force_skip_low_temp_var based on the block size and block offset.
  switch (bsize) {
    case BLOCK_128X128: force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[0]; break;
    case BLOCK_128X64:
      assert((mi_col & 0x1F) == 0);
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[1 + ((mi_row & 0x1F) != 0)];
      break;
    case BLOCK_64X128:
      assert((mi_row & 0x1F) == 0);
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[3 + ((mi_col & 0x1F) != 0)];
      break;
    case BLOCK_64X64:
      // Location of this 64x64 block inside the 128x128 superblock
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[5 + idx64];
      break;
    case BLOCK_64X32:
      x = (mi_col & 0x1F) >> 4;
      y = (mi_row & 0x1F) >> 3;
      /*
      .---------------.---------------.
      | x=0,y=0,idx=0 | x=0,y=0,idx=2 |
      :---------------+---------------:
      | x=0,y=1,idx=1 | x=1,y=1,idx=3 |
      :---------------+---------------:
      | x=0,y=2,idx=4 | x=1,y=2,idx=6 |
      :---------------+---------------:
      | x=0,y=3,idx=5 | x=1,y=3,idx=7 |
      '---------------'---------------'
      */
      const int idx64x32 = (x << 1) + (y % 2) + ((y >> 1) << 2);
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[9 + idx64x32];
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X64:
      x = (mi_col & 0x1F) >> 3;
      y = (mi_row & 0x1F) >> 4;
      const int idx32x64 = (y << 2) + x;
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[17 + idx32x64];
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X32:
      force_skip_low_temp_var = variance_low[25 + (idx64 << 2) + idx32];
      break;
    case BLOCK_32X16:
    case BLOCK_16X32:
    case BLOCK_16X16:
      force_skip_low_temp_var =
          variance_low[41 + (idx64 << 4) + (idx32 << 2) + idx16];
      break;
    default: break;
  }
  return force_skip_low_temp_var;
}

void av1_set_variance_partition_thresholds(AV1_COMP *cpi, int qindex,
                                           int content_lowsumdiff) {
  SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  if (sf->part_sf.partition_search_type != VAR_BASED_PARTITION) {
    return;
  } else {
    set_vbp_thresholds(cpi, cpi->vbp_info.thresholds, 0, qindex,
                       content_lowsumdiff, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    // The threshold below is not changed locally.
    cpi->vbp_info.threshold_minmax = 15 + (qindex >> 3);
  }
}

static inline void chroma_check(AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                unsigned int y_sad, unsigned int y_sad_g,
                                unsigned int y_sad_alt, bool is_key_frame,
                                bool zero_motion, unsigned int *uv_sad) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int source_sad_nonrd = x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd;
  int shift_upper_limit = 1;
  int shift_lower_limit = 3;
  int fac_uv = 6;
  if (is_key_frame || cpi->oxcf.tool_cfg.enable_monochrome) return;

  // Use lower threshold (more conservative in setting color flag) for
  // higher resolutions non-screen, which tend to have more camera noise.
  // Since this may be used to skip compound mode in nonrd pickmode, which
  // is generally more effective for higher resolutions, better to be more
  // conservative.
  if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content != AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN) {
    if (cpi->common.width * cpi->common.height >= RESOLUTION_1080P)
      fac_uv = 3;
    else
      fac_uv = 5;
  }
  if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN &&
      cpi->rc.high_source_sad) {
    shift_lower_limit = 7;
  } else if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN &&
             cpi->rc.percent_blocks_with_motion > 90 &&
             cpi->rc.frame_source_sad > 10000 && source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad) {
    shift_lower_limit = 8;
    shift_upper_limit = 3;
  } else if (source_sad_nonrd >= kMedSad && x->source_variance > 500 &&
             cpi->common.width * cpi->common.height >= 640 * 360) {
    shift_upper_limit = 2;
    shift_lower_limit = source_sad_nonrd > kMedSad ? 5 : 4;
  }

  MB_MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, LAST_FRAME);
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_g = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, GOLDEN_FRAME);
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_alt = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, ALTREF_FRAME);
  const struct scale_factors *const sf =
      get_ref_scale_factors_const(cm, LAST_FRAME);
  struct buf_2d dst;
  unsigned int uv_sad_g = 0;
  unsigned int uv_sad_alt = 0;

  for (int plane = AOM_PLANE_U; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
    struct macroblock_plane *p = &x->plane[plane];
    struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE bs =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);

    if (bs != BLOCK_INVALID) {
      // For last:
      if (zero_motion) {
        if (mi->ref_frame[0] == LAST_FRAME) {
          uv_sad[plane - 1] = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(
              p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->pre[0].buf, pd->pre[0].stride);
        } else {
          uint8_t *src = (plane == 1) ? yv12->u_buffer : yv12->v_buffer;
          setup_pred_plane(&dst, xd->mi[0]->bsize, src, yv12->uv_crop_width,
                           yv12->uv_crop_height, yv12->uv_stride, xd->mi_row,
                           xd->mi_col, sf, xd->plane[plane].subsampling_x,
                           xd->plane[plane].subsampling_y);

          uv_sad[plane - 1] = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(
              p->src.buf, p->src.stride, dst.buf, dst.stride);
        }
      } else {
        uv_sad[plane - 1] = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(
            p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride);
      }

      // For golden:
      if (y_sad_g != UINT_MAX) {
        uint8_t *src = (plane == 1) ? yv12_g->u_buffer : yv12_g->v_buffer;
        setup_pred_plane(&dst, xd->mi[0]->bsize, src, yv12_g->uv_crop_width,
                         yv12_g->uv_crop_height, yv12_g->uv_stride, xd->mi_row,
                         xd->mi_col, sf, xd->plane[plane].subsampling_x,
                         xd->plane[plane].subsampling_y);
        uv_sad_g = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, dst.buf,
                                            dst.stride);
      }

