/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved
 *
 * This source code is subject to the terms of the BSD 2 Clause License and
 * the Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0. If the BSD 2 Clause License
 * was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
 * obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
 * Media Patent License 1.0 was not distributed with this source code in the
 * PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "./aom_dsp_rtcd.h"
#include "./av1_rtcd.h"

#include "aom_dsp/aom_dsp_common.h"
#include "aom_dsp/blend.h"
#include "aom_mem/aom_mem.h"
#include "aom_ports/mem.h"
#include "aom_ports/system_state.h"

#include "av1/common/common.h"
#include "av1/common/common_data.h"
#include "av1/common/entropy.h"
#include "av1/common/entropymode.h"
#include "av1/common/idct.h"
#include "av1/common/mvref_common.h"
#include "av1/common/pred_common.h"
#include "av1/common/quant_common.h"
#include "av1/common/reconinter.h"
#include "av1/common/reconintra.h"
#include "av1/common/scan.h"
#include "av1/common/seg_common.h"

#include "av1/encoder/aq_variance.h"
#include "av1/encoder/cost.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodemb.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodemv.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encoder.h"
#include "av1/encoder/hybrid_fwd_txfm.h"
#include "av1/encoder/mcomp.h"
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
#include "av1/encoder/palette.h"
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#include "av1/encoder/quantize.h"
#include "av1/encoder/ratectrl.h"
#include "av1/encoder/rd.h"
#include "av1/encoder/rdopt.h"
#include "av1/encoder/tokenize.h"
#if CONFIG_PVQ
#include "av1/encoder/pvq_encoder.h"
#endif
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
static const int filter_sets[25][2] = {
  { 0, 0 }, { 0, 1 }, { 0, 2 }, { 0, 3 }, { 0, 4 }, { 1, 0 }, { 1, 1 },
  { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 }, { 1, 4 }, { 2, 0 }, { 2, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 2, 3 },
  { 2, 4 }, { 3, 0 }, { 3, 1 }, { 3, 2 }, { 3, 3 }, { 3, 4 }, { 4, 0 },
  { 4, 1 }, { 4, 2 }, { 4, 3 }, { 4, 4 },
};
#else
static const int filter_sets[9][2] = {
  { 0, 0 }, { 0, 1 }, { 0, 2 }, { 1, 0 }, { 1, 1 },
  { 1, 2 }, { 2, 0 }, { 2, 1 }, { 2, 2 },
};
#endif
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#define LAST_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                      \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | \
   (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME))
#define LAST2_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                    \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | \
   (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME))
#define LAST3_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                    \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | \
   (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME))
#define GOLDEN_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                   \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | \
   (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME))
#define BWDREF_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                   \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | \
   (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME))
#define ALTREF_FRAME_MODE_MASK                                   \
  ((1 << INTRA_FRAME) | (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | \
   (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME))

#else

#define LAST_FRAME_MODE_MASK \
  ((1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | (1 << INTRA_FRAME))
#define GOLDEN_FRAME_MODE_MASK \
  ((1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | (1 << INTRA_FRAME))
#define ALTREF_FRAME_MODE_MASK \
  ((1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << INTRA_FRAME))

#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
#define SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK ((1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | 0x01)
#else
#define SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK ((1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | 0x01)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#define MIN_EARLY_TERM_INDEX 3
#define NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR 8

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#define ANGLE_FAST_SEARCH 1
#define ANGLE_SKIP_THRESH 10
#define FILTER_FAST_SEARCH 1
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

const double ADST_FLIP_SVM[8] = { -6.6623, -2.8062, -3.2531, 3.1671,    // vert
                                  -7.7051, -3.2234, -3.6193, 3.4533 };  // horz

typedef struct {
  PREDICTION_MODE mode;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame[2];
} MODE_DEFINITION;

typedef struct { MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame[2]; } REF_DEFINITION;

struct rdcost_block_args {
  const AV1_COMP *cpi;
  MACROBLOCK *x;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT t_above[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT t_left[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  int this_rate;
  int64_t this_dist;
  int64_t this_sse;
  int64_t this_rd;
  int64_t best_rd;
  int exit_early;
  int use_fast_coef_costing;
  const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order;
  uint8_t skippable;
};

#define LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX 6
static const MODE_DEFINITION av1_mode_order[MAX_MODES] = {
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARESTMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARESTMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },

  { DC_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },

  { NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEWMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },

  { NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },
  { NEWFROMNEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  { ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },
  { ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { ZEROMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },
  { ZEROMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },

// TODO(zoeliu): May need to reconsider the order on the modes to check

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#else  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  { NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  { TM_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZERO_ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#else  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  { NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

  { ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  { H_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { V_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D135_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D207_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D153_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D63_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D117_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
  { D45_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  { ZEROMV, { LAST_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { LAST2_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },

  { ZEROMV, { LAST3_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

  { ZEROMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { ZEROMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

  { ZEROMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, INTRA_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
};

static const REF_DEFINITION av1_ref_order[MAX_REFS] = {
  { { LAST_FRAME, NONE } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { { LAST2_FRAME, NONE } },          { { LAST3_FRAME, NONE } },
  { { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE } },         { { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE } },

  { { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },  { { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
  { { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },   { { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },  { { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

  { { INTRA_FRAME, NONE } },
};

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA || CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA || CONFIG_PALETTE
static INLINE int write_uniform_cost(int n, int v) {
  int l = get_unsigned_bits(n), m = (1 << l) - n;
  if (l == 0) return 0;
  if (v < m)
    return (l - 1) * av1_cost_bit(128, 0);
  else
    return l * av1_cost_bit(128, 0);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA || CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA || CONFIG_PALETTE

// constants for prune 1 and prune 2 decision boundaries
#define FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID 0.0
#define FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID 0.1
#define FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN 0.5
#define FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN 0.3

static const TX_TYPE_1D vtx_tab[TX_TYPES] = {
  DCT_1D,      ADST_1D, DCT_1D,      ADST_1D,
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  FLIPADST_1D, DCT_1D,  FLIPADST_1D, ADST_1D, FLIPADST_1D, IDTX_1D,
  DCT_1D,      IDTX_1D, ADST_1D,     IDTX_1D, FLIPADST_1D, IDTX_1D,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
};

static const TX_TYPE_1D htx_tab[TX_TYPES] = {
  DCT_1D,  DCT_1D,      ADST_1D,     ADST_1D,
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  DCT_1D,  FLIPADST_1D, FLIPADST_1D, FLIPADST_1D, ADST_1D, IDTX_1D,
  IDTX_1D, DCT_1D,      IDTX_1D,     ADST_1D,     IDTX_1D, FLIPADST_1D,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
};

static void get_energy_distribution_fine(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                         uint8_t *src, int src_stride,
                                         uint8_t *dst, int dst_stride,
                                         double *hordist, double *verdist) {
  int bw = 4 << (b_width_log2_lookup[bsize]);
  int bh = 4 << (b_height_log2_lookup[bsize]);
  unsigned int esq[16] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  unsigned int var[16];
  double total = 0;

  const int f_index = bsize - BLOCK_16X16;
  if (f_index < 0) {
    int i, j, index;
    int w_shift = bw == 8 ? 1 : 2;
    int h_shift = bh == 8 ? 1 : 2;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
      uint16_t *src16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src);
      uint16_t *dst16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst);
      for (i = 0; i < bh; ++i)
        for (j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
          index = (j >> w_shift) + ((i >> h_shift) << 2);
          esq[index] +=
              (src16[j + i * src_stride] - dst16[j + i * dst_stride]) *
              (src16[j + i * src_stride] - dst16[j + i * dst_stride]);
        }
    } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

      for (i = 0; i < bh; ++i)
        for (j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
          index = (j >> w_shift) + ((i >> h_shift) << 2);
          esq[index] += (src[j + i * src_stride] - dst[j + i * dst_stride]) *
                        (src[j + i * src_stride] - dst[j + i * dst_stride]);
        }
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  } else {
    var[0] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[0]);
    var[1] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4,
                                     dst_stride, &esq[1]);
    var[2] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2,
                                     dst_stride, &esq[2]);
    var[3] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride,
                                     dst + 3 * bw / 4, dst_stride, &esq[3]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    var[4] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[4]);
    var[5] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4,
                                     dst_stride, &esq[5]);
    var[6] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2,
                                     dst_stride, &esq[6]);
    var[7] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride,
                                     dst + 3 * bw / 4, dst_stride, &esq[7]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    var[8] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[8]);
    var[9] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4,
                                     dst_stride, &esq[9]);
    var[10] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2,
                                      dst_stride, &esq[10]);
    var[11] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride,
                                      dst + 3 * bw / 4, dst_stride, &esq[11]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    var[12] =
        cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[12]);
    var[13] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4,
                                      dst_stride, &esq[13]);
    var[14] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2,
                                      dst_stride, &esq[14]);
    var[15] = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride,
                                      dst + 3 * bw / 4, dst_stride, &esq[15]);
  }

  total = esq[0] + esq[1] + esq[2] + esq[3] + esq[4] + esq[5] + esq[6] +
          esq[7] + esq[8] + esq[9] + esq[10] + esq[11] + esq[12] + esq[13] +
          esq[14] + esq[15];
  if (total > 0) {
    const double e_recip = 1.0 / total;
    hordist[0] =
        ((double)esq[0] + (double)esq[4] + (double)esq[8] + (double)esq[12]) *
        e_recip;
    hordist[1] =
        ((double)esq[1] + (double)esq[5] + (double)esq[9] + (double)esq[13]) *
        e_recip;
    hordist[2] =
        ((double)esq[2] + (double)esq[6] + (double)esq[10] + (double)esq[14]) *
        e_recip;
    verdist[0] =
        ((double)esq[0] + (double)esq[1] + (double)esq[2] + (double)esq[3]) *
        e_recip;
    verdist[1] =
        ((double)esq[4] + (double)esq[5] + (double)esq[6] + (double)esq[7]) *
        e_recip;
    verdist[2] =
        ((double)esq[8] + (double)esq[9] + (double)esq[10] + (double)esq[11]) *
        e_recip;
  } else {
    hordist[0] = verdist[0] = 0.25;
    hordist[1] = verdist[1] = 0.25;
    hordist[2] = verdist[2] = 0.25;
  }
  (void)var[0];
  (void)var[1];
  (void)var[2];
  (void)var[3];
  (void)var[4];
  (void)var[5];
  (void)var[6];
  (void)var[7];
  (void)var[8];
  (void)var[9];
  (void)var[10];
  (void)var[11];
  (void)var[12];
  (void)var[13];
  (void)var[14];
  (void)var[15];
}

static int adst_vs_flipadst(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, uint8_t *src,
                            int src_stride, uint8_t *dst, int dst_stride,
                            double *hdist, double *vdist) {
  int prune_bitmask = 0;
  double svm_proj_h = 0, svm_proj_v = 0;
  get_energy_distribution_fine(cpi, bsize, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride,
                               hdist, vdist);

  svm_proj_v = vdist[0] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[0] + vdist[1] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[1] +
               vdist[2] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[2] + ADST_FLIP_SVM[3];
  svm_proj_h = hdist[0] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[4] + hdist[1] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[5] +
               hdist[2] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[6] + ADST_FLIP_SVM[7];
  if (svm_proj_v > FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << FLIPADST_1D;
  else if (svm_proj_v < FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << ADST_1D;

  if (svm_proj_h > FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (FLIPADST_1D + 8);
  else if (svm_proj_h < FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (ADST_1D + 8);

  return prune_bitmask;
}

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
static void get_horver_correlation(int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h,
                                   double *hcorr, double *vcorr) {
  // Returns hor/ver correlation coefficient
  const int num = (h - 1) * (w - 1);
  double num_r;
  int i, j;
  int64_t xy_sum = 0, xz_sum = 0;
  int64_t x_sum = 0, y_sum = 0, z_sum = 0;
  int64_t x2_sum = 0, y2_sum = 0, z2_sum = 0;
  double x_var_n, y_var_n, z_var_n, xy_var_n, xz_var_n;
  *hcorr = *vcorr = 1;

  assert(num > 0);
  num_r = 1.0 / num;
  for (i = 1; i < h; ++i) {
    for (j = 1; j < w; ++j) {
      const int16_t x = diff[i * stride + j];
      const int16_t y = diff[i * stride + j - 1];
      const int16_t z = diff[(i - 1) * stride + j];
      xy_sum += x * y;
      xz_sum += x * z;
      x_sum += x;
      y_sum += y;
      z_sum += z;
      x2_sum += x * x;
      y2_sum += y * y;
      z2_sum += z * z;
    }
  }
  x_var_n = x2_sum - (x_sum * x_sum) * num_r;
  y_var_n = y2_sum - (y_sum * y_sum) * num_r;
  z_var_n = z2_sum - (z_sum * z_sum) * num_r;
  xy_var_n = xy_sum - (x_sum * y_sum) * num_r;
  xz_var_n = xz_sum - (x_sum * z_sum) * num_r;
  if (x_var_n > 0 && y_var_n > 0) {
    *hcorr = xy_var_n / sqrt(x_var_n * y_var_n);
    *hcorr = *hcorr < 0 ? 0 : *hcorr;
  }
  if (x_var_n > 0 && z_var_n > 0) {
    *vcorr = xz_var_n / sqrt(x_var_n * z_var_n);
    *vcorr = *vcorr < 0 ? 0 : *vcorr;
  }
}

int dct_vs_idtx(int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h, double *hcorr,
                double *vcorr) {
  int prune_bitmask = 0;
  get_horver_correlation(diff, stride, w, h, hcorr, vcorr);

  if (*vcorr > FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << IDTX_1D;
  else if (*vcorr < FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << DCT_1D;

  if (*hcorr > FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (IDTX_1D + 8);
  else if (*hcorr < FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (DCT_1D + 8);
  return prune_bitmask;
}

// Performance drop: 0.5%, Speed improvement: 24%
static int prune_two_for_sby(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd, int adst_flipadst,
                             int dct_idtx) {
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  const BLOCK_SIZE bs = get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd);
  const int bw = 4 << (b_width_log2_lookup[bs]);
  const int bh = 4 << (b_height_log2_lookup[bs]);
  double hdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 }, vdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 };
  double hcorr, vcorr;
  int prune = 0;
  av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);

  if (adst_flipadst)
    prune |= adst_vs_flipadst(cpi, bsize, p->src.buf, p->src.stride,
                              pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, hdist, vdist);
  if (dct_idtx) prune |= dct_vs_idtx(p->src_diff, bw, bw, bh, &hcorr, &vcorr);

  return prune;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

// Performance drop: 0.3%, Speed improvement: 5%
static int prune_one_for_sby(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd) {
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  double hdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 }, vdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 };
  av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
  return adst_vs_flipadst(cpi, bsize, p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                          pd->dst.stride, hdist, vdist);
}

static int prune_tx_types(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x,
                          MACROBLOCKD *xd, int tx_set) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  const int *tx_set_1D = ext_tx_used_inter_1D[tx_set];
#else
  const int tx_set_1D[TX_TYPES_1D] = { 0 };
#endif

  switch (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode) {
    case NO_PRUNE: return 0; break;
    case PRUNE_ONE:
      if ((tx_set >= 0) && !(tx_set_1D[FLIPADST_1D] & tx_set_1D[ADST_1D]))
        return 0;
      return prune_one_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd);
      break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    case PRUNE_TWO:
      if ((tx_set >= 0) && !(tx_set_1D[FLIPADST_1D] & tx_set_1D[ADST_1D])) {
        if (!(tx_set_1D[DCT_1D] & tx_set_1D[IDTX_1D])) return 0;
        return prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 1);
      }
      if ((tx_set >= 0) && !(tx_set_1D[DCT_1D] & tx_set_1D[IDTX_1D]))
        return prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 1, 0);
      return prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 1, 1);
      break;
#endif
  }
  assert(0);
  return 0;
}

static int do_tx_type_search(TX_TYPE tx_type, int prune) {
// TODO(sarahparker) implement for non ext tx
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  return !(((prune >> vtx_tab[tx_type]) & 1) |
           ((prune >> (htx_tab[tx_type] + 8)) & 1));
#else
  // temporary to avoid compiler warnings
  (void)vtx_tab;
  (void)htx_tab;
  (void)tx_type;
  (void)prune;
  return 1;
#endif
}

static void model_rd_from_sse(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                              const MACROBLOCKD *const xd, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                              int plane, int64_t sse, int *rate,
                              int64_t *dist) {
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int dequant_shift =
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 :
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
                                                    3;

  // Fast approximate the modelling function.
  if (cpi->sf.simple_model_rd_from_var) {
    const int64_t square_error = sse;
    int quantizer = (pd->dequant[1] >> dequant_shift);

    if (quantizer < 120)
      *rate = (int)((square_error * (280 - quantizer)) >>
                    (16 - AV1_PROB_COST_SHIFT));
    else
      *rate = 0;
    *dist = (square_error * quantizer) >> 8;
  } else {
    av1_model_rd_from_var_lapndz(sse, num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize],
                                 pd->dequant[1] >> dequant_shift, rate, dist);
  }

  *dist <<= 4;
}

static void model_rd_for_sb(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd, int plane_from,
                            int plane_to, int *out_rate_sum,
                            int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb,
                            int64_t *skip_sse_sb) {
  // Note our transform coeffs are 8 times an orthogonal transform.
  // Hence quantizer step is also 8 times. To get effective quantizer
  // we need to divide by 8 before sending to modeling function.
  int plane;
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->mbmi.ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  x->pred_sse[ref] = 0;

  for (plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE bs = get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd);

    unsigned int sse;
    int rate;
    int64_t dist;

    // TODO(geza): Write direct sse functions that do not compute
    // variance as well.
    cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride,
                       &sse);

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = sse;

    total_sse += sse;

    model_rd_from_sse(cpi, xd, bs, plane, sse, &rate, &dist);

    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;
  }

  *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

#if CONFIG_PVQ
// Without PVQ, av1_block_error_c() return two kind of errors,
// 1) reconstruction (i.e. decoded) error and
// 2) Squared sum of transformed residue (i.e. 'coeff')
// However, if PVQ is enabled, coeff does not keep the transformed residue
// but instead a transformed original is kept.
// Hence, new parameter ref vector (i.e. transformed predicted signal)
// is required to derive the residue signal,
// i.e. coeff - ref = residue (all transformed).