      // For altref:
      if (y_sad_alt != UINT_MAX) {
        uint8_t *src = (plane == 1) ? yv12_alt->u_buffer : yv12_alt->v_buffer;
        setup_pred_plane(&dst, xd->mi[0]->bsize, src, yv12_alt->uv_crop_width,
                         yv12_alt->uv_crop_height, yv12_alt->uv_stride,
                         xd->mi_row, xd->mi_col, sf,
                         xd->plane[plane].subsampling_x,
                         xd->plane[plane].subsampling_y);
        uv_sad_alt = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bs].sdf(p->src.buf, p->src.stride,
                                              dst.buf, dst.stride);
      }
    }

    if (uv_sad[plane - 1] > (y_sad >> shift_upper_limit))
      x->color_sensitivity_sb[COLOR_SENS_IDX(plane)] = 1;
    else if (uv_sad[plane - 1] < (y_sad >> shift_lower_limit))
      x->color_sensitivity_sb[COLOR_SENS_IDX(plane)] = 0;
    // Borderline case: to be refined at coding block level in nonrd_pickmode,
    // for coding block size < sb_size.
    else
      x->color_sensitivity_sb[COLOR_SENS_IDX(plane)] = 2;

    x->color_sensitivity_sb_g[COLOR_SENS_IDX(plane)] =
        uv_sad_g > y_sad_g / fac_uv;
    x->color_sensitivity_sb_alt[COLOR_SENS_IDX(plane)] =
        uv_sad_alt > y_sad_alt / fac_uv;
  }
}

static void fill_variance_tree_leaves(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, VP128x128 *vt, PART_EVAL_STATUS *force_split,
    int avg_16x16[][4], int maxvar_16x16[][4], int minvar_16x16[][4],
    int64_t *thresholds, const uint8_t *src_buf, int src_stride,
    const uint8_t *dst_buf, int dst_stride, bool is_key_frame,
    const bool is_small_sb) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int num_64x64_blocks = is_small_sb ? 1 : 4;
  // TODO(kyslov) Bring back compute_minmax_variance with content type detection
  const int compute_minmax_variance = 0;
  const int segment_id = xd->mi[0]->segment_id;
  int pixels_wide = 128, pixels_high = 128;
  int border_offset_4x4 = 0;
  int temporal_denoising = cpi->sf.rt_sf.use_rtc_tf;
  // dst_buf pointer is not used for is_key_frame, so it should be NULL.
  assert(IMPLIES(is_key_frame, dst_buf == NULL));
  if (is_small_sb) {
    pixels_wide = 64;
    pixels_high = 64;
  }
  if (xd->mb_to_right_edge < 0) pixels_wide += (xd->mb_to_right_edge >> 3);
  if (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge < 0) pixels_high += (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >> 3);
#if CONFIG_AV1_TEMPORAL_DENOISING
  temporal_denoising |= cpi->oxcf.noise_sensitivity;
#endif
  // For temporal filtering or temporal denoiser enabled: since the source
  // is modified we need to avoid 4x4 avg along superblock boundary, since
  // simd code will load 8 pixels for 4x4 avg and so can access source
  // data outside superblock (while its being modified by temporal filter).
  // Temporal filtering is never done on key frames.
  if (!is_key_frame && temporal_denoising) border_offset_4x4 = 4;
  for (int blk64_idx = 0; blk64_idx < num_64x64_blocks; blk64_idx++) {
    const int x64_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_X(blk64_idx, 6);
    const int y64_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_Y(blk64_idx, 6);
    const int blk64_scale_idx = blk64_idx << 2;
    force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ALL;

    for (int lvl1_idx = 0; lvl1_idx < 4; lvl1_idx++) {
      const int x32_idx = x64_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl1_idx, 5);
      const int y32_idx = y64_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl1_idx, 5);
      const int lvl1_scale_idx = (blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx) << 2;
      force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] = PART_EVAL_ALL;
      avg_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] = 0;
      maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] = 0;
      minvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] = INT_MAX;
      for (int lvl2_idx = 0; lvl2_idx < 4; lvl2_idx++) {
        const int x16_idx = x32_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl2_idx, 4);
        const int y16_idx = y32_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl2_idx, 4);
        const int split_index = 21 + lvl1_scale_idx + lvl2_idx;
        VP16x16 *vst = &vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx].split[lvl2_idx];
        force_split[split_index] = PART_EVAL_ALL;
        if (is_key_frame) {
          // Go down to 4x4 down-sampling for variance.
          for (int lvl3_idx = 0; lvl3_idx < 4; lvl3_idx++) {
            const int x8_idx = x16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl3_idx, 3);
            const int y8_idx = y16_idx + GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl3_idx, 3);
            VP8x8 *vst2 = &vst->split[lvl3_idx];
            fill_variance_4x4avg(src_buf, src_stride, x8_idx, y8_idx, vst2,
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                 xd->cur_buf->flags,
#endif
                                 pixels_wide, pixels_high, border_offset_4x4);
          }
        } else {
          fill_variance_8x8avg(src_buf, src_stride, dst_buf, dst_stride,
                               x16_idx, y16_idx, vst, is_cur_buf_hbd(xd),
                               pixels_wide, pixels_high);