// TODO(yushin) : Since 4x4 case does not need ssz, better to refactor into
// a separate function that does not do the extra computations for ssz.
int64_t av1_block_error2_c(const tran_low_t *coeff, const tran_low_t *dqcoeff,
                           const tran_low_t *ref, intptr_t block_size,
                           int64_t *ssz) {
  int64_t error;

  // Use the existing sse codes for calculating distortion of decoded signal:
  // i.e. (orig - decoded)^2
  error = av1_block_error_fp(coeff, dqcoeff, block_size);
  // prediction residue^2 = (orig - ref)^2
  *ssz = av1_block_error_fp(coeff, ref, block_size);

  return error;
}
#endif

int64_t av1_block_error_c(const tran_low_t *coeff, const tran_low_t *dqcoeff,
                          intptr_t block_size, int64_t *ssz) {
  int i;
  int64_t error = 0, sqcoeff = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    const int diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += diff * diff;
    sqcoeff += coeff[i] * coeff[i];
  }

  *ssz = sqcoeff;
  return error;
}

int64_t av1_block_error_fp_c(const int16_t *coeff, const int16_t *dqcoeff,
                             int block_size) {
  int i;
  int64_t error = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    const int diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += diff * diff;
  }

  return error;
}

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
int64_t av1_highbd_block_error_c(const tran_low_t *coeff,
                                 const tran_low_t *dqcoeff, intptr_t block_size,
                                 int64_t *ssz, int bd) {
  int i;
  int64_t error = 0, sqcoeff = 0;
  int shift = 2 * (bd - 8);
  int rounding = shift > 0 ? 1 << (shift - 1) : 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    const int64_t diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += diff * diff;
    sqcoeff += (int64_t)coeff[i] * (int64_t)coeff[i];
  }
  assert(error >= 0 && sqcoeff >= 0);
  error = (error + rounding) >> shift;
  sqcoeff = (sqcoeff + rounding) >> shift;

  *ssz = sqcoeff;
  return error;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

#if !CONFIG_PVQ
/* The trailing '0' is a terminator which is used inside av1_cost_coeffs() to
 * decide whether to include cost of a trailing EOB node or not (i.e. we
 * can skip this if the last coefficient in this transform block, e.g. the
 * 16th coefficient in a 4x4 block or the 64th coefficient in a 8x8 block,
 * were non-zero). */
int av1_cost_coeffs(const AV1_COMMON *const cm, MACROBLOCK *x, int plane,
                    int block, int coeff_ctx, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                    const int16_t *scan, const int16_t *nb,
                    int use_fast_coef_costing) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const struct macroblock_plane *p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const PLANE_TYPE type = pd->plane_type;
  const uint16_t *band_count = &band_count_table[tx_size][1];
  const int eob = p->eobs[block];
  const tran_low_t *const qcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(p->qcoeff, block);
  const int tx_size_ctx = txsize_sqr_map[tx_size];
  unsigned int(*token_costs)[2][COEFF_CONTEXTS][ENTROPY_TOKENS] =
      x->token_costs[tx_size_ctx][type][is_inter_block(mbmi)];
  uint8_t token_cache[MAX_TX_SQUARE];
  int pt = coeff_ctx;
  int c, cost;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  const int *cat6_high_cost = av1_get_high_cost_table(xd->bd);
#else
  const int *cat6_high_cost = av1_get_high_cost_table(8);
#endif

#if !CONFIG_VAR_TX && !CONFIG_SUPERTX
  // Check for consistency of tx_size with mode info
  assert(type == PLANE_TYPE_Y ? mbmi->tx_size == tx_size
                              : get_uv_tx_size(mbmi, pd) == tx_size);
#endif  // !CONFIG_VAR_TX && !CONFIG_SUPERTX
  (void)cm;

  if (eob == 0) {
    // single eob token
    cost = token_costs[0][0][pt][EOB_TOKEN];
    c = 0;
  } else {
    if (use_fast_coef_costing) {
      int band_left = *band_count++;

      // dc token
      int v = qcoeff[0];
      int16_t prev_t;
      cost = av1_get_token_cost(v, &prev_t, cat6_high_cost);
      cost += (*token_costs)[0][pt][prev_t];

      token_cache[0] = av1_pt_energy_class[prev_t];
      ++token_costs;

      // ac tokens
      for (c = 1; c < eob; c++) {
        const int rc = scan[c];
        int16_t t;

        v = qcoeff[rc];
        cost += av1_get_token_cost(v, &t, cat6_high_cost);
        cost += (*token_costs)[!prev_t][!prev_t][t];
        prev_t = t;
        if (!--band_left) {
          band_left = *band_count++;
          ++token_costs;
        }
      }

      // eob token
      if (band_left) cost += (*token_costs)[0][!prev_t][EOB_TOKEN];

    } else {  // !use_fast_coef_costing
      int band_left = *band_count++;

      // dc token
      int v = qcoeff[0];
      int16_t tok;
      unsigned int(*tok_cost_ptr)[COEFF_CONTEXTS][ENTROPY_TOKENS];
      cost = av1_get_token_cost(v, &tok, cat6_high_cost);
      cost += (*token_costs)[0][pt][tok];

      token_cache[0] = av1_pt_energy_class[tok];
      ++token_costs;

      tok_cost_ptr = &((*token_costs)[!tok]);

      // ac tokens
      for (c = 1; c < eob; c++) {
        const int rc = scan[c];

        v = qcoeff[rc];
        cost += av1_get_token_cost(v, &tok, cat6_high_cost);
        pt = get_coef_context(nb, token_cache, c);
        cost += (*tok_cost_ptr)[pt][tok];
        token_cache[rc] = av1_pt_energy_class[tok];
        if (!--band_left) {
          band_left = *band_count++;
          ++token_costs;
        }
        tok_cost_ptr = &((*token_costs)[!tok]);
      }

      // eob token
      if (band_left) {
        pt = get_coef_context(nb, token_cache, c);
        cost += (*token_costs)[0][pt][EOB_TOKEN];
      }
    }
  }

  return cost;
}
#endif

static void dist_block(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int plane, int block,
                       int blk_row, int blk_col, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                       int64_t *out_dist, int64_t *out_sse) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  if (cpi->sf.use_transform_domain_distortion) {
    // Transform domain distortion computation is more accurate as it does
    // not involve an inverse transform, but it is less accurate.
    const int buffer_length = tx_size_2d[tx_size];
    int64_t this_sse;
    int tx_type = get_tx_type(pd->plane_type, xd, block, tx_size);
    int shift = (MAX_TX_SCALE - get_tx_scale(xd, tx_type, tx_size)) * 2;
    tran_low_t *const coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(p->coeff, block);
    tran_low_t *const dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    tran_low_t *ref_coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->pvq_ref_coeff, block);
#endif
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    const int bd = (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd : 8;
    *out_dist =
        av1_highbd_block_error(coeff, dqcoeff, buffer_length, &this_sse, bd) >>
        shift;
#elif CONFIG_PVQ
    *out_dist = av1_block_error2_c(coeff, dqcoeff, ref_coeff, buffer_length,
                                   &this_sse) >>
                shift;
#else
    *out_dist =
        av1_block_error(coeff, dqcoeff, buffer_length, &this_sse) >> shift;
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    *out_sse = this_sse >> shift;
  } else {
    const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
    const int bsw = block_size_wide[tx_bsize];
    const int bsh = block_size_high[tx_bsize];
    const int src_stride = x->plane[plane].src.stride;
    const int dst_stride = xd->plane[plane].dst.stride;
    // Scale the transform block index to pixel unit.
    const int src_idx = (blk_row * src_stride + blk_col)
                        << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
    const int dst_idx = (blk_row * dst_stride + blk_col)
                        << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
    const uint8_t *src = &x->plane[plane].src.buf[src_idx];
    const uint8_t *dst = &xd->plane[plane].dst.buf[dst_idx];
    const tran_low_t *dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);
    const uint16_t eob = p->eobs[block];

    unsigned int tmp;

    assert(cpi != NULL);
    assert(tx_size_wide_log2[0] == tx_size_high_log2[0]);

    cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &tmp);
    *out_sse = (int64_t)tmp * 16;

    if (eob) {
      const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, recon16[MAX_TX_SQUARE]);
      uint8_t *recon = (uint8_t *)recon16;
#else
      DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, recon[MAX_TX_SQUARE]);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

      const PLANE_TYPE plane_type = plane == 0 ? PLANE_TYPE_Y : PLANE_TYPE_UV;

      INV_TXFM_PARAM inv_txfm_param;

      inv_txfm_param.tx_type = get_tx_type(plane_type, xd, block, tx_size);
      inv_txfm_param.tx_size = tx_size;
      inv_txfm_param.eob = eob;
      inv_txfm_param.lossless = xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id];

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        recon = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(recon);
        inv_txfm_param.bd = xd->bd;
        aom_highbd_convolve_copy(dst, dst_stride, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, NULL, 0,
                                 NULL, 0, bsw, bsh, xd->bd);
        highbd_inv_txfm_add(dqcoeff, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, &inv_txfm_param);
      } else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      {
        aom_convolve_copy(dst, dst_stride, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, NULL, 0, NULL, 0,
                          bsw, bsh);
        inv_txfm_add(dqcoeff, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, &inv_txfm_param);
      }

      cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].vf(src, src_stride, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, &tmp);
    }

    *out_dist = (int64_t)tmp * 16;
  }
}

#if !CONFIG_PVQ
static int rate_block(int plane, int block, int coeff_ctx, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                      struct rdcost_block_args *args) {
  return av1_cost_coeffs(&args->cpi->common, args->x, plane, block, coeff_ctx,
                         tx_size, args->scan_order->scan,
                         args->scan_order->neighbors,
                         args->use_fast_coef_costing);
}
#endif

static uint64_t sum_squares_2d(const int16_t *diff, int diff_stride,
                               TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  uint64_t sse;
  switch (tx_size) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    case TX_4X8:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 4) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 4 * diff_stride, diff_stride, 4);
      break;
    case TX_8X4:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 4) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 4, diff_stride, 4);
      break;
    case TX_8X16:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 8) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 8 * diff_stride, diff_stride, 8);
      break;
    case TX_16X8:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 8) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 8, diff_stride, 8);
      break;
    case TX_16X32:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 16) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 16 * diff_stride, diff_stride, 16);
      break;
    case TX_32X16:
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, 16) +
            aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff + 16, diff_stride, 16);
      break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
    default:
      assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, tx_size_wide[tx_size]);
      break;
  }
  return sse;
}

static void block_rd_txfm(int plane, int block, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                          BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size, void *arg) {
  struct rdcost_block_args *args = arg;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = args->x;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &args->cpi->common;
  int64_t rd1, rd2, rd;
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  int64_t sse;

  int coeff_ctx = combine_entropy_contexts(*(args->t_above + blk_col),
                                           *(args->t_left + blk_row));

  if (args->exit_early) return;

  if (!is_inter_block(mbmi)) {
    struct encode_b_args b_args = {
      (AV1_COMMON *)cm, x, NULL, &mbmi->skip, args->t_above, args->t_left, 1
    };
    av1_encode_block_intra(plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
                           &b_args);

    if (args->cpi->sf.use_transform_domain_distortion) {
      dist_block(args->cpi, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size, &dist,
                 &sse);
    } else {
      // Note that the encode block_intra call above already calls
      // inv_txfm_add, so we can't just call dist_block here.
      const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
      const aom_variance_fn_t variance = args->cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].vf;

      const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
      const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];

      const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
      const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
      const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];

      const uint8_t *src = &p->src.buf[4 * (blk_row * src_stride + blk_col)];
      const uint8_t *dst = &pd->dst.buf[4 * (blk_row * dst_stride + blk_col)];
      const int16_t *diff = &p->src_diff[4 * (blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col)];

      unsigned int tmp;
      sse = sum_squares_2d(diff, diff_stride, tx_size);

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
        sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      sse = (int64_t)sse * 16;

      variance(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &tmp);
      dist = (int64_t)tmp * 16;
    }
  } else {
// full forward transform and quantization
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
    av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                           tx_size, coeff_ctx);
#else
    av1_xform_quant(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
                    AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
    if (x->plane[plane].eobs[block])
      av1_optimize_b(cm, x, plane, block, tx_size, coeff_ctx);
    dist_block(args->cpi, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size, &dist,
               &sse);
  }

  rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, dist);
  if (args->this_rd + rd > args->best_rd) {
    args->exit_early = 1;
    return;
  }
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  rate = rate_block(plane, block, coeff_ctx, tx_size, args);
  args->t_above[blk_col] = (x->plane[plane].eobs[block] > 0);
  args->t_left[blk_row] = (x->plane[plane].eobs[block] > 0);
#else
  rate = x->rate;
#endif
  rd1 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate, dist);
  rd2 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, sse);

  // TODO(jingning): temporarily enabled only for luma component
  rd = AOMMIN(rd1, rd2);

  args->this_rate += rate;
  args->this_dist += dist;
  args->this_sse += sse;
  args->this_rd += rd;

  if (args->this_rd > args->best_rd) {
    args->exit_early = 1;
    return;
  }
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  args->skippable &= !x->plane[plane].eobs[block];
#else
  args->skippable &= x->pvq_skip[plane];
#endif
}

static void txfm_rd_in_plane(MACROBLOCK *x, const AV1_COMP *cpi, int *rate,
                             int64_t *distortion, int *skippable, int64_t *sse,
                             int64_t ref_best_rd, int plane, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             TX_SIZE tx_size, int use_fast_coef_casting) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  TX_TYPE tx_type;
  struct rdcost_block_args args;
  av1_zero(args);
  args.x = x;
  args.cpi = cpi;
  args.best_rd = ref_best_rd;
  args.use_fast_coef_costing = use_fast_coef_casting;
  args.skippable = 1;

  if (plane == 0) xd->mi[0]->mbmi.tx_size = tx_size;

  av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, tx_size, pd, args.t_above, args.t_left);

  tx_type = get_tx_type(pd->plane_type, xd, 0, tx_size);
  args.scan_order =
      get_scan(cm, tx_size, tx_type, is_inter_block(&xd->mi[0]->mbmi));

  av1_foreach_transformed_block_in_plane(xd, bsize, plane, block_rd_txfm,
                                         &args);
  if (args.exit_early) {
    *rate = INT_MAX;
    *distortion = INT64_MAX;
    *sse = INT64_MAX;
    *skippable = 0;
  } else {
    *distortion = args.this_dist;
    *rate = args.this_rate;
    *sse = args.this_sse;
    *skippable = args.skippable;
  }
}

#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
void av1_txfm_rd_in_plane_supertx(MACROBLOCK *x, const AV1_COMP *cpi, int *rate,
                                  int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                  int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd, int plane,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                                  int use_fast_coef_casting) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  struct rdcost_block_args args;
  TX_TYPE tx_type;

  av1_zero(args);
  args.cpi = cpi;
  args.x = x;
  args.best_rd = ref_best_rd;
  args.use_fast_coef_costing = use_fast_coef_casting;

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (plane == 0) xd->mi[0]->mbmi.tx_size = tx_size;

  av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, tx_size, pd, args.t_above, args.t_left);

  tx_type = get_tx_type(pd->plane_type, xd, 0, tx_size);
  args.scan_order =
      get_scan(cm, tx_size, tx_type, is_inter_block(&xd->mi[0]->mbmi));

  block_rd_txfm(plane, 0, 0, 0, get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd), tx_size,
                &args);

  if (args.exit_early) {
    *rate = INT_MAX;
    *distortion = INT64_MAX;
    *sse = INT64_MAX;
    *skippable = 0;
  } else {
    *distortion = args.this_dist;
    *rate = args.this_rate;
    *sse = args.this_sse;
    *skippable = !x->plane[plane].eobs[0];
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX

static int64_t txfm_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *r,
                        int64_t *d, int *s, int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                        BLOCK_SIZE bs, TX_TYPE tx_type, int tx_size) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  aom_prob skip_prob = av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd);
  int s0, s1;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  const int tx_size_ctx = get_tx_size_context(xd);
  const int tx_size_cat =
      is_inter ? inter_tx_size_cat_lookup[bs] : intra_tx_size_cat_lookup[bs];
  const TX_SIZE coded_tx_size = txsize_sqr_up_map[tx_size];
  const int depth = tx_size_to_depth(coded_tx_size);
  const int tx_select = cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT;
  const int r_tx_size = cpi->tx_size_cost[tx_size_cat][tx_size_ctx][depth];

  assert(skip_prob > 0);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  assert(IMPLIES(is_rect_tx(tx_size), is_rect_tx_allowed_bsize(bs)));
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  s0 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 0);
  s1 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 1);

  mbmi->tx_type = tx_type;
  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
  txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, r, d, s, sse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs, tx_size,
                   cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
  if (*r == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (get_ext_tx_types(tx_size, bs, is_inter) > 1 &&
      !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
    const int ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(tx_size, bs, is_inter);
    if (is_inter) {
      if (ext_tx_set > 0)
        *r +=
            cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set][txsize_sqr_map[mbmi->tx_size]]
                                    [mbmi->tx_type];
    } else {
      if (ext_tx_set > 0 && ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX)
        *r += cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set][mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->mode]
                                      [mbmi->tx_type];
    }
  }
#else
  if (tx_size < TX_32X32 && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] &&
      !FIXED_TX_TYPE) {
    if (is_inter) {
      *r += cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->tx_type];
    } else {
      *r += cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[mbmi->tx_size]
                                    [intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mbmi->mode]]
                                    [mbmi->tx_type];
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (*s) {
    if (is_inter) {
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, *sse);
    } else {
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1 + r_tx_size * tx_select, *sse);
    }
  } else {
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *r + s0 + r_tx_size * tx_select, *d);
  }

  if (tx_select) *r += r_tx_size;

  if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] && !(*s))
    rd = AOMMIN(rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, *sse));

  return rd;
}

static int64_t choose_tx_size_fix_type(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bs,
                                       MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate,
                                       int64_t *distortion, int *skip,
                                       int64_t *psse, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                       TX_TYPE tx_type, int prune) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int r, s;
  int64_t d, sse;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  int n;
  int start_tx, end_tx;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX, last_rd = INT64_MAX;
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bs];
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = max_tx_size;
  const int tx_select = cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
#if CONFIG_RECT_TX
  int evaluate_rect_tx = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_RECT_TX
  int ext_tx_set;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (tx_select) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    evaluate_rect_tx = is_rect_tx_allowed(xd, mbmi);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    start_tx = max_tx_size;
    end_tx = (max_tx_size == TX_32X32) ? TX_8X8 : TX_4X4;
  } else {
    const TX_SIZE chosen_tx_size =
        tx_size_from_tx_mode(bs, cm->tx_mode, is_inter);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    evaluate_rect_tx = is_rect_tx(chosen_tx_size);
    assert(IMPLIES(evaluate_rect_tx, is_rect_tx_allowed(xd, mbmi)));
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    start_tx = chosen_tx_size;
    end_tx = chosen_tx_size;
  }

  *distortion = INT64_MAX;
  *rate = INT_MAX;
  *skip = 0;
  *psse = INT64_MAX;

  mbmi->tx_type = tx_type;

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  if (evaluate_rect_tx) {
    const TX_SIZE rect_tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bs];
    ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(rect_tx_size, bs, 1);
    if (ext_tx_used_inter[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) {
      rd = txfm_yrd(cpi, x, &r, &d, &s, &sse, ref_best_rd, bs, tx_type,
                    rect_tx_size);
      best_tx_size = rect_tx_size;
      best_rd = rd;
      *distortion = d;
      *rate = r;
      *skip = s;
      *psse = sse;
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  last_rd = INT64_MAX;
  for (n = start_tx; n >= end_tx; --n) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    if (is_rect_tx(n)) break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
    if (FIXED_TX_TYPE && tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, n)) continue;
    if (!is_inter && x->use_default_intra_tx_type &&
        tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, n))
      continue;
    if (is_inter && x->use_default_inter_tx_type &&
        tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, n))
      continue;
    if (max_tx_size == TX_32X32 && n == TX_4X4) continue;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(n, bs, is_inter);
    if (is_inter) {
      if (!ext_tx_used_inter[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
      if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE) {
        if (!do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune)) continue;
      }
    } else {
      if (!ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX && bs >= BLOCK_8X8) {
        if (tx_type != intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mbmi->mode]) continue;
      }
      if (!ext_tx_used_intra[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
    }
#else   // CONFIG_EXT_TX
    if (n >= TX_32X32 && tx_type != DCT_DCT) continue;
    if (is_inter && cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE &&
        !do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune))
      continue;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

    rd = txfm_yrd(cpi, x, &r, &d, &s, &sse, ref_best_rd, bs, tx_type, n);