          fill_variance_tree(vst, BLOCK_16X16);
          VPartVar *none_var = &vt->split[blk64_idx]
                                    .split[lvl1_idx]
                                    .split[lvl2_idx]
                                    .part_variances.none;
          get_variance(none_var);
          const int val_none_var = none_var->variance;
          avg_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] += val_none_var;
          minvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] =
              AOMMIN(minvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx], val_none_var);
          maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] =
              AOMMAX(maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx], val_none_var);
          if (val_none_var > thresholds[3]) {
            // 16X16 variance is above threshold for split, so force split to
            // 8x8 for this 16x16 block (this also forces splits for upper
            // levels).
            force_split[split_index] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
            force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
            force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
            force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          } else if (!cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(segment_id) &&
                     compute_minmax_variance && val_none_var > thresholds[2]) {
            // We have some nominal amount of 16x16 variance (based on average),
            // compute the minmax over the 8x8 sub-blocks, and if above
            // threshold, force split to 8x8 block for this 16x16 block.
            int minmax = compute_minmax_8x8(src_buf, src_stride, dst_buf,
                                            dst_stride, x16_idx, y16_idx,
#if CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                            xd->cur_buf->flags,
#endif
                                            pixels_wide, pixels_high);
            const int thresh_minmax = (int)cpi->vbp_info.threshold_minmax;
            if (minmax > thresh_minmax) {
              force_split[split_index] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
              force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] =
                  PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
              force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
              force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static inline void set_ref_frame_for_partition(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame_partition, MB_MODE_INFO *mi,
    unsigned int *y_sad, unsigned int *y_sad_g, unsigned int *y_sad_alt,
    const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_g, const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_alt,
    int mi_row, int mi_col, int num_planes) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const bool is_set_golden_ref_frame =
      *y_sad_g < 0.9 * *y_sad && *y_sad_g < *y_sad_alt;
  const bool is_set_altref_ref_frame =
      *y_sad_alt < 0.9 * *y_sad && *y_sad_alt < *y_sad_g;

  if (is_set_golden_ref_frame) {
    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12_g, mi_row, mi_col,
                         get_ref_scale_factors(cm, GOLDEN_FRAME), num_planes);
    mi->ref_frame[0] = GOLDEN_FRAME;
    mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    *y_sad = *y_sad_g;
    *ref_frame_partition = GOLDEN_FRAME;
    x->nonrd_prune_ref_frame_search = 0;
    x->sb_me_partition = 0;
  } else if (is_set_altref_ref_frame) {
    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, 0, yv12_alt, mi_row, mi_col,
                         get_ref_scale_factors(cm, ALTREF_FRAME), num_planes);
    mi->ref_frame[0] = ALTREF_FRAME;
    mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    *y_sad = *y_sad_alt;
    *ref_frame_partition = ALTREF_FRAME;
    x->nonrd_prune_ref_frame_search = 0;
    x->sb_me_partition = 0;
  } else {
    *ref_frame_partition = LAST_FRAME;
    x->nonrd_prune_ref_frame_search =
        cpi->sf.rt_sf.nonrd_prune_ref_frame_search;
  }
}

static AOM_FORCE_INLINE int mv_distance(const FULLPEL_MV *mv0,
                                        const FULLPEL_MV *mv1) {
  return abs(mv0->row - mv1->row) + abs(mv0->col - mv1->col);
}

static inline void evaluate_neighbour_mvs(AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                          unsigned int *y_sad, bool is_small_sb,
                                          int est_motion) {
  const int source_sad_nonrd = x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd;
  // TODO(yunqingwang@google.com): test if this condition works with other
  // speeds.
  if (est_motion > 2 && source_sad_nonrd > kMedSad) return;

  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  BLOCK_SIZE bsize = is_small_sb ? BLOCK_64X64 : BLOCK_128X128;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];

  unsigned int above_y_sad = UINT_MAX;
  unsigned int left_y_sad = UINT_MAX;
  FULLPEL_MV above_mv = kZeroFullMv;
  FULLPEL_MV left_mv = kZeroFullMv;
  SubpelMvLimits subpel_mv_limits;
  const MV dummy_mv = { 0, 0 };
  av1_set_subpel_mv_search_range(&subpel_mv_limits, &x->mv_limits, &dummy_mv);

  // Current best MV
  FULLPEL_MV best_mv = get_fullmv_from_mv(&mi->mv[0].as_mv);
  const int multi = (est_motion > 2 && source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad) ? 7 : 8;

  if (xd->up_available) {
    const MB_MODE_INFO *above_mbmi = xd->above_mbmi;
    if (above_mbmi->mode >= INTRA_MODE_END &&
        above_mbmi->ref_frame[0] == LAST_FRAME) {
      MV temp = above_mbmi->mv[0].as_mv;
      clamp_mv(&temp, &subpel_mv_limits);
      above_mv = get_fullmv_from_mv(&temp);

      if (mv_distance(&best_mv, &above_mv) > 0) {
        uint8_t const *ref_buf =
            get_buf_from_fullmv(&xd->plane[0].pre[0], &above_mv);
        above_y_sad = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
            x->plane[0].src.buf, x->plane[0].src.stride, ref_buf,
            xd->plane[0].pre[0].stride);
      }
    }
  }
  if (xd->left_available) {
    const MB_MODE_INFO *left_mbmi = xd->left_mbmi;
    if (left_mbmi->mode >= INTRA_MODE_END &&
        left_mbmi->ref_frame[0] == LAST_FRAME) {
      MV temp = left_mbmi->mv[0].as_mv;
      clamp_mv(&temp, &subpel_mv_limits);
      left_mv = get_fullmv_from_mv(&temp);

      if (mv_distance(&best_mv, &left_mv) > 0 &&
          mv_distance(&above_mv, &left_mv) > 0) {
        uint8_t const *ref_buf =
            get_buf_from_fullmv(&xd->plane[0].pre[0], &left_mv);
        left_y_sad = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
            x->plane[0].src.buf, x->plane[0].src.stride, ref_buf,
            xd->plane[0].pre[0].stride);
      }
    }
  }

  if (above_y_sad < ((multi * *y_sad) >> 3) && above_y_sad < left_y_sad) {
    *y_sad = above_y_sad;
    mi->mv[0].as_mv = get_mv_from_fullmv(&above_mv);
    clamp_mv(&mi->mv[0].as_mv, &subpel_mv_limits);
  }
  if (left_y_sad < ((multi * *y_sad) >> 3) && left_y_sad < above_y_sad) {
    *y_sad = left_y_sad;
    mi->mv[0].as_mv = get_mv_from_fullmv(&left_mv);
    clamp_mv(&mi->mv[0].as_mv, &subpel_mv_limits);
  }
}

static void setup_planes(AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, unsigned int *y_sad,
                         unsigned int *y_sad_g, unsigned int *y_sad_alt,
                         unsigned int *y_sad_last,
                         MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame_partition,
                         struct scale_factors *sf_no_scale, int mi_row,
                         int mi_col, bool is_small_sb, bool scaled_ref_last) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  bool scaled_ref_golden = false;
  bool scaled_ref_alt = false;
  BLOCK_SIZE bsize = is_small_sb ? BLOCK_64X64 : BLOCK_128X128;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 =
      scaled_ref_last ? av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, LAST_FRAME)
                      : get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, LAST_FRAME);
  assert(yv12 != NULL);
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_g = NULL;
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12_alt = NULL;
  // Check if LAST is a reference. For spatial layers always use it as
  // reference scaling.
  int use_last_ref = (cpi->ref_frame_flags & AOM_LAST_FLAG) ||
                     cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1;
  int use_golden_ref = cpi->ref_frame_flags & AOM_GOLD_FLAG;
  int use_alt_ref = cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.set_ref_frame_config ||
                    cpi->sf.rt_sf.use_nonrd_altref_frame ||
                    (cpi->sf.rt_sf.use_comp_ref_nonrd &&
                     cpi->sf.rt_sf.ref_frame_comp_nonrd[2] == 1);

  // For 1 spatial layer: GOLDEN is another temporal reference.
  // Check if it should be used as reference for partitioning.
  if (cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers == 1 && use_golden_ref &&
      (x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd != kZeroSad || !use_last_ref)) {
    yv12_g = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, GOLDEN_FRAME);
    if (yv12_g && (yv12_g->y_crop_height != cm->height ||
                   yv12_g->y_crop_width != cm->width)) {
      yv12_g = av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, GOLDEN_FRAME);
      scaled_ref_golden = true;
    }
    if (yv12_g && yv12_g != yv12) {
      av1_setup_pre_planes(
          xd, 0, yv12_g, mi_row, mi_col,
          scaled_ref_golden ? NULL : get_ref_scale_factors(cm, GOLDEN_FRAME),
          num_planes);
      *y_sad_g = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
          x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.buf, x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.stride,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].buf,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].stride);
    }
  }

  // For 1 spatial layer: ALTREF is another temporal reference.
  // Check if it should be used as reference for partitioning.
  if (cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers == 1 && use_alt_ref &&
      (cpi->ref_frame_flags & AOM_ALT_FLAG) &&
      (x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd != kZeroSad || !use_last_ref)) {
    yv12_alt = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, ALTREF_FRAME);
    if (yv12_alt && (yv12_alt->y_crop_height != cm->height ||
                     yv12_alt->y_crop_width != cm->width)) {
      yv12_alt = av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ALTREF_FRAME);
      scaled_ref_alt = true;
    }
    if (yv12_alt && yv12_alt != yv12) {
      av1_setup_pre_planes(
          xd, 0, yv12_alt, mi_row, mi_col,
          scaled_ref_alt ? NULL : get_ref_scale_factors(cm, ALTREF_FRAME),
          num_planes);
      *y_sad_alt = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
          x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.buf, x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.stride,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].buf,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].stride);
    }
  }

  if (use_last_ref) {
    const int source_sad_nonrd = x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd;
    av1_setup_pre_planes(
        xd, 0, yv12, mi_row, mi_col,
        scaled_ref_last ? NULL : get_ref_scale_factors(cm, LAST_FRAME),
        num_planes);
    mi->ref_frame[0] = LAST_FRAME;
    mi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;
    mi->bsize = cm->seq_params->sb_size;
    mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    mi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(BILINEAR);

    int est_motion = cpi->sf.rt_sf.estimate_motion_for_var_based_partition;
    // TODO(b/290596301): Look into adjusting this condition.
    // There is regression on color content when
    // estimate_motion_for_var_based_partition = 3 and high motion,
    // so for now force it to 2 based on superblock sad.
    if (est_motion > 2 && source_sad_nonrd > kMedSad) est_motion = 2;