    // Early termination in transform size search.
    if (cpi->sf.tx_size_search_breakout &&
        (rd == INT64_MAX || (s == 1 && tx_type != DCT_DCT && n < start_tx) ||
         (n < (int)max_tx_size && rd > last_rd)))
      break;

    last_rd = rd;
    if (rd < best_rd) {
      best_tx_size = n;
      best_rd = rd;
      *distortion = d;
      *rate = r;
      *skip = s;
      *psse = sse;
    }
  }
  mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;

  return best_rd;
}

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
static int64_t estimate_yrd_for_sb(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bs,
                                   MACROBLOCK *x, int *r, int64_t *d, int *s,
                                   int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  return txfm_yrd(cpi, x, r, d, s, sse, ref_best_rd, bs, DCT_DCT,
                  max_txsize_lookup[bs]);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

static void choose_largest_tx_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                   int *rate, int64_t *distortion, int *skip,
                                   int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                   BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  TX_TYPE tx_type, best_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  int r, s;
  int64_t d, psse, this_rd, best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  aom_prob skip_prob = av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd);
  int s0 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 0);
  int s1 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 1);
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  int prune = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  int ext_tx_set;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
  *distortion = INT64_MAX;
  *rate = INT_MAX;
  *skip = 0;
  *sse = INT64_MAX;

  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size_from_tx_mode(bs, cm->tx_mode, is_inter);
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
  mbmi->min_tx_size = get_min_tx_size(mbmi->tx_size);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(mbmi->tx_size, bs, is_inter);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (is_inter && cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE)
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    prune = prune_tx_types(cpi, bs, x, xd, ext_tx_set);
#else
    prune = prune_tx_types(cpi, bs, x, xd, 0);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (get_ext_tx_types(mbmi->tx_size, bs, is_inter) > 1 &&
      !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_rollback_buffer pre_buf, post_buf;

    od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
    od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

    for (tx_type = DCT_DCT; tx_type < TX_TYPES; ++tx_type) {
      if (is_inter) {
        if (x->use_default_inter_tx_type &&
            tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, mbmi->tx_size))
          continue;
        if (!ext_tx_used_inter[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
        if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE) {
          if (!do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune)) continue;
        }
      } else {
        if (x->use_default_intra_tx_type &&
            tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, mbmi->tx_size))
          continue;
        if (!ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX && bs >= BLOCK_8X8) {
          if (tx_type != intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mbmi->mode]) continue;
        }
        if (!ext_tx_used_intra[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
      }

      mbmi->tx_type = tx_type;

      txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &r, &d, &s, &psse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs,
                       mbmi->tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
      if (r == INT_MAX) continue;
      if (get_ext_tx_types(mbmi->tx_size, bs, is_inter) > 1) {
        if (is_inter) {
          if (ext_tx_set > 0)
            r += cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set][mbmi->tx_size]
                                         [mbmi->tx_type];
        } else {
          if (ext_tx_set > 0 && ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX)
            r += cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set][mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->mode]
                                         [mbmi->tx_type];
        }
      }

      if (s)
        this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, psse);
      else
        this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r + s0, d);
      if (is_inter_block(mbmi) && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] && !s)
        this_rd = AOMMIN(this_rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, psse));

      if (this_rd < best_rd) {
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
        *distortion = d;
        *rate = r;
        *skip = s;
        *sse = psse;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
        od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
      }
    }
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
  } else {
    mbmi->tx_type = DCT_DCT;
    txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rate, distortion, skip, sse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs,
                     mbmi->tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
  }
#else   // CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (mbmi->tx_size < TX_32X32 && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
    for (tx_type = 0; tx_type < TX_TYPES; ++tx_type) {
      if (!is_inter && x->use_default_intra_tx_type &&
          tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, mbmi->tx_size))
        continue;
      if (is_inter && x->use_default_inter_tx_type &&
          tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, mbmi->tx_size))
        continue;
      mbmi->tx_type = tx_type;
      txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &r, &d, &s, &psse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs,
                       mbmi->tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
      if (r == INT_MAX) continue;
      if (is_inter) {
        r += cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->tx_type];
        if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE &&
            !do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune))
          continue;
      } else {
        r += cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[mbmi->tx_size]
                                     [intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mbmi->mode]]
                                     [mbmi->tx_type];
      }
      if (s)
        this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, psse);
      else
        this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, r + s0, d);
      if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] && !s)
        this_rd = AOMMIN(this_rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, psse));

      if (this_rd < best_rd) {
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
        *distortion = d;
        *rate = r;
        *skip = s;
        *sse = psse;
      }
    }
  } else {
    mbmi->tx_type = DCT_DCT;
    txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rate, distortion, skip, sse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs,
                     mbmi->tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
  mbmi->tx_type = best_tx_type;
}

static void choose_smallest_tx_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    int *rate, int64_t *distortion, int *skip,
                                    int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;

  mbmi->tx_size = TX_4X4;
  mbmi->tx_type = DCT_DCT;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
  mbmi->min_tx_size = get_min_tx_size(TX_4X4);
#endif

  txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rate, distortion, skip, sse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs,
                   mbmi->tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
}

static void choose_tx_size_type_from_rd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                        MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate,
                                        int64_t *distortion, int *skip,
                                        int64_t *psse, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                        BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int r, s;
  int64_t d, sse;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  TX_SIZE best_tx = max_txsize_lookup[bs];
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  TX_TYPE tx_type, best_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  int prune = 0;

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer buf;
#endif
  if (is_inter && cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE)
    // passing -1 in for tx_type indicates that all 1D
    // transforms should be considered for pruning
    prune = prune_tx_types(cpi, bs, x, xd, -1);

  *distortion = INT64_MAX;
  *rate = INT_MAX;
  *skip = 0;
  *psse = INT64_MAX;

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &buf);
#endif

  for (tx_type = DCT_DCT; tx_type < TX_TYPES; ++tx_type) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    if (mbmi->ref_mv_idx > 0 && tx_type != DCT_DCT) continue;
#endif
    rd = choose_tx_size_fix_type(cpi, bs, x, &r, &d, &s, &sse, ref_best_rd,
                                 tx_type, prune);
    if (rd < best_rd) {
      best_rd = rd;
      *distortion = d;
      *rate = r;
      *skip = s;
      *psse = sse;
      best_tx_type = tx_type;
      best_tx = mbmi->tx_size;
    }
  }

  mbmi->tx_size = best_tx;
  mbmi->tx_type = best_tx_type;

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
  mbmi->min_tx_size = get_min_tx_size(mbmi->tx_size);
#endif

#if !CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (mbmi->tx_size >= TX_32X32) assert(mbmi->tx_type == DCT_DCT);
#endif
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  if (best_tx < TX_SIZES)
    txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &r, &d, &s, &sse, ref_best_rd, 0, bs, best_tx,
                     cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
#endif
}

static void super_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate,
                            int64_t *distortion, int *skip, int64_t *psse,
                            BLOCK_SIZE bs, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int64_t sse;
  int64_t *ret_sse = psse ? psse : &sse;

  assert(bs == xd->mi[0]->mbmi.sb_type);

  if (xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
    choose_smallest_tx_size(cpi, x, rate, distortion, skip, ret_sse,
                            ref_best_rd, bs);
  } else if (cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method == USE_LARGESTALL) {
    choose_largest_tx_size(cpi, x, rate, distortion, skip, ret_sse, ref_best_rd,
                           bs);
  } else {
    choose_tx_size_type_from_rd(cpi, x, rate, distortion, skip, ret_sse,
                                ref_best_rd, bs);
  }
}

static int conditional_skipintra(PREDICTION_MODE mode,
                                 PREDICTION_MODE best_intra_mode) {
  if (mode == D117_PRED && best_intra_mode != V_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D135_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D63_PRED && best_intra_mode != V_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D45_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D207_PRED && best_intra_mode != H_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D45_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D153_PRED && best_intra_mode != H_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D135_PRED)
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
static int rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int palette_ctx,
    int dc_mode_cost, PALETTE_MODE_INFO *palette_mode_info,
    uint8_t *best_palette_color_map, TX_SIZE *best_tx, TX_TYPE *best_tx_type,
    PREDICTION_MODE *mode_selected, int64_t *best_rd) {
  int rate_overhead = 0;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  const int rows = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int cols = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s, colors, n;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src = x->plane[0].src.buf;

  assert(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools);

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth)
    colors = av1_count_colors_highbd(src, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                     cpi->common.bit_depth);
  else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    colors = av1_count_colors(src, src_stride, rows, cols);
  palette_mode_info->palette_size[0] = 0;
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

  if (colors > 1 && colors <= 64) {
    int r, c, i, j, k;
    const int max_itr = 50;
    uint8_t color_order[PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    float *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
    float centroids[PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;
    float lb, ub, val;
    MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &mic->mbmi;
    PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    uint16_t *src16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src);
    if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth)
      lb = ub = src16[0];
    else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      lb = ub = src[0];

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
      for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
        for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
          val = src16[r * src_stride + c];
          data[r * cols + c] = val;
          if (val < lb)
            lb = val;
          else if (val > ub)
            ub = val;
        }
      }
    } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
        for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
          val = src[r * src_stride + c];
          data[r * cols + c] = val;
          if (val < lb)
            lb = val;
          else if (val > ub)
            ub = val;
        }
      }
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

    if (rows * cols > PALETTE_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE) return 0;

    for (n = colors > PALETTE_MAX_SIZE ? PALETTE_MAX_SIZE : colors; n >= 2;
         --n) {
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        centroids[i] = lb + (2 * i + 1) * (ub - lb) / n / 2;
      av1_k_means(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, n, 1, max_itr);
      k = av1_remove_duplicates(centroids, n);

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth)
        for (i = 0; i < k; ++i)
          pmi->palette_colors[i] =
              clip_pixel_highbd((int)centroids[i], cpi->common.bit_depth);
      else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        for (i = 0; i < k; ++i)
          pmi->palette_colors[i] = clip_pixel((int)centroids[i]);
      pmi->palette_size[0] = k;

      av1_calc_indices(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, k, 1);

      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s, NULL,
                      bsize, *best_rd);
      if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) continue;

      this_rate =
          this_rate_tokenonly + dc_mode_cost +
          cpi->common.bit_depth * k * av1_cost_bit(128, 0) +
          cpi->palette_y_size_cost[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][k - 2] +
          write_uniform_cost(k, color_map[0]) +
          av1_cost_bit(
              av1_default_palette_y_mode_prob[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][palette_ctx],
              1);
      for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
        for (j = (i == 0 ? 1 : 0); j < cols; ++j) {
          int color_idx;
          const int color_ctx = av1_get_palette_color_context(
              color_map, cols, i, j, k, color_order, &color_idx);
          assert(color_idx >= 0 && color_idx < k);
          this_rate += cpi->palette_y_color_cost[k - 2][color_ctx][color_idx];
        }
      }
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);

      if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
        *best_rd = this_rd;
        *palette_mode_info = *pmi;
        memcpy(best_palette_color_map, color_map,
               rows * cols * sizeof(color_map[0]));
        *mode_selected = DC_PRED;
        *best_tx = mbmi->tx_size;
        *best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
        rate_overhead = this_rate - this_rate_tokenonly;
      }
    }
  }
  return rate_overhead;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

static int64_t rd_pick_intra4x4block(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int row, int col,
    PREDICTION_MODE *best_mode, const int *bmode_costs, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *a,
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *l, int *bestrate, int *bestratey, int64_t *bestdistortion,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int *y_skip, int64_t rd_thresh) {
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
#endif
  PREDICTION_MODE mode;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int64_t best_rd = rd_thresh;
  struct macroblock_plane *p = &x->plane[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *pd = &xd->plane[0];
  const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
  const uint8_t *src_init = &p->src.buf[row * 4 * src_stride + col * 4];
  uint8_t *dst_init = &pd->dst.buf[row * 4 * src_stride + col * 4];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ta[2], tempa[2];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT tl[2], templ[2];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int idx, idy;
  int best_can_skip = 0;
  uint8_t best_dst[8 * 8];
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  uint16_t best_dst16[8 * 8];
#endif

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer pre_buf, post_buf;
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

  memcpy(ta, a, num_4x4_blocks_wide * sizeof(a[0]));
  memcpy(tl, l, num_4x4_blocks_high * sizeof(l[0]));
  xd->mi[0]->mbmi.tx_size = TX_4X4;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  xd->mi[0]->mbmi.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    for (mode = DC_PRED; mode <= TM_PRED; ++mode) {
      int64_t this_rd;
      int ratey = 0;
      int64_t distortion = 0;
      int rate = bmode_costs[mode];
      int can_skip = 1;

      if (!(cpi->sf.intra_y_mode_mask[TX_4X4] & (1 << mode))) continue;

      // Only do the oblique modes if the best so far is
      // one of the neighboring directional modes
      if (cpi->sf.mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_DIRMISMATCH) {
        if (conditional_skipintra(mode, *best_mode)) continue;
      }

      memcpy(tempa, ta, num_4x4_blocks_wide * sizeof(ta[0]));
      memcpy(templ, tl, num_4x4_blocks_high * sizeof(tl[0]));

      for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high; ++idy) {
        for (idx = 0; idx < num_4x4_blocks_wide; ++idx) {
          const int block = (row + idy) * 2 + (col + idx);
          const uint8_t *const src = &src_init[idx * 4 + idy * 4 * src_stride];
          uint8_t *const dst = &dst_init[idx * 4 + idy * 4 * dst_stride];
          int16_t *const src_diff =
              av1_raster_block_offset_int16(BLOCK_8X8, block, p->src_diff);
          xd->mi[0]->bmi[block].as_mode = mode;
          av1_predict_intra_block(xd, pd->width, pd->height, TX_4X4, mode, dst,
                                  dst_stride, dst, dst_stride, col + idx,
                                  row + idy, 0);
          aom_highbd_subtract_block(4, 4, src_diff, 8, src, src_stride, dst,
                                    dst_stride, xd->bd);
          if (xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
            TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, block, TX_4X4);
            const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order = get_scan(cm, TX_4X4, tx_type, 0);
            const int coeff_ctx =
                combine_entropy_contexts(*(tempa + idx), *(templ + idy));
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
            av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx,
                                   BLOCK_8X8, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
#else
            av1_xform_quant(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx, BLOCK_8X8,
                            TX_4X4, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
            ratey += av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, 0, block, coeff_ctx, TX_4X4,
                                     scan_order->scan, scan_order->neighbors,
                                     cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
            *(tempa + idx) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
            *(templ + idy) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
            can_skip &= (p->eobs[block] == 0);
            if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, ratey, distortion) >= best_rd)
              goto next_highbd;
            av1_highbd_inv_txfm_add_4x4(BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block), dst,
                                        dst_stride, p->eobs[block], xd->bd,
                                        DCT_DCT, 1);
          } else {
            int64_t dist;
            unsigned int tmp;
            TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, block, TX_4X4);
            const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order = get_scan(cm, TX_4X4, tx_type, 0);
            const int coeff_ctx =
                combine_entropy_contexts(*(tempa + idx), *(templ + idy));
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
            av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx,
                                   BLOCK_8X8, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
#else
            av1_xform_quant(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx, BLOCK_8X8,
                            TX_4X4, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
            av1_optimize_b(cm, x, 0, block, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
            ratey += av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, 0, block, coeff_ctx, TX_4X4,
                                     scan_order->scan, scan_order->neighbors,
                                     cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
            *(tempa + idx) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
            *(templ + idy) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
            can_skip &= (p->eobs[block] == 0);
            av1_highbd_inv_txfm_add_4x4(BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block), dst,
                                        dst_stride, p->eobs[block], xd->bd,
                                        tx_type, 0);
            cpi->fn_ptr[BLOCK_4X4].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &tmp);
            dist = (int64_t)tmp << 4;
            distortion += dist;
            if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, ratey, distortion) >= best_rd)
              goto next_highbd;
          }
        }
      }

      rate += ratey;
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate, distortion);

      if (this_rd < best_rd) {
        *bestrate = rate;
        *bestratey = ratey;
        *bestdistortion = distortion;
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_can_skip = can_skip;
        *best_mode = mode;
        memcpy(a, tempa, num_4x4_blocks_wide * sizeof(tempa[0]));
        memcpy(l, templ, num_4x4_blocks_high * sizeof(templ[0]));
        for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high * 4; ++idy) {
          memcpy(best_dst16 + idy * 8,
                 CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst_init + idy * dst_stride),
                 num_4x4_blocks_wide * 4 * sizeof(uint16_t));
        }
      }
    next_highbd : {}
    }

    if (best_rd >= rd_thresh) return best_rd;

    if (y_skip) *y_skip &= best_can_skip;

    for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high * 4; ++idy) {
      memcpy(CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst_init + idy * dst_stride),
             best_dst16 + idy * 8, num_4x4_blocks_wide * 4 * sizeof(uint16_t));
    }

    return best_rd;
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif

  for (mode = DC_PRED; mode <= TM_PRED; ++mode) {
    int64_t this_rd;
    int ratey = 0;
    int64_t distortion = 0;
    int rate = bmode_costs[mode];
    int can_skip = 1;

    if (!(cpi->sf.intra_y_mode_mask[TX_4X4] & (1 << mode))) continue;

    // Only do the oblique modes if the best so far is
    // one of the neighboring directional modes
    if (cpi->sf.mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_DIRMISMATCH) {
      if (conditional_skipintra(mode, *best_mode)) continue;
    }

    memcpy(tempa, ta, num_4x4_blocks_wide * sizeof(ta[0]));
    memcpy(templ, tl, num_4x4_blocks_high * sizeof(tl[0]));

    for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high; ++idy) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < num_4x4_blocks_wide; ++idx) {
        const int block = (row + idy) * 2 + (col + idx);
        const uint8_t *const src = &src_init[idx * 4 + idy * 4 * src_stride];
        uint8_t *const dst = &dst_init[idx * 4 + idy * 4 * dst_stride];
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
        int16_t *const src_diff =
            av1_raster_block_offset_int16(BLOCK_8X8, block, p->src_diff);
#else
        int lossless = xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id];
        const int diff_stride = 8;
        tran_low_t *const coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(x->plane[0].coeff, block);
        tran_low_t *const dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(xd->plane[0].dqcoeff, block);
        tran_low_t *ref_coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->pvq_ref_coeff, block);
        int16_t *pred = &pd->pred[4 * (row * diff_stride + col)];
        int16_t *src_int16 = &p->src_int16[4 * (row * diff_stride + col)];
        int i, j, tx_blk_size;
        TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, block, TX_4X4);
        int rate_pvq;
        int skip;
#endif
        xd->mi[0]->bmi[block].as_mode = mode;
        av1_predict_intra_block(xd, pd->width, pd->height, TX_4X4, mode, dst,
                                dst_stride, dst, dst_stride, col + idx,
                                row + idy, 0);
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
        aom_subtract_block(4, 4, src_diff, 8, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride);
#else
        if (lossless) tx_type = DCT_DCT;
        // transform block size in pixels
        tx_blk_size = 4;

        // copy uint8 orig and predicted block to int16 buffer
        // in order to use existing VP10 transform functions
        for (j = 0; j < tx_blk_size; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < tx_blk_size; i++) {
            src_int16[diff_stride * j + i] = src[src_stride * j + i];
            pred[diff_stride * j + i] = dst[dst_stride * j + i];
          }
        {
          FWD_TXFM_PARAM fwd_txfm_param;
          fwd_txfm_param.tx_type = tx_type;
          fwd_txfm_param.tx_size = TX_4X4;
          fwd_txfm_param.fwd_txfm_opt = FWD_TXFM_OPT_NORMAL;
          fwd_txfm_param.rd_transform = 0;
          fwd_txfm_param.lossless = lossless;
          fwd_txfm(src_int16, coeff, diff_stride, &fwd_txfm_param);
          fwd_txfm(pred, ref_coeff, diff_stride, &fwd_txfm_param);
        }
#endif

        if (xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
          TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, block, TX_4X4);
          const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order = get_scan(cm, TX_4X4, tx_type, 0);
          const int coeff_ctx =
              combine_entropy_contexts(*(tempa + idx), *(templ + idy));
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
          av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx,
                                 BLOCK_8X8, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
#else
          av1_xform_quant(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx, BLOCK_8X8,
                          TX_4X4, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_B);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
          ratey += av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, 0, block, coeff_ctx, TX_4X4,
                                   scan_order->scan, scan_order->neighbors,
                                   cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
          *(tempa + idx) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
          *(templ + idy) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
          can_skip &= (p->eobs[block] == 0);
#else
          skip = av1_pvq_encode_helper(&x->daala_enc, coeff, ref_coeff, dqcoeff,
                                       &p->eobs[block], pd->dequant, 0, TX_4X4,
                                       tx_type, &rate_pvq, x->pvq_speed, NULL);
          ratey += rate_pvq;
#endif
          if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, ratey, distortion) >= best_rd)
            goto next;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
          if (!skip) {
            for (j = 0; j < tx_blk_size; j++)
              for (i = 0; i < tx_blk_size; i++) dst[j * dst_stride + i] = 0;
#endif
            av1_inv_txfm_add_4x4(BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block), dst,
                                 dst_stride, p->eobs[block], DCT_DCT, 1);
#if CONFIG_PVQ
          }
#endif
        } else {
          int64_t dist;
          unsigned int tmp;
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
          TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, block, TX_4X4);
          const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order = get_scan(cm, TX_4X4, tx_type, 0);
          const int coeff_ctx =
              combine_entropy_contexts(*(tempa + idx), *(templ + idy));
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
          av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx,
                                 BLOCK_8X8, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
#else
          av1_xform_quant(cm, x, 0, block, row + idy, col + idx, BLOCK_8X8,
                          TX_4X4, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
          av1_optimize_b(cm, x, 0, block, TX_4X4, coeff_ctx);
          ratey += av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, 0, block, coeff_ctx, TX_4X4,
                                   scan_order->scan, scan_order->neighbors,
                                   cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
#else
          skip = av1_pvq_encode_helper(&x->daala_enc, coeff, ref_coeff, dqcoeff,
                                       &p->eobs[block], pd->dequant, 0, TX_4X4,
                                       tx_type, &rate_pvq, x->pvq_speed, NULL);
          ratey += rate_pvq;
#endif
          // No need for av1_block_error2_c because the ssz is unused
          av1_inv_txfm_add_4x4(BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block), dst,
                               dst_stride, p->eobs[block], tx_type, 0);
          cpi->fn_ptr[BLOCK_4X4].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &tmp);
          dist = (int64_t)tmp << 4;
          distortion += dist;
          // To use the pixel domain distortion, the step below needs to be
          // put behind the inv txfm. Compared to calculating the distortion
          // in the frequency domain, the overhead of encoding effort is low.
          if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, ratey, distortion) >= best_rd)
            goto next;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
          if (!skip) {
            for (j = 0; j < tx_blk_size; j++)
              for (i = 0; i < tx_blk_size; i++) dst[j * dst_stride + i] = 0;
#endif
#if CONFIG_PVQ
          }
#endif
        }
      }
    }

    rate += ratey;
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate, distortion);

    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      *bestrate = rate;
      *bestratey = ratey;
      *bestdistortion = distortion;
      best_rd = this_rd;
      best_can_skip = can_skip;
      *best_mode = mode;
      memcpy(a, tempa, num_4x4_blocks_wide * sizeof(tempa[0]));
      memcpy(l, templ, num_4x4_blocks_high * sizeof(templ[0]));
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
      for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high * 4; ++idy)
        memcpy(best_dst + idy * 8, dst_init + idy * dst_stride,
               num_4x4_blocks_wide * 4);
    }
  next : {}
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
  }  // mode decision loop

  if (best_rd >= rd_thresh) return best_rd;

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

  if (y_skip) *y_skip &= best_can_skip;

  for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high * 4; ++idy)
    memcpy(dst_init + idy * dst_stride, best_dst + idy * 8,
           num_4x4_blocks_wide * 4);

  return best_rd;
}

static int64_t rd_pick_intra_sub_8x8_y_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                            MACROBLOCK *mb, int *rate,
                                            int *rate_y, int64_t *distortion,
                                            int *y_skip, int64_t best_rd) {
  int i, j;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &mb->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  const MODE_INFO *above_mi = xd->above_mi;
  const MODE_INFO *left_mi = xd->left_mi;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = xd->mi[0]->mbmi.sb_type;
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  int idx, idy;
  int cost = 0;
  int64_t total_distortion = 0;
  int tot_rate_y = 0;
  int64_t total_rd = 0;
  const int *bmode_costs = cpi->mbmode_cost[0];

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.intra_filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

  // TODO(any): Add search of the tx_type to improve rd performance at the
  // expense of speed.
  mic->mbmi.tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  mic->mbmi.tx_size = TX_4X4;

  if (y_skip) *y_skip = 1;

  // Pick modes for each sub-block (of size 4x4, 4x8, or 8x4) in an 8x8 block.
  for (idy = 0; idy < 2; idy += num_4x4_blocks_high) {
    for (idx = 0; idx < 2; idx += num_4x4_blocks_wide) {
      PREDICTION_MODE best_mode = DC_PRED;
      int r = INT_MAX, ry = INT_MAX;
      int64_t d = INT64_MAX, this_rd = INT64_MAX;
      i = idy * 2 + idx;
      if (cpi->common.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
        const PREDICTION_MODE A = av1_above_block_mode(mic, above_mi, i);
        const PREDICTION_MODE L = av1_left_block_mode(mic, left_mi, i);

        bmode_costs = cpi->y_mode_costs[A][L];
      }

      this_rd = rd_pick_intra4x4block(
          cpi, mb, idy, idx, &best_mode, bmode_costs,
          xd->plane[0].above_context + idx, xd->plane[0].left_context + idy, &r,
          &ry, &d, bsize, y_skip, best_rd - total_rd);
      if (this_rd >= best_rd - total_rd) return INT64_MAX;

      total_rd += this_rd;
      cost += r;
      total_distortion += d;
      tot_rate_y += ry;

      mic->bmi[i].as_mode = best_mode;
      for (j = 1; j < num_4x4_blocks_high; ++j)
        mic->bmi[i + j * 2].as_mode = best_mode;
      for (j = 1; j < num_4x4_blocks_wide; ++j)
        mic->bmi[i + j].as_mode = best_mode;

      if (total_rd >= best_rd) return INT64_MAX;
    }
  }
  mic->mbmi.mode = mic->bmi[3].as_mode;

  // Add in the cost of the transform type
  if (!xd->lossless[mic->mbmi.segment_id]) {
    int rate_tx_type = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    if (get_ext_tx_types(TX_4X4, bsize, 0) > 1) {
      const int eset = get_ext_tx_set(TX_4X4, bsize, 0);
      rate_tx_type = cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[eset][TX_4X4][mic->mbmi.mode]
                                             [mic->mbmi.tx_type];
    }
#else
    rate_tx_type =
        cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[TX_4X4]
                                [intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mic->mbmi.mode]]
                                [mic->mbmi.tx_type];
#endif
    assert(mic->mbmi.tx_size == TX_4X4);
    cost += rate_tx_type;
    tot_rate_y += rate_tx_type;
  }

  *rate = cost;
  *rate_y = tot_rate_y;
  *distortion = total_distortion;

  return RDCOST(mb->rdmult, mb->rddiv, cost, total_distortion);
}

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
// Return 1 if an filter intra mode is selected; return 0 otherwise.
static int rd_pick_filter_intra_sby(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                    int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mode_cost,
                                    int64_t *best_rd, uint16_t skip_mask) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &mic->mbmi;
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
  int filter_intra_selected_flag = 0;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE mode;
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = TX_4X4;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info;
  TX_TYPE best_tx_type;

  av1_zero(filter_intra_mode_info);
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 1;
  mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  for (mode = 0; mode < FILTER_INTRA_MODES; ++mode) {
    if (skip_mask & (1 << mode)) continue;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0] = mode;
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s, NULL,
                    bsize, *best_rd);
    if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) continue;

    this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly +
                av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[0], 1) +
                write_uniform_cost(FILTER_INTRA_MODES, mode) + mode_cost;
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);

    if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
      *best_rd = this_rd;
      best_tx_size = mic->mbmi.tx_size;
      filter_intra_mode_info = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
      best_tx_type = mic->mbmi.tx_type;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
      *distortion = this_distortion;
      *skippable = s;
      filter_intra_selected_flag = 1;
    }
  }

  if (filter_intra_selected_flag) {
    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0];
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0];
    mbmi->tx_type = best_tx_type;
    return 1;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
static void pick_intra_angle_routine_sby(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
    int64_t *distortion, int *skippable, int *best_angle_delta,
    TX_SIZE *best_tx_size, TX_TYPE *best_tx_type, INTRA_FILTER *best_filter,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rate_overhead, int64_t *best_rd) {
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &x->e_mbd.mi[0]->mbmi;
  super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s, NULL,
                  bsize, *best_rd);
  if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) return;

  this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + rate_overhead;
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);

  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[0];
    *best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
    *best_filter = mbmi->intra_filter;
    *best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
    *rate = this_rate;
    *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
    *distortion = this_distortion;
    *skippable = s;
  }
}

static int64_t rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                       int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                       BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rate_overhead,
                                       int64_t best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &mic->mbmi;
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
  int angle_delta, best_angle_delta = 0, p_angle;
  const int intra_filter_ctx = av1_get_pred_context_intra_interp(xd);
  INTRA_FILTER filter, best_filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR;
  const double rd_adjust = 1.2;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = mic->mbmi.tx_size;
  TX_TYPE best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;

  if (ANGLE_FAST_SEARCH) {
    int deltas_level1[3] = { 0, -2, 2 };
    int deltas_level2[3][2] = {
      { -1, 1 }, { -3, -1 }, { 1, 3 },
    };
    const int level1 = 3, level2 = 2;
    int i, j, best_i = -1;

    for (i = 0; i < level1; ++i) {
      mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] = deltas_level1[i];
      p_angle =
          mode_to_angle_map[mbmi->mode] + mbmi->angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
      for (filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR; filter < INTRA_FILTERS; ++filter) {
        int64_t tmp_best_rd;
        if ((FILTER_FAST_SEARCH || !av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle)) &&
            filter != INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR)
          continue;
        mic->mbmi.intra_filter = filter;
        tmp_best_rd =
            (i == 0 && filter == INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR && best_rd < INT64_MAX)
                ? (int64_t)(best_rd * rd_adjust)
                : best_rd;
        super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                        NULL, bsize, tmp_best_rd);
        if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) {
          if (i == 0 && filter == INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR)
            return best_rd;
          else
            continue;
        }
        this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + rate_overhead +
                    cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][filter];
        this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
        if (i == 0 && filter == INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR && best_rd < INT64_MAX &&
            this_rd > best_rd * rd_adjust)
          return best_rd;
        if (this_rd < best_rd) {
          best_i = i;
          best_rd = this_rd;
          best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[0];
          best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
          best_filter = mbmi->intra_filter;
          best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
          *rate = this_rate;
          *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
          *distortion = this_distortion;
          *skippable = s;
        }
      }
    }

    if (best_i >= 0) {
      for (j = 0; j < level2; ++j) {
        mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] = deltas_level2[best_i][j];
        p_angle =
            mode_to_angle_map[mbmi->mode] + mbmi->angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
        for (filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR; filter < INTRA_FILTERS; ++filter) {
          mic->mbmi.intra_filter = filter;
          if ((FILTER_FAST_SEARCH ||
               !av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle)) &&
              filter != INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR)
            continue;
          pick_intra_angle_routine_sby(
              cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion, skippable,
              &best_angle_delta, &best_tx_size, &best_tx_type, &best_filter,
              bsize,
              rate_overhead + cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][filter],
              &best_rd);
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (angle_delta = -MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS;
         ++angle_delta) {
      mbmi->angle_delta[0] = angle_delta;
      p_angle =
          mode_to_angle_map[mbmi->mode] + mbmi->angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
      for (filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR; filter < INTRA_FILTERS; ++filter) {
        mic->mbmi.intra_filter = filter;
        if ((FILTER_FAST_SEARCH || !av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle)) &&
            filter != INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR)
          continue;
        pick_intra_angle_routine_sby(
            cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion, skippable,
            &best_angle_delta, &best_tx_size, &best_tx_type, &best_filter,
            bsize,
            rate_overhead + cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][filter],
            &best_rd);
      }
    }
  }

  if (FILTER_FAST_SEARCH && *rate_tokenonly < INT_MAX) {
    mbmi->angle_delta[0] = best_angle_delta;
    p_angle = mode_to_angle_map[mbmi->mode] + mbmi->angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
    if (av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle)) {
      for (filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR + 1; filter < INTRA_FILTERS; ++filter) {
        mic->mbmi.intra_filter = filter;
        pick_intra_angle_routine_sby(
            cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion, skippable,
            &best_angle_delta, &best_tx_size, &best_tx_type, &best_filter,
            bsize,
            rate_overhead + cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][filter],
            &best_rd);
      }
    }
  }

  mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
  mbmi->angle_delta[0] = best_angle_delta;
  mic->mbmi.intra_filter = best_filter;
  mbmi->tx_type = best_tx_type;
  return best_rd;
}

// Indices are sign, integer, and fractional part of the gradient value
static const uint8_t gradient_to_angle_bin[2][7][16] = {
  {
      { 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
      { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
  },
  {
      { 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4 },
      { 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
  },
};

static const uint8_t mode_to_angle_bin[INTRA_MODES] = {
  0, 2, 6, 0, 4, 3, 5, 7, 1, 0,
};

static void angle_estimation(const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, int rows,
                             int cols, uint8_t *directional_mode_skip_mask) {
  int i, r, c, index, dx, dy, temp, sn, remd, quot;
  uint64_t hist[DIRECTIONAL_MODES];
  uint64_t hist_sum = 0;

  memset(hist, 0, DIRECTIONAL_MODES * sizeof(hist[0]));
  src += src_stride;
  for (r = 1; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (c = 1; c < cols; ++c) {
      dx = src[c] - src[c - 1];
      dy = src[c] - src[c - src_stride];
      temp = dx * dx + dy * dy;
      if (dy == 0) {
        index = 2;
      } else {
        sn = (dx > 0) ^ (dy > 0);
        dx = abs(dx);
        dy = abs(dy);
        remd = dx % dy;
        quot = dx / dy;
        remd = remd * 16 / dy;
        index = gradient_to_angle_bin[sn][AOMMIN(quot, 6)][AOMMIN(remd, 15)];
      }
      hist[index] += temp;
    }
    src += src_stride;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < DIRECTIONAL_MODES; ++i) hist_sum += hist[i];
  for (i = 0; i < INTRA_MODES; ++i) {
    if (i != DC_PRED && i != TM_PRED) {
      const uint8_t angle_bin = mode_to_angle_bin[i];
      uint64_t score = 2 * hist[angle_bin];
      int weight = 2;
      if (angle_bin > 0) {
        score += hist[angle_bin - 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      if (angle_bin < DIRECTIONAL_MODES - 1) {
        score += hist[angle_bin + 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      if (score * ANGLE_SKIP_THRESH < hist_sum * weight)
        directional_mode_skip_mask[i] = 1;
    }
  }
}

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
static void highbd_angle_estimation(const uint8_t *src8, int src_stride,
                                    int rows, int cols,
                                    uint8_t *directional_mode_skip_mask) {
  int i, r, c, index, dx, dy, temp, sn, remd, quot;
  uint64_t hist[DIRECTIONAL_MODES];
  uint64_t hist_sum = 0;
  uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src8);

  memset(hist, 0, DIRECTIONAL_MODES * sizeof(hist[0]));
  src += src_stride;
  for (r = 1; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (c = 1; c < cols; ++c) {
      dx = src[c] - src[c - 1];
      dy = src[c] - src[c - src_stride];
      temp = dx * dx + dy * dy;
      if (dy == 0) {
        index = 2;
      } else {
        sn = (dx > 0) ^ (dy > 0);
        dx = abs(dx);
        dy = abs(dy);
        remd = dx % dy;
        quot = dx / dy;
        remd = remd * 16 / dy;
        index = gradient_to_angle_bin[sn][AOMMIN(quot, 6)][AOMMIN(remd, 15)];
      }
      hist[index] += temp;
    }
    src += src_stride;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < DIRECTIONAL_MODES; ++i) hist_sum += hist[i];
  for (i = 0; i < INTRA_MODES; ++i) {
    if (i != DC_PRED && i != TM_PRED) {
      const uint8_t angle_bin = mode_to_angle_bin[i];
      uint64_t score = 2 * hist[angle_bin];
      int weight = 2;
      if (angle_bin > 0) {
        score += hist[angle_bin - 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      if (angle_bin < DIRECTIONAL_MODES - 1) {
        score += hist[angle_bin + 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      if (score * ANGLE_SKIP_THRESH < hist_sum * weight)
        directional_mode_skip_mask[i] = 1;
    }
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

// This function is used only for intra_only frames
static int64_t rd_pick_intra_sby_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                      int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                      BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int64_t best_rd) {
  uint8_t mode_idx;
  PREDICTION_MODE mode_selected = DC_PRED;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  TX_SIZE best_tx = TX_4X4;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA || CONFIG_PALETTE
  const int rows = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int cols = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA || CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  const int intra_filter_ctx = av1_get_pred_context_intra_interp(xd);
  int is_directional_mode, rate_overhead, best_angle_delta = 0;
  INTRA_FILTER best_filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR;
  uint8_t directional_mode_skip_mask[INTRA_MODES];
  const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  int beat_best_rd = 0;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info;
  uint16_t filter_intra_mode_skip_mask = (1 << FILTER_INTRA_MODES) - 1;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  TX_TYPE best_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  const int *bmode_costs;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO palette_mode_info;
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mic->mbmi.palette_mode_info;
  uint8_t *best_palette_color_map =
      cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools
          ? x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map
          : NULL;
  int palette_ctx = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  const MODE_INFO *above_mi = xd->above_mi;
  const MODE_INFO *left_mi = xd->left_mi;
  const PREDICTION_MODE A = av1_above_block_mode(mic, above_mi, 0);
  const PREDICTION_MODE L = av1_left_block_mode(mic, left_mi, 0);
  const PREDICTION_MODE FINAL_MODE_SEARCH = TM_PRED + 1;
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer pre_buf, post_buf;

  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
  bmode_costs = cpi->y_mode_costs[A][L];

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] = 0;
  memset(directional_mode_skip_mask, 0,
         sizeof(directional_mode_skip_mask[0]) * INTRA_MODES);
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    highbd_angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols,
                            directional_mode_skip_mask);
  else
#endif
    angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols, directional_mode_skip_mask);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
  mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
  pmi->palette_size[0] = 0;
  if (above_mi)
    palette_ctx += (above_mi->mbmi.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0);
  if (left_mi)
    palette_ctx += (left_mi->mbmi.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