    if (est_motion == 1 || est_motion == 2) {
      if (xd->mb_to_right_edge >= 0 && xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >= 0) {
        // For screen only do int_pro_motion for spatial variance above
        // threshold and motion level above LowSad.
        if (x->source_variance > 100 && source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad) {
          int is_screen = cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN;
          int me_search_size_col =
              is_screen ? 96 : block_size_wide[cm->seq_params->sb_size] >> 1;
          // For screen use larger search size row motion to capture
          // vertical scroll, which can be larger motion.
          int me_search_size_row =
              is_screen ? 192 : block_size_high[cm->seq_params->sb_size] >> 1;
          unsigned int y_sad_zero;
          *y_sad = av1_int_pro_motion_estimation(
              cpi, x, cm->seq_params->sb_size, mi_row, mi_col, &kZeroMv,
              &y_sad_zero, me_search_size_col, me_search_size_row);
          // The logic below selects whether the motion estimated in the
          // int_pro_motion() will be used in nonrd_pickmode. Only do this
          // for screen for now.
          if (is_screen) {
            unsigned int thresh_sad =
                (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_128X128) ? 50000 : 20000;
            if (*y_sad < (y_sad_zero >> 1) && *y_sad < thresh_sad) {
              x->sb_me_partition = 1;
              x->sb_me_mv.as_int = mi->mv[0].as_int;
            } else {
              x->sb_me_partition = 0;
              // Fall back to using zero motion.
              *y_sad = y_sad_zero;
              mi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (*y_sad == UINT_MAX) {
      *y_sad = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(
          x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.buf, x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.stride,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].buf,
          xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].stride);
    }

    // Evaluate if neighbours' MVs give better predictions. Zero MV is tested
    // already, so only non-zero MVs are tested here. Here the neighbour blocks
    // are the first block above or left to this superblock.
    if (est_motion >= 2 && (xd->up_available || xd->left_available))
      evaluate_neighbour_mvs(cpi, x, y_sad, is_small_sb, est_motion);

    *y_sad_last = *y_sad;
  }

  // Pick the ref frame for partitioning, use golden or altref frame only if
  // its lower sad, bias to LAST with factor 0.9.
  set_ref_frame_for_partition(cpi, x, xd, ref_frame_partition, mi, y_sad,
                              y_sad_g, y_sad_alt, yv12_g, yv12_alt, mi_row,
                              mi_col, num_planes);

  // Only calculate the predictor for non-zero MV.
  if (mi->mv[0].as_int != 0) {
    if (!scaled_ref_last) {
      set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mi->ref_frame[0], mi->ref_frame[1]);
    } else {
      xd->block_ref_scale_factors[0] = sf_no_scale;
      xd->block_ref_scale_factors[1] = sf_no_scale;
    }
    av1_enc_build_inter_predictor(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL,
                                  cm->seq_params->sb_size, AOM_PLANE_Y,
                                  num_planes - 1);
  }
}

// Decides whether to split or merge a 16x16 partition block in variance based
// partitioning based on the 8x8 sub-block variances.
static inline PART_EVAL_STATUS get_part_eval_based_on_sub_blk_var(
    VP16x16 *var_16x16_info, int64_t threshold16) {
  int max_8x8_var = 0, min_8x8_var = INT_MAX;
  for (int split_idx = 0; split_idx < 4; split_idx++) {
    get_variance(&var_16x16_info->split[split_idx].part_variances.none);
    int this_8x8_var =
        var_16x16_info->split[split_idx].part_variances.none.variance;
    max_8x8_var = AOMMAX(this_8x8_var, max_8x8_var);
    min_8x8_var = AOMMIN(this_8x8_var, min_8x8_var);
  }
  // If the difference between maximum and minimum sub-block variances is high,
  // then only evaluate PARTITION_SPLIT for the 16x16 block. Otherwise, evaluate
  // only PARTITION_NONE. The shift factor for threshold16 has been derived
  // empirically.
  return ((max_8x8_var - min_8x8_var) > (threshold16 << 2))
             ? PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT
             : PART_EVAL_ONLY_NONE;
}

static inline bool is_set_force_zeromv_skip_based_on_src_sad(
    int set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad, SOURCE_SAD source_sad_nonrd) {
  if (set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad == 0) return false;

  if (set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad >= 3)
    return source_sad_nonrd <= kLowSad;
  else if (set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad >= 2)
    return source_sad_nonrd <= kVeryLowSad;
  else if (set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad >= 1)
    return source_sad_nonrd == kZeroSad;

  return false;
}

static inline bool set_force_zeromv_skip_for_sb(
    AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, const TileInfo *const tile, VP128x128 *vt,
    unsigned int *uv_sad, int mi_row, int mi_col, unsigned int y_sad,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  if (!is_set_force_zeromv_skip_based_on_src_sad(
          cpi->sf.rt_sf.set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad,
          x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd))
    return false;
  int shift = cpi->sf.rt_sf.increase_source_sad_thresh ? 1 : 0;
  const int block_width = mi_size_wide[cm->seq_params->sb_size];
  const int block_height = mi_size_high[cm->seq_params->sb_size];
  const unsigned int thresh_exit_part_y =
      cpi->zeromv_skip_thresh_exit_part[bsize] << shift;
  unsigned int thresh_exit_part_uv =
      CALC_CHROMA_THRESH_FOR_ZEROMV_SKIP(thresh_exit_part_y) << shift;
  // Be more aggressive in UV threshold if source_sad >= VeryLowSad
  // to suppreess visual artifact caused by the speed feature:
  // set_zeromv_skip_based_on_source_sad = 2. For now only for
  // part_early_exit_zeromv = 1.
  if (x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd >= kVeryLowSad &&
      cpi->sf.rt_sf.part_early_exit_zeromv == 1)
    thresh_exit_part_uv = thresh_exit_part_uv >> 3;
  if (mi_col + block_width <= tile->mi_col_end &&
      mi_row + block_height <= tile->mi_row_end && y_sad < thresh_exit_part_y &&
      uv_sad[0] < thresh_exit_part_uv && uv_sad[1] < thresh_exit_part_uv) {
    set_block_size(cpi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    x->force_zeromv_skip_for_sb = 1;
    aom_free(vt);
    // Partition shape is set here at SB level.
    // Exit needs to happen from av1_choose_var_based_partitioning().
    return true;
  } else if (x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd == kZeroSad &&
             cpi->sf.rt_sf.part_early_exit_zeromv >= 2)
    x->force_zeromv_skip_for_sb = 2;
  return false;
}