  /* Y Search for intra prediction mode */
  for (mode_idx = DC_PRED; mode_idx <= FINAL_MODE_SEARCH; ++mode_idx) {
    if (mode_idx == FINAL_MODE_SEARCH) {
      if (x->use_default_intra_tx_type == 0) break;
      mic->mbmi.mode = mode_selected;
      x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;
    } else {
      mic->mbmi.mode = mode_idx;
    }
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    is_directional_mode =
        (mic->mbmi.mode != DC_PRED && mic->mbmi.mode != TM_PRED);
    if (is_directional_mode && directional_mode_skip_mask[mic->mbmi.mode])
      continue;
    if (is_directional_mode) {
      rate_overhead = bmode_costs[mic->mbmi.mode] +
                      write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1, 0);
      this_rate_tokenonly = INT_MAX;
      this_rd = rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(cpi, x, &this_rate,
                                        &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion,
                                        &s, bsize, rate_overhead, best_rd);
    } else {
      mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] = 0;
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s, NULL,
                      bsize, best_rd);
    }
#else
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s, NULL,
                    bsize, best_rd);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

    if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) continue;

    this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + bmode_costs[mic->mbmi.mode];

    if (!xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
      // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
      // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
      // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
      // not the tokenonly rate.
      this_rate_tokenonly -=
          cpi->tx_size_cost[max_tx_size - TX_8X8][get_tx_size_context(xd)]
                           [tx_size_to_depth(mic->mbmi.tx_size)];
    }
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools && mic->mbmi.mode == DC_PRED)
      this_rate += av1_cost_bit(
          av1_default_palette_y_mode_prob[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][palette_ctx], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    if (mic->mbmi.mode == DC_PRED)
      this_rate += av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[0], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    if (is_directional_mode) {
      int p_angle;
      this_rate +=
          write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1,
                             MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0]);
      p_angle = mode_to_angle_map[mic->mbmi.mode] +
                mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
      if (av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle))
        this_rate +=
            cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][mic->mbmi.intra_filter];
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    if (best_rd == INT64_MAX || this_rd - best_rd < (best_rd >> 4)) {
      filter_intra_mode_skip_mask ^= (1 << mic->mbmi.mode);
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      mode_selected = mic->mbmi.mode;
      best_rd = this_rd;
      best_tx = mic->mbmi.tx_size;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      best_angle_delta = mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0];
      best_filter = mic->mbmi.intra_filter;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      beat_best_rd = 1;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      best_tx_type = mic->mbmi.tx_type;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
      *distortion = this_distortion;
      *skippable = s;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools)
    rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(cpi, x, bsize, palette_ctx, bmode_costs[DC_PRED],
                              &palette_mode_info, best_palette_color_map,
                              &best_tx, &best_tx_type, &mode_selected,
                              &best_rd);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  if (beat_best_rd) {
    if (rd_pick_filter_intra_sby(cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion,
                                 skippable, bsize, bmode_costs[DC_PRED],
                                 &best_rd, filter_intra_mode_skip_mask)) {
      mode_selected = mic->mbmi.mode;
      best_tx = mic->mbmi.tx_size;
      filter_intra_mode_info = mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info;
      best_tx_type = mic->mbmi.tx_type;
    }
  }

  mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] =
      filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0];
  if (filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0]) {
    mic->mbmi.filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

  mic->mbmi.mode = mode_selected;
  mic->mbmi.tx_size = best_tx;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.angle_delta[0] = best_angle_delta;
  mic->mbmi.intra_filter = best_filter;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mic->mbmi.tx_type = best_tx_type;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  pmi->palette_size[0] = palette_mode_info.palette_size[0];
  if (palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0) {
    memcpy(pmi->palette_colors, palette_mode_info.palette_colors,
           PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(palette_mode_info.palette_colors[0]));
    memcpy(xd->plane[0].color_index_map, best_palette_color_map,
           rows * cols * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  return best_rd;
}

// Return value 0: early termination triggered, no valid rd cost available;
//              1: rd cost values are valid.
static int super_block_uvrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate,
                            int64_t *distortion, int *skippable, int64_t *sse,
                            BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const TX_SIZE uv_tx_size = get_uv_tx_size(mbmi, &xd->plane[1]);
  int plane;
  int pnrate = 0, pnskip = 1;
  int64_t pndist = 0, pnsse = 0;
  int is_cost_valid = 1;

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) is_cost_valid = 0;
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  if (is_inter_block(mbmi) && is_cost_valid) {
    for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane)
      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, plane);
  }
#endif
  *rate = 0;
  *distortion = 0;
  *sse = 0;
  *skippable = 1;

  if (is_cost_valid) {
    for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
      txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &pnrate, &pndist, &pnskip, &pnsse, ref_best_rd,
                       plane, bsize, uv_tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
      if (pnrate == INT_MAX) {
        is_cost_valid = 0;
        break;
      }
      *rate += pnrate;
      *distortion += pndist;
      *sse += pnsse;
      *skippable &= pnskip;
      if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *rate, *distortion) > ref_best_rd &&
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, *sse) > ref_best_rd) {
        is_cost_valid = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!is_cost_valid) {
    // reset cost value
    *rate = INT_MAX;
    *distortion = INT64_MAX;
    *sse = INT64_MAX;
    *skippable = 0;
  }

  return is_cost_valid;
}

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
void av1_tx_block_rd_b(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                       int blk_row, int blk_col, int plane, int block,
                       int plane_bsize, int coeff_ctx, RD_STATS *rd_stats) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  int64_t tmp;
  tran_low_t *const dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);
  PLANE_TYPE plane_type = (plane == 0) ? PLANE_TYPE_Y : PLANE_TYPE_UV;
  TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(plane_type, xd, block, tx_size);
  const SCAN_ORDER *const scan_order =
      get_scan(cm, tx_size, tx_type, is_inter_block(&xd->mi[0]->mbmi));
  BLOCK_SIZE txm_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
  int bh = block_size_high[txm_bsize];
  int bw = block_size_wide[txm_bsize];
  int txb_h = tx_size_high_unit[tx_size];
  int txb_w = tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size];

  int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  uint8_t *src = &p->src.buf[4 * blk_row * src_stride + 4 * blk_col];
  uint8_t *dst = &pd->dst.buf[4 * blk_row * pd->dst.stride + 4 * blk_col];
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, rec_buffer16[MAX_TX_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *rec_buffer;
#else
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, rec_buffer[MAX_TX_SQUARE]);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  int max_blocks_high = block_size_high[plane_bsize];
  int max_blocks_wide = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int diff_stride = max_blocks_wide;
  const int16_t *diff = &p->src_diff[4 * (blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col)];
  int txb_coeff_cost;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge < 0)
    max_blocks_high += xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >> (3 + pd->subsampling_y);
  if (xd->mb_to_right_edge < 0)
    max_blocks_wide += xd->mb_to_right_edge >> (3 + pd->subsampling_x);

  max_blocks_high >>= tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  max_blocks_wide >>= tx_size_wide_log2[0];

#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
  av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                         tx_size, coeff_ctx);
#else
  av1_xform_quant(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
                  AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT

  av1_optimize_b(cm, x, plane, block, tx_size, coeff_ctx);

// TODO(any): Use dist_block to compute distortion
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    rec_buffer = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(rec_buffer16);
    aom_highbd_convolve_copy(dst, pd->dst.stride, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, NULL,
                             0, NULL, 0, bw, bh, xd->bd);
  } else {
    rec_buffer = (uint8_t *)rec_buffer16;
    aom_convolve_copy(dst, pd->dst.stride, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, NULL, 0,
                      NULL, 0, bw, bh);
  }
#else
  aom_convolve_copy(dst, pd->dst.stride, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, NULL, 0, NULL,
                    0, bw, bh);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  if (blk_row + txb_h > max_blocks_high || blk_col + txb_w > max_blocks_wide) {
    int idx, idy;
    int blocks_height = AOMMIN(txb_h, max_blocks_high - blk_row);
    int blocks_width = AOMMIN(txb_w, max_blocks_wide - blk_col);
    tmp = 0;
    for (idy = 0; idy < blocks_height; idy += 2) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < blocks_width; idx += 2) {
        const int16_t *d = diff + 4 * idy * diff_stride + 4 * idx;
        tmp += aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(d, diff_stride, 8);
      }
    }
  } else {
    tmp = sum_squares_2d(diff, diff_stride, tx_size);
  }

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    tmp = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(tmp, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  rd_stats->sse += tmp * 16;

  if (p->eobs[block] > 0) {
    INV_TXFM_PARAM inv_txfm_param;
    inv_txfm_param.tx_type = tx_type;
    inv_txfm_param.tx_size = tx_size;
    inv_txfm_param.eob = p->eobs[block];
    inv_txfm_param.lossless = xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id];
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      inv_txfm_param.bd = xd->bd;
      highbd_inv_txfm_add(dqcoeff, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, &inv_txfm_param);
    } else {
      inv_txfm_add(dqcoeff, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, &inv_txfm_param);
    }
#else   // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    inv_txfm_add(dqcoeff, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE, &inv_txfm_param);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

    if (txb_w + blk_col > max_blocks_wide ||
        txb_h + blk_row > max_blocks_high) {
      int idx, idy;
      unsigned int this_dist;
      int blocks_height = AOMMIN(txb_h, max_blocks_high - blk_row);
      int blocks_width = AOMMIN(txb_w, max_blocks_wide - blk_col);
      tmp = 0;
      for (idy = 0; idy < blocks_height; idy += 2) {
        for (idx = 0; idx < blocks_width; idx += 2) {
          uint8_t *const s = src + 4 * idy * src_stride + 4 * idx;
          uint8_t *const r = rec_buffer + 4 * idy * MAX_TX_SIZE + 4 * idx;
          cpi->fn_ptr[BLOCK_8X8].vf(s, src_stride, r, MAX_TX_SIZE, &this_dist);
          tmp += this_dist;
        }
      }
    } else {
      uint32_t this_dist;
      cpi->fn_ptr[txm_bsize].vf(src, src_stride, rec_buffer, MAX_TX_SIZE,
                                &this_dist);
      tmp = this_dist;
    }
  }
  rd_stats->dist += tmp * 16;
  txb_coeff_cost = av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, plane, block, coeff_ctx, tx_size,
                                   scan_order->scan, scan_order->neighbors, 0);
  rd_stats->rate += txb_coeff_cost;
  rd_stats->skip &= (p->eobs[block] == 0);
#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
  {
    int idx, idy;
    rd_stats->txb_coeff_cost[plane] += txb_coeff_cost;

    for (idy = 0; idy < txb_h; ++idy)
      for (idx = 0; idx < txb_w; ++idx)
        rd_stats->txb_coeff_cost_map[plane][blk_row + idy][blk_col + idx] = 0;

    rd_stats->txb_coeff_cost_map[plane][blk_row][blk_col] = txb_coeff_cost;

    assert(blk_row < 16);
    assert(blk_col < 16);
  }
#endif
}

static void select_tx_block(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row,
                            int blk_col, int plane, int block, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                            int depth, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                            ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl,
                            TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_above, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_left,
                            RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                            int *is_cost_valid) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int tx_row = blk_row >> (1 - pd->subsampling_y);
  const int tx_col = blk_col >> (1 - pd->subsampling_x);
  TX_SIZE(*const inter_tx_size)
  [MAX_MIB_SIZE] =
      (TX_SIZE(*)[MAX_MIB_SIZE]) & mbmi->inter_tx_size[tx_row][tx_col];
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, plane_bsize, plane);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, plane_bsize, plane);
  const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *pta = ta + blk_col;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ptl = tl + blk_row;
  int coeff_ctx, i;
  int ctx =
      txfm_partition_context(tx_above + (blk_col >> 1),
                             tx_left + (blk_row >> 1), mbmi->sb_type, tx_size);

  int64_t sum_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int tmp_eob = 0;
  int zero_blk_rate;
  RD_STATS sum_rd_stats;
  av1_init_rd_stats(&sum_rd_stats);

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) {
    *is_cost_valid = 0;
    return;
  }

  coeff_ctx = get_entropy_context(tx_size, pta, ptl);

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  if (blk_row >= max_blocks_high || blk_col >= max_blocks_wide) return;

  zero_blk_rate =
      x->token_costs[tx_size][pd->plane_type][1][0][0][coeff_ctx][EOB_TOKEN];

  if (cpi->common.tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT || tx_size == TX_4X4) {
    inter_tx_size[0][0] = tx_size;
    av1_tx_block_rd_b(cpi, x, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col, plane, block,
                      plane_bsize, coeff_ctx, rd_stats);

    if ((RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist) >=
             RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, zero_blk_rate, rd_stats->sse) ||
         rd_stats->skip == 1) &&
        !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
      rd_stats->rate = zero_blk_rate;
      rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
      rd_stats->skip = 1;
      x->blk_skip[plane][blk_row * bw + blk_col] = 1;
      p->eobs[block] = 0;
    } else {
      x->blk_skip[plane][blk_row * bw + blk_col] = 0;
      rd_stats->skip = 0;
    }

    if (tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH)
      rd_stats->rate +=
          av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->txfm_partition_prob[ctx], 0);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
    tmp_eob = p->eobs[block];
  }

  if (tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH) {
    const TX_SIZE sub_txs = sub_tx_size_map[tx_size];
    const int bsl = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs];
    int sub_step = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs] * tx_size_high_unit[sub_txs];
    RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
    int this_cost_valid = 1;
    int64_t tmp_rd = 0;

    sum_rd_stats.rate =
        av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->txfm_partition_prob[ctx], 1);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
    for (i = 0; i < 4 && this_cost_valid; ++i) {
      int offsetr = blk_row + (i >> 1) * bsl;
      int offsetc = blk_col + (i & 0x01) * bsl;

      if (offsetr >= max_blocks_high || offsetc >= max_blocks_wide) continue;

      select_tx_block(cpi, x, offsetr, offsetc, plane, block, sub_txs,
                      depth + 1, plane_bsize, ta, tl, tx_above, tx_left,
                      &this_rd_stats, ref_best_rd - tmp_rd, &this_cost_valid);

      av1_merge_rd_stats(&sum_rd_stats, &this_rd_stats);

      tmp_rd =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, sum_rd_stats.rate, sum_rd_stats.dist);
      if (this_rd < tmp_rd) break;
      block += sub_step;
    }
    if (this_cost_valid) sum_rd = tmp_rd;
  }

  if (this_rd < sum_rd) {
    int idx, idy;
    for (i = 0; i < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size]; ++i) pta[i] = !(tmp_eob == 0);
    for (i = 0; i < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size]; ++i) ptl[i] = !(tmp_eob == 0);
    txfm_partition_update(tx_above + (blk_col >> 1), tx_left + (blk_row >> 1),
                          tx_size);
    inter_tx_size[0][0] = tx_size;
    for (idy = 0; idy < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size] / 2; ++idy)
      for (idx = 0; idx < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size] / 2; ++idx)
        inter_tx_size[idy][idx] = tx_size;
    mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
    if (this_rd == INT64_MAX) *is_cost_valid = 0;
    x->blk_skip[plane][blk_row * bw + blk_col] = rd_stats->skip;
  } else {
    *rd_stats = sum_rd_stats;
    if (sum_rd == INT64_MAX) *is_cost_valid = 0;
  }
}

static void inter_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int is_cost_valid = 1;
  int64_t this_rd = 0;

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) is_cost_valid = 0;

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  if (is_cost_valid) {
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize = get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd);
    const int mi_width = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const int mi_height = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const int bh = tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
    const int bw = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size];
    int idx, idy;
    int block = 0;
    int step = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size] * tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxa[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxl[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    TXFM_CONTEXT tx_above[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    TXFM_CONTEXT tx_left[MAX_MIB_SIZE];

    RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;
    av1_init_rd_stats(&pn_rd_stats);

    av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, TX_4X4, pd, ctxa, ctxl);
    memcpy(tx_above, xd->above_txfm_context,
           sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * (mi_width >> 1));
    memcpy(tx_left, xd->left_txfm_context,
           sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * (mi_height >> 1));

    for (idy = 0; idy < mi_height; idy += bh) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < mi_width; idx += bw) {
        select_tx_block(cpi, x, idy, idx, 0, block, max_tx_size,
                        mi_height != mi_width, plane_bsize, ctxa, ctxl,
                        tx_above, tx_left, &pn_rd_stats, ref_best_rd - this_rd,
                        &is_cost_valid);
        av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);
        this_rd += AOMMIN(
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, pn_rd_stats.rate, pn_rd_stats.dist),
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, pn_rd_stats.sse));
        block += step;
      }
    }
  }

  this_rd = AOMMIN(RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist),
                   RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, rd_stats->sse));
  if (this_rd > ref_best_rd) is_cost_valid = 0;

  if (!is_cost_valid) {
    // reset cost value
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  }
}

static int64_t select_tx_size_fix_type(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                       int64_t ref_best_rd, TX_TYPE tx_type) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  aom_prob skip_prob = av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd);
  int s0 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 0);
  int s1 = av1_cost_bit(skip_prob, 1);
  int64_t rd;
  int row, col;
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, bsize, 0);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, bsize, 0);

  mbmi->tx_type = tx_type;
  mbmi->min_tx_size = TX_SIZES_ALL;
  inter_block_yrd(cpi, x, rd_stats, bsize, ref_best_rd);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  if (is_rect_tx_allowed(xd, mbmi)) {
    RD_STATS rect_rd_stats;
    int64_t rd_rect_tx;
    int tx_size_cat = inter_tx_size_cat_lookup[bsize];
    TX_SIZE tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
    TX_SIZE var_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;

    txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &rect_rd_stats.rate, &rect_rd_stats.dist,
                     &rect_rd_stats.skip, &rect_rd_stats.sse, ref_best_rd, 0,
                     bsize, tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);

    if (rd_stats->rate != INT_MAX) {
      rd_stats->rate += av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->rect_tx_prob[tx_size_cat], 0);
      if (rd_stats->skip) {
        rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rd_stats->sse);
      } else {
        rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate + s0, rd_stats->dist);
        if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] &&
            !rd_stats->skip)
          rd = AOMMIN(rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rd_stats->sse));
      }
    } else {
      rd = INT64_MAX;
    }

    if (rect_rd_stats.rate != INT_MAX) {
      rect_rd_stats.rate += av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->rect_tx_prob[tx_size_cat], 1);
      if (rect_rd_stats.skip) {
        rd_rect_tx = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rect_rd_stats.sse);
      } else {
        rd_rect_tx = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rect_rd_stats.rate + s0,
                            rect_rd_stats.dist);
        if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] &&
            !(rect_rd_stats.skip))
          rd_rect_tx = AOMMIN(
              rd_rect_tx, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rect_rd_stats.sse));
      }
    } else {
      rd_rect_tx = INT64_MAX;
    }

    if (rd_rect_tx < rd) {
      *rd_stats = rect_rd_stats;
      if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) x->blk_skip[0][0] = rd_stats->skip;
      mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
      mbmi->inter_tx_size[0][0] = mbmi->tx_size;
    } else {
      mbmi->tx_size = var_tx_size;
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  if (rd_stats->rate == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;

  for (row = 0; row < max_blocks_high / 2; ++row)
    for (col = 0; col < max_blocks_wide / 2; ++col)
      mbmi->min_tx_size = AOMMIN(
          mbmi->min_tx_size, get_min_tx_size(mbmi->inter_tx_size[row][col]));

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (get_ext_tx_types(mbmi->min_tx_size, bsize, is_inter) > 1 &&
      !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id]) {
    int ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(mbmi->min_tx_size, bsize, is_inter);
    if (is_inter) {
      if (ext_tx_set > 0)
        rd_stats->rate +=
            cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set]
                                    [txsize_sqr_map[mbmi->min_tx_size]]
                                    [mbmi->tx_type];
    } else {
      if (ext_tx_set > 0 && ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX)
        rd_stats->rate +=
            cpi->intra_tx_type_costs[ext_tx_set][mbmi->min_tx_size][mbmi->mode]
                                    [mbmi->tx_type];
    }
  }
#else   // CONFIG_EXT_TX
  if (mbmi->min_tx_size < TX_32X32 && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id])
    rd_stats->rate +=
        cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[mbmi->min_tx_size][mbmi->tx_type];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (rd_stats->skip)
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rd_stats->sse);
  else
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate + s0, rd_stats->dist);

  if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] &&
      !(rd_stats->skip))
    rd = AOMMIN(rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, s1, rd_stats->sse));

  return rd;
}

static void select_tx_type_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                               RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                               int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  TX_TYPE tx_type, best_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size[MAX_MIB_SIZE][MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  TX_SIZE best_tx = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  TX_SIZE best_min_tx_size = TX_SIZES_ALL;
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE * 4];
  const int n4 = 1 << (num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize] - 4);
  int idx, idy;
  int prune = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  int ext_tx_set = get_ext_tx_set(max_tx_size, bsize, is_inter);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (is_inter && cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE)
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    prune = prune_tx_types(cpi, bsize, x, xd, ext_tx_set);
#else
    prune = prune_tx_types(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0);
#endif

  av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  for (tx_type = DCT_DCT; tx_type < TX_TYPES; ++tx_type) {
    RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
    av1_init_rd_stats(&this_rd_stats);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
    if (is_inter) {
      if (!ext_tx_used_inter[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
      if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE) {
        if (!do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune)) continue;
      }
    } else {
      if (!ALLOW_INTRA_EXT_TX && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
        if (tx_type != intra_mode_to_tx_type_context[mbmi->mode]) continue;
      }
      if (!ext_tx_used_intra[ext_tx_set][tx_type]) continue;
    }
#else   // CONFIG_EXT_TX
    if (is_inter && cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE &&
        !do_tx_type_search(tx_type, prune))
      continue;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
    if (is_inter && x->use_default_inter_tx_type &&
        tx_type != get_default_tx_type(0, xd, 0, max_tx_size))
      continue;

    if (xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id])
      if (tx_type != DCT_DCT) continue;

    rd = select_tx_size_fix_type(cpi, x, &this_rd_stats, bsize, ref_best_rd,
                                 tx_type);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      best_rd = rd;
      *rd_stats = this_rd_stats;
      best_tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
      best_tx = mbmi->tx_size;
      best_min_tx_size = mbmi->min_tx_size;
      memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip[0], sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * n4);
      for (idy = 0; idy < xd->n8_h; ++idy)
        for (idx = 0; idx < xd->n8_w; ++idx)
          best_tx_size[idy][idx] = mbmi->inter_tx_size[idy][idx];
    }
  }

  mbmi->tx_type = best_tx_type;
  for (idy = 0; idy < xd->n8_h; ++idy)
    for (idx = 0; idx < xd->n8_w; ++idx)
      mbmi->inter_tx_size[idy][idx] = best_tx_size[idy][idx];
  mbmi->tx_size = best_tx;
  mbmi->min_tx_size = best_min_tx_size;
#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
  // record plane y's transform block coefficient cost
  mbmi->rd_stats = *rd_stats;
#endif
  memcpy(x->blk_skip[0], best_blk_skip, sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * n4);
}

static void tx_block_rd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row,
                        int blk_col, int plane, int block, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                        BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *above_ctx,
                        ENTROPY_CONTEXT *left_ctx, RD_STATS *rd_stats) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  BLOCK_SIZE bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
  const int tx_row = blk_row >> (1 - pd->subsampling_y);
  const int tx_col = blk_col >> (1 - pd->subsampling_x);
  TX_SIZE plane_tx_size;
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, plane_bsize, plane);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, plane_bsize, plane);

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX

  if (blk_row >= max_blocks_high || blk_col >= max_blocks_wide) return;

  plane_tx_size =
      plane ? uv_txsize_lookup[bsize][mbmi->inter_tx_size[tx_row][tx_col]][0][0]
            : mbmi->inter_tx_size[tx_row][tx_col];

  if (tx_size == plane_tx_size) {
    int coeff_ctx, i;
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta = above_ctx + blk_col;
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl = left_ctx + blk_row;
    coeff_ctx = get_entropy_context(tx_size, ta, tl);
    av1_tx_block_rd_b(cpi, x, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col, plane, block,
                      plane_bsize, coeff_ctx, rd_stats);

    for (i = 0; i < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size]; ++i)
      ta[i] = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
    for (i = 0; i < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size]; ++i)
      tl[i] = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
  } else {
    const TX_SIZE sub_txs = sub_tx_size_map[tx_size];
    const int bsl = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs];
    int step = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs] * tx_size_high_unit[sub_txs];
    int i;

    assert(bsl > 0);

    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      int offsetr = blk_row + (i >> 1) * bsl;
      int offsetc = blk_col + (i & 0x01) * bsl;

      if (offsetr >= max_blocks_high || offsetc >= max_blocks_wide) continue;

      tx_block_rd(cpi, x, offsetr, offsetc, plane, block, sub_txs, plane_bsize,
                  above_ctx, left_ctx, rd_stats);
      block += step;
    }
  }
}

// Return value 0: early termination triggered, no valid rd cost available;
//              1: rd cost values are valid.
static int inter_block_uvrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int plane;
  int is_cost_valid = 1;
  int64_t this_rd;

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) is_cost_valid = 0;

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  if (is_rect_tx(mbmi->tx_size)) {
    return super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats->rate, &rd_stats->dist,
                            &rd_stats->skip, &rd_stats->sse, bsize,
                            ref_best_rd);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  if (is_inter_block(mbmi) && is_cost_valid) {
    for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane)
      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, plane);
  }

  for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize = get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd);
    const int mi_width = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const int mi_height = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[plane_bsize];
    const int bh = tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
    const int bw = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size];
    int idx, idy;
    int block = 0;
    const int step = bh * bw;
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT ta[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT tl[2 * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;
    av1_init_rd_stats(&pn_rd_stats);

    av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, TX_4X4, pd, ta, tl);

    for (idy = 0; idy < mi_height; idy += bh) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < mi_width; idx += bw) {
        tx_block_rd(cpi, x, idy, idx, plane, block, max_tx_size, plane_bsize,
                    ta, tl, &pn_rd_stats);
        block += step;
      }
    }

    if (pn_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) {
      is_cost_valid = 0;
      break;
    }

    av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);

    this_rd =
        AOMMIN(RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist),
               RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, rd_stats->sse));

    if (this_rd > ref_best_rd) {
      is_cost_valid = 0;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (!is_cost_valid) {
    // reset cost value
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  }

  return is_cost_valid;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
static void rd_pick_palette_intra_sbuv(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int dc_mode_cost,
    PALETTE_MODE_INFO *palette_mode_info, uint8_t *best_palette_color_map,
    PREDICTION_MODE *mode_selected, int64_t *best_rd, int *rate,
    int *rate_tokenonly, int64_t *distortion, int *skippable) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
  const int rows =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_y);
  const int cols =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_x);
  int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_rd;
  int colors_u, colors_v, colors;
  const int src_stride = x->plane[1].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src_u = x->plane[1].src.buf;
  const uint8_t *const src_v = x->plane[2].src.buf;

  if (rows * cols > PALETTE_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE) return;

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
    colors_u = av1_count_colors_highbd(src_u, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                       cpi->common.bit_depth);
    colors_v = av1_count_colors_highbd(src_v, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                       cpi->common.bit_depth);
  } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    colors_u = av1_count_colors(src_u, src_stride, rows, cols);
    colors_v = av1_count_colors(src_v, src_stride, rows, cols);
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  colors = colors_u > colors_v ? colors_u : colors_v;
  if (colors > 1 && colors <= 64) {
    int r, c, n, i, j;
    const int max_itr = 50;
    uint8_t color_order[PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    int64_t this_sse;
    float lb_u, ub_u, val_u;
    float lb_v, ub_v, val_v;
    float *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
    float centroids[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[1].color_index_map;
    PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    uint16_t *src_u16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_u);
    uint16_t *src_v16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_v);
    if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
      lb_u = src_u16[0];
      ub_u = src_u16[0];
      lb_v = src_v16[0];
      ub_v = src_v16[0];
    } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      lb_u = src_u[0];
      ub_u = src_u[0];
      lb_v = src_v[0];
      ub_v = src_v[0];
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

    mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
      for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
          val_u = src_u16[r * src_stride + c];
          val_v = src_v16[r * src_stride + c];
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = val_u;
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = val_v;
        } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
          val_u = src_u[r * src_stride + c];
          val_v = src_v[r * src_stride + c];
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = val_u;
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = val_v;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        if (val_u < lb_u)
          lb_u = val_u;
        else if (val_u > ub_u)
          ub_u = val_u;
        if (val_v < lb_v)
          lb_v = val_v;
        else if (val_v > ub_v)
          ub_v = val_v;
      }
    }

    for (n = colors > PALETTE_MAX_SIZE ? PALETTE_MAX_SIZE : colors; n >= 2;
         --n) {
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        centroids[i * 2] = lb_u + (2 * i + 1) * (ub_u - lb_u) / n / 2;
        centroids[i * 2 + 1] = lb_v + (2 * i + 1) * (ub_v - lb_v) / n / 2;
      }
      av1_k_means(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, n, 2, max_itr);
      pmi->palette_size[1] = n;
      for (i = 1; i < 3; ++i) {
        for (j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
          if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth)
            pmi->palette_colors[i * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + j] = clip_pixel_highbd(
                (int)centroids[j * 2 + i - 1], cpi->common.bit_depth);
          else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
            pmi->palette_colors[i * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + j] =
                clip_pixel((int)centroids[j * 2 + i - 1]);
        }
      }

      super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                       &this_sse, bsize, *best_rd);
      if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) continue;
      this_rate =
          this_rate_tokenonly + dc_mode_cost +
          2 * cpi->common.bit_depth * n * av1_cost_bit(128, 0) +
          cpi->palette_uv_size_cost[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][n - 2] +
          write_uniform_cost(n, color_map[0]) +
          av1_cost_bit(
              av1_default_palette_uv_mode_prob[pmi->palette_size[0] > 0], 1);

      for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
        for (j = (i == 0 ? 1 : 0); j < cols; ++j) {
          int color_idx;
          const int color_ctx = av1_get_palette_color_context(
              color_map, cols, i, j, n, color_order, &color_idx);
          assert(color_idx >= 0 && color_idx < n);
          this_rate += cpi->palette_uv_color_cost[n - 2][color_ctx][color_idx];
        }
      }

      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
      if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
        *best_rd = this_rd;
        *palette_mode_info = *pmi;
        memcpy(best_palette_color_map, color_map,
               rows * cols * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
        *mode_selected = DC_PRED;
        *rate = this_rate;
        *distortion = this_distortion;
        *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
        *skippable = s;
      }
    }
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
// Return 1 if an filter intra mode is selected; return 0 otherwise.
static int rd_pick_filter_intra_sbuv(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                     int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                     int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                     BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int64_t *best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int filter_intra_selected_flag = 0;
  int this_rate_tokenonly, this_rate, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_sse, this_rd;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE mode;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info;

  av1_zero(filter_intra_mode_info);
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 1;
  mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  for (mode = 0; mode < FILTER_INTRA_MODES; ++mode) {
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] = mode;
    if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                          &this_sse, bsize, *best_rd))
      continue;

    this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly +
                av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[1], 1) +
                cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mbmi->uv_mode] +
                write_uniform_cost(FILTER_INTRA_MODES, mode);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
    if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
      *best_rd = this_rd;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
      *distortion = this_distortion;
      *skippable = s;
      filter_intra_mode_info = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
      filter_intra_selected_flag = 1;
    }
  }

  if (filter_intra_selected_flag) {
    mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1];
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1];
    return 1;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
static void pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
    int64_t *distortion, int *skippable, int *best_angle_delta,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rate_overhead, int64_t *best_rd) {
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &x->e_mbd.mi[0]->mbmi;
  int this_rate_tokenonly, this_rate, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_sse, this_rd;

  if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                        &this_sse, bsize, *best_rd))
    return;

  this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + rate_overhead;
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
    *rate = this_rate;
    *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
    *distortion = this_distortion;
    *skippable = s;
  }
}

static int rd_pick_intra_angle_sbuv(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                    int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rate_overhead,
                                    int64_t best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  int this_rate_tokenonly, this_rate, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_sse, this_rd;
  int angle_delta, best_angle_delta = 0;
  const double rd_adjust = 1.2;

  *rate_tokenonly = INT_MAX;
  if (ANGLE_FAST_SEARCH) {
    int deltas_level1[3] = { 0, -2, 2 };
    int deltas_level2[3][2] = {
      { -1, 1 }, { -3, -1 }, { 1, 3 },
    };
    const int level1 = 3, level2 = 2;
    int i, j, best_i = -1;

    for (i = 0; i < level1; ++i) {
      int64_t tmp_best_rd;
      mbmi->angle_delta[1] = deltas_level1[i];
      tmp_best_rd = (i == 0 && best_rd < INT64_MAX)
                        ? (int64_t)(best_rd * rd_adjust)
                        : best_rd;
      if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                            &this_sse, bsize, tmp_best_rd)) {
        if (i == 0)
          break;
        else
          continue;
      }
      this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + rate_overhead;
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
      if (i == 0 && best_rd < INT64_MAX && this_rd > best_rd * rd_adjust) break;
      if (this_rd < best_rd) {
        best_i = i;
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
        *rate = this_rate;
        *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
        *distortion = this_distortion;
        *skippable = s;
      }
    }

    if (best_i >= 0) {
      for (j = 0; j < level2; ++j) {
        mbmi->angle_delta[1] = deltas_level2[best_i][j];
        pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion,
                                      skippable, &best_angle_delta, bsize,
                                      rate_overhead, &best_rd);
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (angle_delta = -MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS;
         ++angle_delta) {
      mbmi->angle_delta[1] = angle_delta;
      pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion,
                                    skippable, &best_angle_delta, bsize,
                                    rate_overhead, &best_rd);
    }
  }

  mbmi->angle_delta[1] = best_angle_delta;
  return *rate_tokenonly != INT_MAX;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

static int64_t rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                       int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                       BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE max_tx_size) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  PREDICTION_MODE mode;
  PREDICTION_MODE mode_selected = DC_PRED;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX, this_rd;
  int this_rate_tokenonly, this_rate, s;
  int64_t this_distortion, this_sse;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer buf;

  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &buf);
#endif
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  const int rows =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_y);
  const int cols =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_x);
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO palette_mode_info;
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi.palette_mode_info;
  uint8_t *best_palette_color_map = NULL;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  int is_directional_mode, rate_overhead, best_angle_delta = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info;

  filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
  pmi->palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  for (mode = DC_PRED; mode <= TM_PRED; ++mode) {
    if (!(cpi->sf.intra_uv_mode_mask[max_tx_size] & (1 << mode))) continue;

    mbmi->uv_mode = mode;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    is_directional_mode = (mode != DC_PRED && mode != TM_PRED);
    rate_overhead = cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mode] +
                    write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1, 0);
    mbmi->angle_delta[1] = 0;
    if (mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 && is_directional_mode) {
      if (!rd_pick_intra_angle_sbuv(cpi, x, &this_rate, &this_rate_tokenonly,
                                    &this_distortion, &s, bsize, rate_overhead,
                                    best_rd))
        continue;
    } else {
      if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                            &this_sse, bsize, best_rd)) {
#if CONFIG_PVQ
        od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &buf);
#endif
        continue;
      }
    }
    this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mode];
    if (mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 && is_directional_mode)
      this_rate += write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1,
                                      MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + mbmi->angle_delta[1]);
#else
    if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &this_rate_tokenonly, &this_distortion, &s,
                          &this_sse, bsize, best_rd)) {
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &buf);
#endif
      continue;
    }
    this_rate = this_rate_tokenonly + cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mode];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    if (mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 && mode == DC_PRED)
      this_rate += av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[1], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools && mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
        mode == DC_PRED)
      this_rate += av1_cost_bit(
          av1_default_palette_uv_mode_prob[pmi->palette_size[0] > 0], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_PVQ
    // For chroma channels, multiply lambda by 0.5 when doing intra prediction
    // NOTE: Chroma intra prediction itself has a separate RDO,
    // though final chroma intra mode's D and R is simply added to
    // those of luma then global RDO is performed to decide the modes of SB.
    // Also, for chroma, the RDO cannot decide tx_size (follow luma's decision)
    // or tx_type (DCT only), then only the intra prediction is
    // chroma's own mode decision based on separate RDO.
    // TODO(yushin) : Seek for more reasonable solution than this.
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult >> (1 * PVQ_CHROMA_RD), x->rddiv, this_rate,
                     this_distortion);
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &buf);
#else
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, this_rate, this_distortion);
#endif

    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      mode_selected = mode;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      best_rd = this_rd;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
      *distortion = this_distortion;
      *skippable = s;
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools && mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    best_palette_color_map = x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map;
    rd_pick_palette_intra_sbuv(
        cpi, x, cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][DC_PRED],
        &palette_mode_info, best_palette_color_map, &mode_selected, &best_rd,
        rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion, skippable);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  if (mbmi->sb_type >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    if (rd_pick_filter_intra_sbuv(cpi, x, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion,
                                  skippable, bsize, &best_rd)) {
      mode_selected = mbmi->uv_mode;
      filter_intra_mode_info = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
    }
  }

  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] =
      filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1];
  if (filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1]) {
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] =
        filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mbmi->angle_delta[1] = best_angle_delta;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mbmi->uv_mode = mode_selected;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  pmi->palette_size[1] = palette_mode_info.palette_size[1];
  if (palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] > 0) {
    memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
           palette_mode_info.palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
           2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(palette_mode_info.palette_colors[0]));
    memcpy(xd->plane[1].color_index_map, best_palette_color_map,
           rows * cols * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  return best_rd;
}

static void choose_intra_uv_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                 PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                 TX_SIZE max_tx_size, int *rate_uv,
                                 int *rate_uv_tokenonly, int64_t *dist_uv,
                                 int *skip_uv, PREDICTION_MODE *mode_uv) {
  // Use an estimated rd for uv_intra based on DC_PRED if the
  // appropriate speed flag is set.
  (void)ctx;
  rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(cpi, x, rate_uv, rate_uv_tokenonly, dist_uv, skip_uv,
                          bsize < BLOCK_8X8 ? BLOCK_8X8 : bsize, max_tx_size);
  *mode_uv = x->e_mbd.mi[0]->mbmi.uv_mode;
}

static int cost_mv_ref(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, PREDICTION_MODE mode,
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                       int is_compound,
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                       int16_t mode_context) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  int mode_cost = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int16_t mode_ctx =
      is_compound ? mode_context : (mode_context & NEWMV_CTX_MASK);
#else
  int16_t mode_ctx = mode_context & NEWMV_CTX_MASK;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int16_t is_all_zero_mv = mode_context & (1 << ALL_ZERO_FLAG_OFFSET);

  assert(is_inter_mode(mode));

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (is_compound) {
    return cpi->inter_compound_mode_cost[mode_context]
                                        [INTER_COMPOUND_OFFSET(mode)];
  } else {
    if (mode == NEWMV || mode == NEWFROMNEARMV) {
#else
  if (mode == NEWMV) {
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      mode_cost = cpi->newmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][0];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (!is_compound)
        mode_cost += cpi->new2mv_mode_cost[mode == NEWFROMNEARMV];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      return mode_cost;
    } else {
      mode_cost = cpi->newmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][1];
      mode_ctx = (mode_context >> ZEROMV_OFFSET) & ZEROMV_CTX_MASK;

      if (is_all_zero_mv) return mode_cost;

      if (mode == ZEROMV) {
        mode_cost += cpi->zeromv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][0];
        return mode_cost;
      } else {
        mode_cost += cpi->zeromv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][1];
        mode_ctx = (mode_context >> REFMV_OFFSET) & REFMV_CTX_MASK;

        if (mode_context & (1 << SKIP_NEARESTMV_OFFSET)) mode_ctx = 6;
        if (mode_context & (1 << SKIP_NEARMV_OFFSET)) mode_ctx = 7;
        if (mode_context & (1 << SKIP_NEARESTMV_SUB8X8_OFFSET)) mode_ctx = 8;

        mode_cost += cpi->refmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][mode != NEARESTMV];
        return mode_cost;
      }
    }
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#else
  assert(is_inter_mode(mode));
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (is_inter_compound_mode(mode)) {
    return cpi->inter_compound_mode_cost[mode_context]
                                        [INTER_COMPOUND_OFFSET(mode)];
  } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    return cpi->inter_mode_cost[mode_context][INTER_OFFSET(mode)];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif
}