int av1_choose_var_based_partitioning(AV1_COMP *cpi, const TileInfo *const tile,
                                      ThreadData *td, MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row,
                                      int mi_col) {
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  start_timing(cpi, choose_var_based_partitioning_time);
#endif
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int64_t *const vbp_thresholds = cpi->vbp_info.thresholds;
  PART_EVAL_STATUS force_split[85];
  int avg_64x64;
  int max_var_32x32[4];
  int min_var_32x32[4];
  int var_32x32;
  int var_64x64;
  int min_var_64x64 = INT_MAX;
  int max_var_64x64 = 0;
  int avg_16x16[4][4];
  int maxvar_16x16[4][4];
  int minvar_16x16[4][4];
  const uint8_t *src_buf;
  const uint8_t *dst_buf;
  int dst_stride;
  unsigned int uv_sad[MAX_MB_PLANE - 1];
  NOISE_LEVEL noise_level = kLow;
  bool is_zero_motion = true;
  bool scaled_ref_last = false;
  struct scale_factors sf_no_scale;
  av1_setup_scale_factors_for_frame(&sf_no_scale, cm->width, cm->height,
                                    cm->width, cm->height);

  bool is_key_frame =
      (frame_is_intra_only(cm) ||
       (cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
        cpi->svc.layer_context[cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id].is_key_frame));

  assert(cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_64X64 ||
         cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_128X128);
  const bool is_small_sb = (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_64X64);
  const int num_64x64_blocks = is_small_sb ? 1 : 4;

  unsigned int y_sad = UINT_MAX;
  unsigned int y_sad_g = UINT_MAX;
  unsigned int y_sad_alt = UINT_MAX;
  unsigned int y_sad_last = UINT_MAX;
  BLOCK_SIZE bsize = is_small_sb ? BLOCK_64X64 : BLOCK_128X128;

  // Force skip encoding for all superblocks on slide change for
  // non_reference_frames.
  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.skip_encoding_non_reference_slide_change &&
      cpi->rc.high_source_sad && cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.non_reference_frame) {
    MB_MODE_INFO **mi = cm->mi_params.mi_grid_base +
                        get_mi_grid_idx(&cm->mi_params, mi_row, mi_col);
    av1_set_fixed_partitioning(cpi, tile, mi, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    x->force_zeromv_skip_for_sb = 1;
    return 0;
  }

  // Ref frame used in partitioning.
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame_partition = LAST_FRAME;

  int64_t thresholds[5] = { vbp_thresholds[0], vbp_thresholds[1],
                            vbp_thresholds[2], vbp_thresholds[3],
                            vbp_thresholds[4] };

  const int segment_id = xd->mi[0]->segment_id;
  uint64_t blk_sad = 0;
  if (cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 != NULL &&
      cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id == cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers - 1) {
    const int sb_size_by_mb = (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_128X128)
                                  ? (cm->seq_params->mib_size >> 1)
                                  : cm->seq_params->mib_size;
    const int sb_cols =
        (cm->mi_params.mi_cols + sb_size_by_mb - 1) / sb_size_by_mb;
    const int sbi_col = mi_col / sb_size_by_mb;
    const int sbi_row = mi_row / sb_size_by_mb;
    blk_sad = cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64[sbi_col + sbi_row * sb_cols];
  }

  const bool is_segment_id_boosted =
      cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && cm->seg.enabled &&
      cyclic_refresh_segment_id_boosted(segment_id);
  const int qindex =
      is_segment_id_boosted
          ? av1_get_qindex(&cm->seg, segment_id, cm->quant_params.base_qindex)
          : cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
  set_vbp_thresholds(
      cpi, thresholds, blk_sad, qindex, x->content_state_sb.low_sumdiff,
      x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd, x->content_state_sb.source_sad_rd,
      is_segment_id_boosted, x->content_state_sb.lighting_change);

  src_buf = x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.buf;
  int src_stride = x->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].src.stride;

  // Index for force_split: 0 for 64x64, 1-4 for 32x32 blocks,
  // 5-20 for the 16x16 blocks.
  force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ALL;
  memset(x->part_search_info.variance_low, 0,
         sizeof(x->part_search_info.variance_low));

  // Check if LAST frame is NULL, and if so, treat this frame
  // as a key frame, for the purpose of the superblock partitioning.
  // LAST == NULL can happen in cases where enhancement spatial layers are
  // enabled dyanmically and the only reference is the spatial(GOLDEN).
  // If LAST frame has a different resolution: set the scaled_ref_last flag
  // and check if ref_scaled is NULL.
  if (!frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *ref = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, LAST_FRAME);
    if (ref == NULL) {
      is_key_frame = true;
    } else if (ref->y_crop_height != cm->height ||
               ref->y_crop_width != cm->width) {
      scaled_ref_last = true;
      const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *ref_scaled =
          av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, LAST_FRAME);
      if (ref_scaled == NULL) is_key_frame = true;
    }
  }

  x->source_variance = UINT_MAX;
  // For nord_pickmode: compute source_variance, only for superblocks with
  // some motion for now. This input can then be used to bias the partitioning
  // or the chroma_check.
  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.use_nonrd_pick_mode &&
      x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad)
    x->source_variance = av1_get_perpixel_variance_facade(
        cpi, xd, &x->plane[0].src, cm->seq_params->sb_size, AOM_PLANE_Y);

  if (!is_key_frame) {
    setup_planes(cpi, x, &y_sad, &y_sad_g, &y_sad_alt, &y_sad_last,
                 &ref_frame_partition, &sf_no_scale, mi_row, mi_col,
                 is_small_sb, scaled_ref_last);