#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
static int get_gmbitcost(const Global_Motion_Params *gm,
                         const aom_prob *probs) {
  int gmtype_cost[GLOBAL_MOTION_TYPES];
  int bits;
  av1_cost_tokens(gmtype_cost, probs, av1_global_motion_types_tree);
  if (gm->motion_params.wmmat[5] || gm->motion_params.wmmat[4]) {
    bits = (GM_ABS_TRANS_BITS + 1) * 2 + 4 * GM_ABS_ALPHA_BITS + 4;
  } else if (gm->motion_params.wmmat[3] || gm->motion_params.wmmat[2]) {
    bits = (GM_ABS_TRANS_BITS + 1) * 2 + 2 * GM_ABS_ALPHA_BITS + 2;
  } else {
    bits = ((gm->motion_params.wmmat[1] || gm->motion_params.wmmat[0])
                ? ((GM_ABS_TRANS_BITS + 1) * 2)
                : 0);
  }
  return bits ? (bits << AV1_PROB_COST_SHIFT) + gmtype_cost[gm->gmtype] : 0;
}

#define GLOBAL_MOTION_RATE(ref)                            \
  (cpi->global_motion_used[ref] >= 2                       \
       ? 0                                                 \
       : get_gmbitcost(&cm->global_motion[(ref)],          \
                       cm->fc->global_motion_types_prob) / \
             2);
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION

static int set_and_cost_bmi_mvs(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                MACROBLOCKD *xd, int i, PREDICTION_MODE mode,
                                int_mv this_mv[2],
                                int_mv frame_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT]
                                               [TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
                                int_mv seg_mvs[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                int_mv compound_seg_newmvs[2],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                int_mv *best_ref_mv[2], const int *mvjcost,
                                int *mvcost[2]) {
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
  MODE_INFO *const mic = xd->mi[0];
  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &mic->mbmi;
  const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  int thismvcost = 0;
  int idx, idy;
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[mbmi->sb_type];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[mbmi->sb_type];
  const int is_compound = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  int mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->mode_context[mbmi->ref_frame[0]];

  switch (mode) {
    case NEWMV:
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    case NEWFROMNEARMV:
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      this_mv[0].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (!cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv)
        lower_mv_precision(&this_mv[0].as_mv, 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      for (idx = 0; idx < 1 + is_compound; ++idx) {
        this_mv[idx] = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[idx]];
        av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[idx], idx, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
        thismvcost +=
            av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[idx].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[idx]->as_mv,
                            x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      }
      (void)mvjcost;
      (void)mvcost;
#else
      thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[0].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[0]->as_mv,
                                    mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (is_compound) {
        this_mv[1].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
        thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[1].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[1]->as_mv,
                                      mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      }
#endif  // !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif
      break;
    case NEARMV:
    case NEARESTMV:
      this_mv[0].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
      if (is_compound)
        this_mv[1].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
      break;
    case ZEROMV:
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      this_mv[0].as_int =
          gm_get_motion_vector(&cpi->common.global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[0]])
              .as_int;
      thismvcost += GLOBAL_MOTION_RATE(mbmi->ref_frame[0]);
      if (is_compound) {
        this_mv[1].as_int =
            gm_get_motion_vector(&cpi->common.global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[1]])
                .as_int;
        thismvcost += GLOBAL_MOTION_RATE(mbmi->ref_frame[1]);
      }
#else   // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      this_mv[0].as_int = 0;
      if (is_compound) this_mv[1].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    case NEW_NEWMV:
      if (compound_seg_newmvs[0].as_int == INVALID_MV ||
          compound_seg_newmvs[1].as_int == INVALID_MV) {
        this_mv[0].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
        this_mv[1].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
      } else {
        this_mv[0].as_int = compound_seg_newmvs[0].as_int;
        this_mv[1].as_int = compound_seg_newmvs[1].as_int;
      }
      if (!cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv)
        lower_mv_precision(&this_mv[0].as_mv, 0);
      if (!cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv)
        lower_mv_precision(&this_mv[1].as_mv, 0);
      thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[0].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[0]->as_mv,
                                    mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[1].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[1]->as_mv,
                                    mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      break;
    case NEW_NEARMV:
    case NEW_NEARESTMV:
      this_mv[0].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
      if (!cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv)
        lower_mv_precision(&this_mv[0].as_mv, 0);
      thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[0].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[0]->as_mv,
                                    mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      this_mv[1].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
      break;
    case NEAR_NEWMV:
    case NEAREST_NEWMV:
      this_mv[0].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
      this_mv[1].as_int = seg_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
      if (!cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv)
        lower_mv_precision(&this_mv[1].as_mv, 0);
      thismvcost += av1_mv_bit_cost(&this_mv[1].as_mv, &best_ref_mv[1]->as_mv,
                                    mvjcost, mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
      break;
    case NEAREST_NEARMV:
    case NEAR_NEARESTMV:
    case NEAREST_NEARESTMV:
    case NEAR_NEARMV:
      this_mv[0].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
      this_mv[1].as_int = frame_mv[mode][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
      break;
    case ZERO_ZEROMV:
      this_mv[0].as_int = 0;
      this_mv[1].as_int = 0;
      break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    default: break;
  }

  mic->bmi[i].as_mv[0].as_int = this_mv[0].as_int;
  if (is_compound) mic->bmi[i].as_mv[1].as_int = this_mv[1].as_int;

  mic->bmi[i].as_mode = mode;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  if (mode == NEWMV) {
    mic->bmi[i].pred_mv[0].as_int =
        mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[0]][0].as_int;
    if (is_compound)
      mic->bmi[i].pred_mv[1].as_int =
          mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[1]][0].as_int;
  } else {
    mic->bmi[i].pred_mv[0].as_int = this_mv[0].as_int;
    if (is_compound) mic->bmi[i].pred_mv[1].as_int = this_mv[1].as_int;
  }
#endif

  for (idy = 0; idy < num_4x4_blocks_high; ++idy)
    for (idx = 0; idx < num_4x4_blocks_wide; ++idx)
      memmove(&mic->bmi[i + idy * 2 + idx], &mic->bmi[i], sizeof(mic->bmi[i]));

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (is_compound)
    mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context[mbmi->ref_frame[0]];
  else
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    mode_ctx = av1_mode_context_analyzer(mbmi_ext->mode_context,
                                         mbmi->ref_frame, mbmi->sb_type, i);
#endif
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  return cost_mv_ref(cpi, mode, is_compound, mode_ctx) + thismvcost;
#else
  return cost_mv_ref(cpi, mode, mode_ctx) + thismvcost;
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
}

static int64_t encode_inter_mb_segment(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int64_t best_yrd, int i, int *labelyrate,
                                       int64_t *distortion, int64_t *sse,
                                       ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl,
                                       int ir, int ic, int mi_row, int mi_col) {
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
#endif
  int k;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
  const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize = get_plane_block_size(mi->mbmi.sb_type, pd);
  const int width = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int height = block_size_high[plane_bsize];
  int idx, idy;
  const uint8_t *const src =
      &p->src.buf[av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, i, p->src.stride)];
  uint8_t *const dst =
      &pd->dst.buf[av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, i, pd->dst.stride)];
  int64_t thisdistortion = 0, thissse = 0;
  int thisrate = 0;
  TX_SIZE tx_size = mi->mbmi.tx_size;

  TX_TYPE tx_type = get_tx_type(PLANE_TYPE_Y, xd, i, tx_size);
  const int num_4x4_w = tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size];
  const int num_4x4_h = tx_size_high_unit[tx_size];
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
  const SCAN_ORDER *scan_order = get_scan(cm, tx_size, tx_type, 1);
#else
  (void)cpi;
  (void)ta;
  (void)tl;
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  assert(IMPLIES(xd->lossless[mi->mbmi.segment_id], tx_size == TX_4X4));
  assert(IMPLIES(!xd->lossless[mi->mbmi.segment_id],
                 tx_size == max_txsize_rect_lookup[mi->mbmi.sb_type]));
#else
  assert(tx_size == TX_4X4);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  assert(tx_type == DCT_DCT);

  av1_build_inter_predictor_sub8x8(xd, 0, i, ir, ic, mi_row, mi_col);

#if !CONFIG_PVQ
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(
        height, width, av1_raster_block_offset_int16(BLOCK_8X8, i, p->src_diff),
        8, src, p->src.stride, dst, pd->dst.stride, xd->bd);
  } else {
    aom_subtract_block(height, width,
                       av1_raster_block_offset_int16(BLOCK_8X8, i, p->src_diff),
                       8, src, p->src.stride, dst, pd->dst.stride);
  }
#else
  aom_subtract_block(height, width,
                     av1_raster_block_offset_int16(BLOCK_8X8, i, p->src_diff),
                     8, src, p->src.stride, dst, pd->dst.stride);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
#endif  // !CONFIG_PVQ

  k = i;
  for (idy = 0; idy < height / 4; idy += num_4x4_h) {
    for (idx = 0; idx < width / 4; idx += num_4x4_w) {
      int64_t dist, ssz, rd, rd1, rd2;
      int block;
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
      int coeff_ctx;
#else
      const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
      const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
      const int diff_stride = 8;
      tran_low_t *coeff;
      tran_low_t *dqcoeff;
      tran_low_t *ref_coeff;
      int16_t *pred = &pd->pred[4 * (ir * diff_stride + ic)];
      int16_t *src_int16 = &p->src_int16[4 * (ir * diff_stride + ic)];
      int ii, j, tx_blk_size;
      int rate_pvq;
#endif
      k += (idy * 2 + idx);
      if (tx_size == TX_4X4)
        block = k;
      else
        block = (i ? 2 : 0);
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
      coeff_ctx = combine_entropy_contexts(*(ta + (k & 1)), *(tl + (k >> 1)));
#if CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
      av1_xform_quant_fp_nuq(cm, x, 0, block, idy + (i >> 1), idx + (i & 0x01),
                             BLOCK_8X8, tx_size, coeff_ctx);
#else
      av1_xform_quant(cm, x, 0, block, idy + (i >> 1), idx + (i & 0x01),
                      BLOCK_8X8, tx_size, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
#endif  // CONFIG_NEW_QUANT
      if (xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id] == 0)
        av1_optimize_b(cm, x, 0, block, tx_size, coeff_ctx);
#else
      coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(p->coeff, k);
      dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, k);
      ref_coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->pvq_ref_coeff, k);

      // transform block size in pixels
      tx_blk_size = 4;

      // copy uint8 orig and predicted block to int16 buffer
      // in order to use existing VP10 transform functions
      for (j = 0; j < tx_blk_size; j++)
        for (ii = 0; ii < tx_blk_size; ii++) {
          src_int16[diff_stride * j + ii] =
              src[src_stride * (j + 4 * idy) + (ii + 4 * idx)];
          pred[diff_stride * j + ii] =
              dst[dst_stride * (j + 4 * idy) + (ii + 4 * idx)];
        }

      {
        FWD_TXFM_PARAM fwd_txfm_param;
        fwd_txfm_param.tx_type = DCT_DCT;
        fwd_txfm_param.tx_size = TX_4X4;
        fwd_txfm_param.fwd_txfm_opt = FWD_TXFM_OPT_NORMAL;
        fwd_txfm_param.rd_transform = 0;
        fwd_txfm_param.lossless = xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->mbmi.segment_id];

        fwd_txfm(src_int16, coeff, diff_stride, &fwd_txfm_param);
        fwd_txfm(pred, ref_coeff, diff_stride, &fwd_txfm_param);
      }
      av1_pvq_encode_helper(&x->daala_enc, coeff, ref_coeff, dqcoeff,
                            &p->eobs[k], pd->dequant, 0, TX_4X4, tx_type,
                            &rate_pvq, x->pvq_speed, NULL);
#endif

      dist_block(cpi, x, 0, block, idy + (i >> 1), idx + (i & 0x1), tx_size,
                 &dist, &ssz);
      thisdistortion += dist;
      thissse += ssz;
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
      thisrate +=
          av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, 0, block, coeff_ctx, tx_size, scan_order->scan,
                          scan_order->neighbors, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing);
#else
      thisrate += rate_pvq;
#endif
      *(ta + (k & 1)) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
      *(tl + (k >> 1)) = !(p->eobs[block] == 0);
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
      if (tx_size == TX_8X4) {
        *(ta + (k & 1) + 1) = *(ta + (k & 1));
      }
      if (tx_size == TX_4X8) {
        *(tl + (k >> 1) + 1) = *(tl + (k >> 1));
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX
      rd1 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, thisrate, thisdistortion);
      rd2 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, thissse);
      rd = AOMMIN(rd1, rd2);
      if (rd >= best_yrd) return INT64_MAX;
    }
  }

  *distortion = thisdistortion;
  *labelyrate = thisrate;
  *sse = thissse;

  return RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *labelyrate, *distortion);
}

typedef struct {
  int eobs;
  int brate;
  int byrate;
  int64_t bdist;
  int64_t bsse;
  int64_t brdcost;
  int_mv mvs[2];
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  int_mv pred_mv[2];
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int_mv ref_mv[2];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ta[2];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT tl[2];
} SEG_RDSTAT;

typedef struct {
  int_mv *ref_mv[2];
  int_mv mvp;

  int64_t segment_rd;
  int r;
  int64_t d;
  int64_t sse;
  int segment_yrate;
  PREDICTION_MODE modes[4];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  SEG_RDSTAT rdstat[4][INTER_MODES + INTER_COMPOUND_MODES];
#else
  SEG_RDSTAT rdstat[4][INTER_MODES];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int mvthresh;
} BEST_SEG_INFO;

static INLINE int mv_check_bounds(const MACROBLOCK *x, const MV *mv) {
  return (mv->row >> 3) < x->mv_row_min || (mv->row >> 3) > x->mv_row_max ||
         (mv->col >> 3) < x->mv_col_min || (mv->col >> 3) > x->mv_col_max;
}

static INLINE void mi_buf_shift(MACROBLOCK *x, int i) {
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &x->e_mbd.mi[0]->mbmi;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &x->e_mbd.plane[0];

  p->src.buf =
      &p->src.buf[av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, i, p->src.stride)];
  assert(((intptr_t)pd->pre[0].buf & 0x7) == 0);
  pd->pre[0].buf =
      &pd->pre[0].buf[av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, i, pd->pre[0].stride)];
  if (has_second_ref(mbmi))
    pd->pre[1].buf =
        &pd->pre[1]
             .buf[av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, i, pd->pre[1].stride)];
}

static INLINE void mi_buf_restore(MACROBLOCK *x, struct buf_2d orig_src,
                                  struct buf_2d orig_pre[2]) {
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &x->e_mbd.mi[0]->mbmi;
  x->plane[0].src = orig_src;
  x->e_mbd.plane[0].pre[0] = orig_pre[0];
  if (has_second_ref(mbmi)) x->e_mbd.plane[0].pre[1] = orig_pre[1];
}

// Check if NEARESTMV/NEARMV/ZEROMV is the cheapest way encode zero motion.
// TODO(aconverse): Find out if this is still productive then clean up or remove
static int check_best_zero_mv(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const int16_t mode_context[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    const int16_t compound_mode_context[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int_mv frame_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME], int this_mode,
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frames[2], const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int block) {

#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  assert(ref_frames[1] != INTRA_FRAME);  // Just sanity check
#endif

  if ((this_mode == NEARMV || this_mode == NEARESTMV || this_mode == ZEROMV) &&
      frame_mv[this_mode][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
      (ref_frames[1] <= INTRA_FRAME ||
       frame_mv[this_mode][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0)) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    int16_t rfc =
        av1_mode_context_analyzer(mode_context, ref_frames, bsize, block);
#else
    int16_t rfc = mode_context[ref_frames[0]];
#endif
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int c1 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARMV, ref_frames[1] > INTRA_FRAME, rfc);
    int c2 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARESTMV, ref_frames[1] > INTRA_FRAME, rfc);
    int c3 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, ZEROMV, ref_frames[1] > INTRA_FRAME, rfc);
#else
    int c1 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARMV, rfc);
    int c2 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARESTMV, rfc);
    int c3 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, ZEROMV, rfc);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER

#if !CONFIG_REF_MV
    (void)bsize;
    (void)block;
#endif

    if (this_mode == NEARMV) {
      if (c1 > c3) return 0;
    } else if (this_mode == NEARESTMV) {
      if (c2 > c3) return 0;
    } else {
      assert(this_mode == ZEROMV);
      if (ref_frames[1] <= INTRA_FRAME) {
        if ((c3 >= c2 && frame_mv[NEARESTMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0) ||
            (c3 >= c1 && frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0))
          return 0;
      } else {
        if ((c3 >= c2 && frame_mv[NEARESTMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
             frame_mv[NEARESTMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0) ||
            (c3 >= c1 && frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
             frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0))
          return 0;
      }
    }
  }
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  else if ((this_mode == NEAREST_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEAREST_NEARMV ||
            this_mode == NEAR_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEARMV ||
            this_mode == ZERO_ZEROMV) &&
           frame_mv[this_mode][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
           frame_mv[this_mode][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    int16_t rfc = compound_mode_context[ref_frames[0]];
    int c1 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAREST_NEARMV, 1, rfc);
    int c2 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAREST_NEARESTMV, 1, rfc);
    int c3 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, ZERO_ZEROMV, 1, rfc);
    int c4 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAR_NEARESTMV, 1, rfc);
    int c5 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAR_NEARMV, 1, rfc);
#else
    int16_t rfc = mode_context[ref_frames[0]];
    int c1 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAREST_NEARMV, rfc);
    int c2 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAREST_NEARESTMV, rfc);
    int c3 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, ZERO_ZEROMV, rfc);
    int c4 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAR_NEARESTMV, rfc);
    int c5 = cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEAR_NEARMV, rfc);
#endif

    if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEARMV) {
      if (c1 > c3) return 0;
    } else if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEARESTMV) {
      if (c2 > c3) return 0;
    } else if (this_mode == NEAR_NEARESTMV) {
      if (c4 > c3) return 0;
    } else if (this_mode == NEAR_NEARMV) {
      if (c5 > c3) return 0;
    } else {
      assert(this_mode == ZERO_ZEROMV);
      if ((c3 >= c2 && frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
           frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0) ||
          (c3 >= c1 && frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
           frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0) ||
          (c3 >= c5 && frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
           frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0) ||
          (c3 >= c4 && frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][ref_frames[0]].as_int == 0 &&
           frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][ref_frames[1]].as_int == 0))
        return 0;
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  return 1;
}

static void joint_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int_mv *frame_mv, int mi_row,
                                int mi_col,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                int_mv *ref_mv_sub8x8[2],
#endif
                                int_mv single_newmv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
                                int *rate_mv, const int block) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int pw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int ph = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                        mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1] };
  int_mv ref_mv[2];
  int ite, ref;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  InterpFilter interp_filter[4] = {
    mbmi->interp_filter[0], mbmi->interp_filter[1], mbmi->interp_filter[2],
    mbmi->interp_filter[3],
  };
#else
  const InterpFilter interp_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif
  struct scale_factors sf;

  // Do joint motion search in compound mode to get more accurate mv.
  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[2][MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int last_besterr[2] = { INT_MAX, INT_MAX };
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *const scaled_ref_frame[2] = {
    av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, mbmi->ref_frame[0]),
    av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, mbmi->ref_frame[1])
  };

// Prediction buffer from second frame.
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, second_pred_alloc_16[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *second_pred;
#else
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, second_pred[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (bsize < BLOCK_8X8 && ref_mv_sub8x8 != NULL)
      ref_mv[ref].as_int = ref_mv_sub8x8[ref]->as_int;
    else
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      ref_mv[ref] = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[ref]][0];

    if (scaled_ref_frame[ref]) {
      int i;
      // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
      // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
      // motion search code to be used without additional modifications.
      for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
        backup_yv12[ref][i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref];
      av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref, scaled_ref_frame[ref], mi_row, mi_col,
                           NULL);
    }

    frame_mv[refs[ref]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[ref]].as_int;
  }

// Since we have scaled the reference frames to match the size of the current
// frame we must use a unit scaling factor during mode selection.
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  av1_setup_scale_factors_for_frame(&sf, cm->width, cm->height, cm->width,
                                    cm->height, cm->use_highbitdepth);
#else
  av1_setup_scale_factors_for_frame(&sf, cm->width, cm->height, cm->width,
                                    cm->height);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  // Allow joint search multiple times iteratively for each reference frame
  // and break out of the search loop if it couldn't find a better mv.
  for (ite = 0; ite < 4; ite++) {
    struct buf_2d ref_yv12[2];
    int bestsme = INT_MAX;
    int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
    MV *const best_mv = &x->best_mv.as_mv;
    int search_range = 3;

    int tmp_col_min = x->mv_col_min;
    int tmp_col_max = x->mv_col_max;
    int tmp_row_min = x->mv_row_min;
    int tmp_row_max = x->mv_row_max;
    int id = ite % 2;  // Even iterations search in the first reference frame,
                       // odd iterations search in the second. The predictor
                       // found for the 'other' reference frame is factored in.