    MB_MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
    // Use reference SB directly for zero mv.
    if (mi->mv[0].as_int != 0) {
      dst_buf = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].dst.buf;
      dst_stride = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].dst.stride;
      is_zero_motion = false;
    } else {
      dst_buf = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].buf;
      dst_stride = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_Y].pre[0].stride;
    }
  } else {
    dst_buf = NULL;
    dst_stride = 0;
  }

  // check and set the color sensitivity of sb.
  av1_zero(uv_sad);
  chroma_check(cpi, x, bsize, y_sad_last, y_sad_g, y_sad_alt, is_key_frame,
               is_zero_motion, uv_sad);

  x->force_zeromv_skip_for_sb = 0;

  VP128x128 *vt;
  AOM_CHECK_MEM_ERROR(xd->error_info, vt, aom_malloc(sizeof(*vt)));
  vt->split = td->vt64x64;

  // If the superblock is completely static (zero source sad) and
  // the y_sad (relative to LAST ref) is very small, take the sb_size partition
  // and exit, and force zeromv_last skip mode for nonrd_pickmode.
  // Only do this on the base segment (so the QP-boosted segment, if applied,
  // can still continue cleaning/ramping up the quality).
  // Condition on color uv_sad is also added.
  if (!is_key_frame && cpi->sf.rt_sf.part_early_exit_zeromv &&
      cpi->rc.frames_since_key > 30 && segment_id == CR_SEGMENT_ID_BASE &&
      ref_frame_partition == LAST_FRAME && xd->mi[0]->mv[0].as_int == 0) {
    // Exit here, if zero mv skip flag is set at SB level.
    if (set_force_zeromv_skip_for_sb(cpi, x, tile, vt, uv_sad, mi_row, mi_col,
                                     y_sad, bsize))
      return 0;
  }

  if (cpi->noise_estimate.enabled)
    noise_level = av1_noise_estimate_extract_level(&cpi->noise_estimate);

  // Fill in the entire tree of 8x8 (for inter frames) or 4x4 (for key frames)
  // variances for splits.
  fill_variance_tree_leaves(cpi, x, vt, force_split, avg_16x16, maxvar_16x16,
                            minvar_16x16, thresholds, src_buf, src_stride,
                            dst_buf, dst_stride, is_key_frame, is_small_sb);

  avg_64x64 = 0;
  for (int blk64_idx = 0; blk64_idx < num_64x64_blocks; ++blk64_idx) {
    max_var_32x32[blk64_idx] = 0;
    min_var_32x32[blk64_idx] = INT_MAX;
    const int blk64_scale_idx = blk64_idx << 2;
    for (int lvl1_idx = 0; lvl1_idx < 4; lvl1_idx++) {
      const int lvl1_scale_idx = (blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx) << 2;
      for (int lvl2_idx = 0; lvl2_idx < 4; lvl2_idx++) {
        if (!is_key_frame) continue;
        VP16x16 *vtemp = &vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx].split[lvl2_idx];
        for (int lvl3_idx = 0; lvl3_idx < 4; lvl3_idx++)
          fill_variance_tree(&vtemp->split[lvl3_idx], BLOCK_8X8);
        fill_variance_tree(vtemp, BLOCK_16X16);
        // If variance of this 16x16 block is above the threshold, force block
        // to split. This also forces a split on the upper levels.
        get_variance(&vtemp->part_variances.none);
        if (vtemp->part_variances.none.variance > thresholds[3]) {
          const int split_index = 21 + lvl1_scale_idx + lvl2_idx;
          force_split[split_index] =
              cpi->sf.rt_sf.vbp_prune_16x16_split_using_min_max_sub_blk_var
                  ? get_part_eval_based_on_sub_blk_var(vtemp, thresholds[3])
                  : PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
        }
      }
      fill_variance_tree(&vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx], BLOCK_32X32);
      // If variance of this 32x32 block is above the threshold, or if its above
      // (some threshold of) the average variance over the sub-16x16 blocks,
      // then force this block to split. This also forces a split on the upper
      // (64x64) level.
      uint64_t frame_sad_thresh = 20000;
      const int is_360p_or_smaller = cm->width * cm->height <= RESOLUTION_360P;
      if (cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers > 2 &&
          cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id == 0)
        frame_sad_thresh = frame_sad_thresh << 1;
      if (force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] == PART_EVAL_ALL) {
        get_variance(&vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.none);
        var_32x32 =
            vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx].part_variances.none.variance;
        max_var_32x32[blk64_idx] = AOMMAX(var_32x32, max_var_32x32[blk64_idx]);
        min_var_32x32[blk64_idx] = AOMMIN(var_32x32, min_var_32x32[blk64_idx]);
        const int max_min_var_16X16_diff = (maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] -
                                            minvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx]);

        if (var_32x32 > thresholds[2] ||
            (!is_key_frame && var_32x32 > (thresholds[2] >> 1) &&
             var_32x32 > (avg_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] >> 1))) {
          force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
        } else if (!is_key_frame && is_360p_or_smaller &&
                   ((max_min_var_16X16_diff > (thresholds[2] >> 1) &&
                     maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] > thresholds[2]) ||
                    (cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks &&
                     x->content_state_sb.source_sad_nonrd > kLowSad &&
                     cpi->rc.frame_source_sad < frame_sad_thresh &&
                     maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] > (thresholds[2] >> 4) &&
                     maxvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] >
                         (minvar_16x16[blk64_idx][lvl1_idx] << 2)))) {
          force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[blk64_idx + 1] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
          force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
        }
      }
    }
    if (force_split[1 + blk64_idx] == PART_EVAL_ALL) {
      fill_variance_tree(&vt->split[blk64_idx], BLOCK_64X64);
      get_variance(&vt->split[blk64_idx].part_variances.none);
      var_64x64 = vt->split[blk64_idx].part_variances.none.variance;
      max_var_64x64 = AOMMAX(var_64x64, max_var_64x64);
      min_var_64x64 = AOMMIN(var_64x64, min_var_64x64);
      // If the difference of the max-min variances of sub-blocks or max
      // variance of a sub-block is above some threshold of then force this
      // block to split. Only checking this for noise level >= medium, if
      // encoder is in SVC or if we already forced large blocks.
      const int max_min_var_32x32_diff =
          max_var_32x32[blk64_idx] - min_var_32x32[blk64_idx];
      const int check_max_var = max_var_32x32[blk64_idx] > thresholds[1] >> 1;
      const bool check_noise_lvl = noise_level >= kMedium ||
                                   cpi->ppi->use_svc ||
                                   cpi->sf.rt_sf.prefer_large_partition_blocks;
      const int64_t set_threshold = 3 * (thresholds[1] >> 3);

      if (!is_key_frame && max_min_var_32x32_diff > set_threshold &&
          check_max_var && check_noise_lvl) {
        force_split[1 + blk64_idx] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
        force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
      }
      avg_64x64 += var_64x64;
    }
    if (is_small_sb) force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
  }

  if (force_split[0] == PART_EVAL_ALL) {
    fill_variance_tree(vt, BLOCK_128X128);
    get_variance(&vt->part_variances.none);
    const int set_avg_64x64 = (9 * avg_64x64) >> 5;
    if (!is_key_frame && vt->part_variances.none.variance > set_avg_64x64)
      force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;

    if (!is_key_frame &&
        (max_var_64x64 - min_var_64x64) > 3 * (thresholds[0] >> 3) &&
        max_var_64x64 > thresholds[0] >> 1)
      force_split[0] = PART_EVAL_ONLY_SPLIT;
  }

  if (mi_col + 32 > tile->mi_col_end || mi_row + 32 > tile->mi_row_end ||
      !set_vt_partitioning(cpi, xd, tile, vt, BLOCK_128X128, mi_row, mi_col,
                           thresholds[0], BLOCK_16X16, force_split[0])) {
    for (int blk64_idx = 0; blk64_idx < num_64x64_blocks; ++blk64_idx) {
      const int x64_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_X(blk64_idx, 4);
      const int y64_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_Y(blk64_idx, 4);
      const int blk64_scale_idx = blk64_idx << 2;

      // Now go through the entire structure, splitting every block size until
      // we get to one that's got a variance lower than our threshold.
      if (set_vt_partitioning(cpi, xd, tile, &vt->split[blk64_idx], BLOCK_64X64,
                              mi_row + y64_idx, mi_col + x64_idx, thresholds[1],
                              BLOCK_16X16, force_split[1 + blk64_idx]))
        continue;
      for (int lvl1_idx = 0; lvl1_idx < 4; ++lvl1_idx) {
        const int x32_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl1_idx, 3);
        const int y32_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl1_idx, 3);
        const int lvl1_scale_idx = (blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx) << 2;
        if (set_vt_partitioning(
                cpi, xd, tile, &vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx],
                BLOCK_32X32, (mi_row + y64_idx + y32_idx),
                (mi_col + x64_idx + x32_idx), thresholds[2], BLOCK_16X16,
                force_split[5 + blk64_scale_idx + lvl1_idx]))
          continue;
        for (int lvl2_idx = 0; lvl2_idx < 4; ++lvl2_idx) {
          const int x16_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl2_idx, 2);
          const int y16_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl2_idx, 2);
          const int split_index = 21 + lvl1_scale_idx + lvl2_idx;
          VP16x16 *vtemp =
              &vt->split[blk64_idx].split[lvl1_idx].split[lvl2_idx];
          if (set_vt_partitioning(cpi, xd, tile, vtemp, BLOCK_16X16,
                                  mi_row + y64_idx + y32_idx + y16_idx,
                                  mi_col + x64_idx + x32_idx + x16_idx,
                                  thresholds[3], BLOCK_8X8,
                                  force_split[split_index]))
            continue;
          for (int lvl3_idx = 0; lvl3_idx < 4; ++lvl3_idx) {
            const int x8_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_X(lvl3_idx, 1);
            const int y8_idx = GET_BLK_IDX_Y(lvl3_idx, 1);
            set_block_size(cpi, (mi_row + y64_idx + y32_idx + y16_idx + y8_idx),
                           (mi_col + x64_idx + x32_idx + x16_idx + x8_idx),
                           BLOCK_8X8);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.short_circuit_low_temp_var) {
    set_low_temp_var_flag(cpi, &x->part_search_info, xd, vt, thresholds,
                          ref_frame_partition, mi_col, mi_row, is_small_sb);
  }

  aom_free(vt);
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  end_timing(cpi, choose_var_based_partitioning_time);
#endif
  return 0;
}