    // Initialized here because of compiler problem in Visual Studio.
    ref_yv12[0] = xd->plane[0].pre[0];
    ref_yv12[1] = xd->plane[0].pre[1];

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    // reload the filter types
    interp_filter[0] =
        (id == 0) ? mbmi->interp_filter[2] : mbmi->interp_filter[0];
    interp_filter[1] =
        (id == 0) ? mbmi->interp_filter[3] : mbmi->interp_filter[1];
#endif

// Get the prediction block from the 'other' reference frame.
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      second_pred = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(second_pred_alloc_16);
      av1_highbd_build_inter_predictor(
          ref_yv12[!id].buf, ref_yv12[!id].stride, second_pred, pw,
          &frame_mv[refs[!id]].as_mv, &sf, pw, ph, 0, interp_filter,
          MV_PRECISION_Q3, mi_col * MI_SIZE, mi_row * MI_SIZE, xd->bd);
    } else {
      second_pred = (uint8_t *)second_pred_alloc_16;
      av1_build_inter_predictor(ref_yv12[!id].buf, ref_yv12[!id].stride,
                                second_pred, pw, &frame_mv[refs[!id]].as_mv,
                                &sf, pw, ph, 0, interp_filter, MV_PRECISION_Q3,
                                mi_col * MI_SIZE, mi_row * MI_SIZE);
    }
#else
    av1_build_inter_predictor(ref_yv12[!id].buf, ref_yv12[!id].stride,
                              second_pred, pw, &frame_mv[refs[!id]].as_mv, &sf,
                              pw, ph, 0, interp_filter, MV_PRECISION_Q3,
                              mi_col * MI_SIZE, mi_row * MI_SIZE);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

    // Do compound motion search on the current reference frame.
    if (id) xd->plane[0].pre[0] = ref_yv12[id];
    av1_set_mv_search_range(x, &ref_mv[id].as_mv);

    // Use the mv result from the single mode as mv predictor.
    *best_mv = frame_mv[refs[id]].as_mv;

    best_mv->col >>= 3;
    best_mv->row >>= 3;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    av1_set_mvcost(x, refs[id], id, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif

    // Small-range full-pixel motion search.
    bestsme =
        av1_refining_search_8p_c(x, sadpb, search_range, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
                                 &ref_mv[id].as_mv, second_pred);
    if (bestsme < INT_MAX)
      bestsme = av1_get_mvpred_av_var(x, best_mv, &ref_mv[id].as_mv,
                                      second_pred, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 1);

    x->mv_col_min = tmp_col_min;
    x->mv_col_max = tmp_col_max;
    x->mv_row_min = tmp_row_min;
    x->mv_row_max = tmp_row_max;

    if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
      int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
      unsigned int sse;
      if (cpi->sf.use_upsampled_references) {
        // Use up-sampled reference frames.
        struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
        struct buf_2d backup_pred = pd->pre[0];
        const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *upsampled_ref =
            get_upsampled_ref(cpi, refs[id]);

        // Set pred for Y plane
        setup_pred_plane(&pd->pre[0], upsampled_ref->y_buffer,
                         upsampled_ref->y_crop_width,
                         upsampled_ref->y_crop_height, upsampled_ref->y_stride,
                         (mi_row << 3), (mi_col << 3), NULL, pd->subsampling_x,
                         pd->subsampling_y);

        // If bsize < BLOCK_8X8, adjust pred pointer for this block
        if (bsize < BLOCK_8X8)
          pd->pre[0].buf =
              &pd->pre[0].buf[(av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, block,
                                                       pd->pre[0].stride))
                              << 3];

        bestsme = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
            x, &ref_mv[id].as_mv, cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv,
            x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 0,
            cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, NULL, x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost,
            &dis, &sse, second_pred, pw, ph, 1);

        // Restore the reference frames.
        pd->pre[0] = backup_pred;
      } else {
        (void)block;
        bestsme = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
            x, &ref_mv[id].as_mv, cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv,
            x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 0,
            cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, NULL, x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost,
            &dis, &sse, second_pred, pw, ph, 0);
      }
    }

    // Restore the pointer to the first (possibly scaled) prediction buffer.
    if (id) xd->plane[0].pre[0] = ref_yv12[0];

    if (bestsme < last_besterr[id]) {
      frame_mv[refs[id]].as_mv = *best_mv;
      last_besterr[id] = bestsme;
    } else {
      break;
    }
  }

  *rate_mv = 0;

  for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
    if (scaled_ref_frame[ref]) {
      // Restore the prediction frame pointers to their unscaled versions.
      int i;
      for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
        xd->plane[i].pre[ref] = backup_yv12[ref][i];
    }
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    av1_set_mvcost(x, refs[ref], ref, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      *rate_mv += av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[ref]].as_mv,
                                  &x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[ref]][0].as_mv,
                                  x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    else
      *rate_mv += av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[ref]].as_mv,
                                  &ref_mv_sub8x8[ref]->as_mv, x->nmvjointcost,
                                  x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }
}

static int64_t rd_pick_best_sub8x8_mode(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int_mv *best_ref_mv,
    int_mv *second_best_ref_mv, int64_t best_rd, int *returntotrate,
    int *returnyrate, int64_t *returndistortion, int *skippable, int64_t *psse,
    int mvthresh,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int_mv seg_mvs[4][2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
    int_mv compound_seg_newmvs[4][2],
#else
    int_mv seg_mvs[4][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    BEST_SEG_INFO *bsi_buf, int filter_idx, int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  BEST_SEG_INFO *bsi = bsi_buf + filter_idx;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  int_mv tmp_ref_mv[2];
#endif
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *mi = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &mi->mbmi;
  int mode_idx;
  int k, br = 0, idx, idy;
  int64_t bd = 0, block_sse = 0;
  PREDICTION_MODE this_mode;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  const int label_count = 4;
  int64_t this_segment_rd = 0;
  int label_mv_thresh;
  int segmentyrate = 0;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
  const int num_4x4_blocks_wide = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int num_4x4_blocks_high = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT t_above[2], t_left[2];
  int subpelmv = 1, have_ref = 0;
  const int has_second_rf = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const int inter_mode_mask = cpi->sf.inter_mode_mask[bsize];
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer pre_buf;

  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  mbmi->tx_size =
      xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] ? TX_4X4 : max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
#else
  mbmi->tx_size = TX_4X4;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  av1_zero(*bsi);

  bsi->segment_rd = best_rd;
  bsi->ref_mv[0] = best_ref_mv;
  bsi->ref_mv[1] = second_best_ref_mv;
  bsi->mvp.as_int = best_ref_mv->as_int;
  bsi->mvthresh = mvthresh;

  for (idx = 0; idx < 4; ++idx) bsi->modes[idx] = ZEROMV;

#if CONFIG_REFMV
  for (idx = 0; idx < 4; ++idx) {
    for (k = NEARESTMV; k <= NEWMV; ++k) {
      bsi->rdstat[idx][INTER_OFFSET(k)].pred_mv[0].as_int = INVALID_MV;
      bsi->rdstat[idx][INTER_OFFSET(k)].pred_mv[1].as_int = INVALID_MV;

      bsi->rdstat[idx][INTER_OFFSET(k)].mvs[0].as_int = INVALID_MV;
      bsi->rdstat[idx][INTER_OFFSET(k)].mvs[1].as_int = INVALID_MV;
    }
  }
#endif

  memcpy(t_above, pd->above_context, sizeof(t_above));
  memcpy(t_left, pd->left_context, sizeof(t_left));

  // 64 makes this threshold really big effectively
  // making it so that we very rarely check mvs on
  // segments.   setting this to 1 would make mv thresh
  // roughly equal to what it is for macroblocks
  label_mv_thresh = 1 * bsi->mvthresh / label_count;

  // Segmentation method overheads
  for (idy = 0; idy < 2; idy += num_4x4_blocks_high) {
    for (idx = 0; idx < 2; idx += num_4x4_blocks_wide) {
      // TODO(jingning,rbultje): rewrite the rate-distortion optimization
      // loop for 4x4/4x8/8x4 block coding. to be replaced with new rd loop
      int_mv mode_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT][2];
      int_mv frame_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
      PREDICTION_MODE mode_selected = ZEROMV;
      int64_t new_best_rd = INT64_MAX;
      const int index = idy * 2 + idx;
      int ref;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      CANDIDATE_MV ref_mv_stack[2][MAX_REF_MV_STACK_SIZE];
      uint8_t ref_mv_count[2];
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      int mv_idx;
      int_mv ref_mvs_sub8x8[2][2];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_rollback_buffer idx_buf, post_buf;
      od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &idx_buf);
      od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

      for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + has_second_rf; ++ref) {
        const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME frame = mbmi->ref_frame[ref];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        int_mv mv_ref_list[MAX_MV_REF_CANDIDATES];
        av1_update_mv_context(xd, mi, frame, mv_ref_list, index, mi_row, mi_col,
                              NULL);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
        frame_mv[ZEROMV][frame].as_int =
            gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[frame]).as_int;
#else   // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
        frame_mv[ZEROMV][frame].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
        av1_append_sub8x8_mvs_for_idx(cm, xd, index, ref, mi_row, mi_col,
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
                                      ref_mv_stack[ref], &ref_mv_count[ref],
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                      mv_ref_list,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                      &frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame],
                                      &frame_mv[NEARMV][frame]);

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
        tmp_ref_mv[ref] = frame_mv[NEARESTMV][mbmi->ref_frame[ref]];
        lower_mv_precision(&tmp_ref_mv[ref].as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv);
        bsi->ref_mv[ref] = &tmp_ref_mv[ref];
        mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[frame][0] = tmp_ref_mv[ref];
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        mv_ref_list[0].as_int = frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;
        mv_ref_list[1].as_int = frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
        av1_find_best_ref_mvs(cm->allow_high_precision_mv, mv_ref_list,
                              &ref_mvs_sub8x8[0][ref], &ref_mvs_sub8x8[1][ref]);

        if (has_second_rf) {
          frame_mv[ZERO_ZEROMV][frame].as_int = 0;
          frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][frame].as_int =
              frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;

          if (ref == 0) {
            frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAREST_NEWMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAR_NEWMV][frame].as_int = frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
          } else if (ref == 1) {
            frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEW_NEARESTMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARESTMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEW_NEARMV][frame].as_int = frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
            frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][frame].as_int =
                frame_mv[NEARMV][frame].as_int;
          }
        }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      }

// search for the best motion vector on this segment
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      for (this_mode = (has_second_rf ? NEAREST_NEARESTMV : NEARESTMV);
           this_mode <= (has_second_rf ? NEW_NEWMV : NEWFROMNEARMV);
           ++this_mode)
#else
      for (this_mode = NEARESTMV; this_mode <= NEWMV; ++this_mode)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      {
        const struct buf_2d orig_src = x->plane[0].src;
        struct buf_2d orig_pre[2];
        // This flag controls if the motion estimation will kick off. When it
        // is set to a non-zero value, the encoder will force motion estimation.
        int run_mv_search = 0;

        mode_idx = INTER_OFFSET(this_mode);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        mv_idx = (this_mode == NEWFROMNEARMV) ? 1 : 0;

        for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + has_second_rf; ++ref)
          bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int = ref_mvs_sub8x8[mv_idx][ref].as_int;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost = INT64_MAX;
        if (!(inter_mode_mask & (1 << this_mode))) continue;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
        run_mv_search = 2;
#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        if (filter_idx > 0 && this_mode == NEWMV) {
          BEST_SEG_INFO *ref_bsi = bsi_buf;
          SEG_RDSTAT *ref_rdstat = &ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx];

          if (has_second_rf) {
            if (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int ==
                    ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int &&
                ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int != INVALID_MV)
              if (bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[0].as_int)
                --run_mv_search;

            if (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int ==
                    ref_rdstat->mvs[1].as_int &&
                ref_rdstat->mvs[1].as_int != INVALID_MV)
              if (bsi->ref_mv[1]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[1].as_int)
                --run_mv_search;
          } else {
            if (bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[0].as_int &&
                ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int != INVALID_MV) {
              run_mv_search = 0;
              seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int =
                  ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int;
            }
          }

          if (run_mv_search != 0 && filter_idx > 1) {
            ref_bsi = bsi_buf + 1;
            ref_rdstat = &ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx];
            run_mv_search = 2;

            if (has_second_rf) {
              if (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int ==
                      ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int &&
                  ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int != INVALID_MV)
                if (bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[0].as_int)
                  --run_mv_search;

              if (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int ==
                      ref_rdstat->mvs[1].as_int &&
                  ref_rdstat->mvs[1].as_int != INVALID_MV)
                if (bsi->ref_mv[1]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[1].as_int)
                  --run_mv_search;
            } else {
              if (bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int == ref_rdstat->pred_mv[0].as_int &&
                  ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int != INVALID_MV) {
                run_mv_search = 0;
                seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int =
                    ref_rdstat->mvs[0].as_int;
              }
            }
          }
        }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV

#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
        if (get_gmtype(&cm->global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[0]]) == GLOBAL_ZERO &&
            (!has_second_rf ||
             get_gmtype(&cm->global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[1]]) == GLOBAL_ZERO))
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION

          if (!check_best_zero_mv(cpi, mbmi_ext->mode_context,
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                  mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context,
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                  frame_mv, this_mode, mbmi->ref_frame, bsize,
                                  index))
            continue;

        memcpy(orig_pre, pd->pre, sizeof(orig_pre));
        memcpy(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta, t_above,
               sizeof(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta));
        memcpy(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl, t_left,
               sizeof(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl));
#if CONFIG_PVQ
        od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &idx_buf);
#endif

        // motion search for newmv (single predictor case only)
        if (!has_second_rf &&
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode) &&
            (seg_mvs[index][mv_idx][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int == INVALID_MV)
#else
            this_mode == NEWMV &&
            (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int == INVALID_MV ||
             run_mv_search)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                ) {
          int step_param = 0;
          int bestsme = INT_MAX;
          int sadpb = x->sadperbit4;
          MV mvp_full;
          int max_mv;
          int cost_list[5];
          int tmp_col_min = x->mv_col_min;
          int tmp_col_max = x->mv_col_max;
          int tmp_row_min = x->mv_row_min;
          int tmp_row_max = x->mv_row_max;

          /* Is the best so far sufficiently good that we cant justify doing
           * and new motion search. */
          if (new_best_rd < label_mv_thresh) break;

          if (cpi->oxcf.mode != BEST) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            bsi->mvp.as_int = bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int;
#else
// use previous block's result as next block's MV predictor.
#if !CONFIG_REF_MV
            if (index > 0) {
              bsi->mvp.as_int = mi->bmi[index - 1].as_mv[0].as_int;
              if (index == 2)
                bsi->mvp.as_int = mi->bmi[index - 2].as_mv[0].as_int;
            }
#endif
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          }
          max_mv = (index == 0) ? (int)x->max_mv_context[mbmi->ref_frame[0]]
                                : AOMMAX(abs(bsi->mvp.as_mv.row),
                                         abs(bsi->mvp.as_mv.col)) >>
                                      3;

          if (cpi->sf.mv.auto_mv_step_size && cm->show_frame) {
            // Take wtd average of the step_params based on the last frame's
            // max mv magnitude and the best ref mvs of the current block for
            // the given reference.
            step_param =
                (av1_init_search_range(max_mv) + cpi->mv_step_param) / 2;
          } else {
            step_param = cpi->mv_step_param;
          }

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          mvp_full.row = bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv.row >> 3;
          mvp_full.col = bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv.col >> 3;
#else
          mvp_full.row = bsi->mvp.as_mv.row >> 3;
          mvp_full.col = bsi->mvp.as_mv.col >> 3;
#endif

          if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) {
            mvp_full.row = x->pred_mv[mbmi->ref_frame[0]].row >> 3;
            mvp_full.col = x->pred_mv[mbmi->ref_frame[0]].col >> 3;
            step_param = AOMMAX(step_param, 8);
          }

          // adjust src pointer for this block
          mi_buf_shift(x, index);

          av1_set_mv_search_range(x, &bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv);

          x->best_mv.as_int = x->second_best_mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[0], 0, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif
          bestsme = av1_full_pixel_search(
              cpi, x, bsize, &mvp_full, step_param, sadpb,
              cpi->sf.mv.subpel_search_method != SUBPEL_TREE ? cost_list : NULL,
              &bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv, INT_MAX, 1);

          x->mv_col_min = tmp_col_min;
          x->mv_col_max = tmp_col_max;
          x->mv_row_min = tmp_row_min;
          x->mv_row_max = tmp_row_max;

          if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
            int distortion;
            if (cpi->sf.use_upsampled_references) {
              int best_mv_var;
              const int try_second =
                  x->second_best_mv.as_int != INVALID_MV &&
                  x->second_best_mv.as_int != x->best_mv.as_int;
              const int pw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
              const int ph = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
              // Use up-sampled reference frames.
              struct buf_2d backup_pred = pd->pre[0];
              const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *upsampled_ref =
                  get_upsampled_ref(cpi, mbmi->ref_frame[0]);

              // Set pred for Y plane
              setup_pred_plane(
                  &pd->pre[0], upsampled_ref->y_buffer,
                  upsampled_ref->y_crop_width, upsampled_ref->y_crop_height,
                  upsampled_ref->y_stride, (mi_row << 3), (mi_col << 3), NULL,
                  pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);

              // adjust pred pointer for this block
              pd->pre[0].buf =
                  &pd->pre[0].buf[(av1_raster_block_offset(BLOCK_8X8, index,
                                                           pd->pre[0].stride))
                                  << 3];

              best_mv_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
                  x, &bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
                  x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
                  cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost,
                  &distortion, &x->pred_sse[mbmi->ref_frame[0]], NULL, pw, ph,
                  1);

              if (try_second) {
                int this_var;
                MV best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
                const MV ref_mv = bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv;
                const int minc = AOMMAX(x->mv_col_min * 8, ref_mv.col - MV_MAX);
                const int maxc = AOMMIN(x->mv_col_max * 8, ref_mv.col + MV_MAX);
                const int minr = AOMMAX(x->mv_row_min * 8, ref_mv.row - MV_MAX);
                const int maxr = AOMMIN(x->mv_row_max * 8, ref_mv.row + MV_MAX);

                x->best_mv = x->second_best_mv;
                if (x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 <= maxr &&
                    x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 >= minr &&
                    x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 <= maxc &&
                    x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 >= minc) {
                  this_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
                      x, &bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
                      x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
                      cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
                      cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
                      cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), x->nmvjointcost,
                      x->mvcost, &distortion, &x->pred_sse[mbmi->ref_frame[0]],
                      NULL, pw, ph, 1);
                  if (this_var < best_mv_var) best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
                  x->best_mv.as_mv = best_mv;
                }
              }

              // Restore the reference frames.
              pd->pre[0] = backup_pred;
            } else {
              cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
                  x, &bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
                  x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
                  cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost,
                  &distortion, &x->pred_sse[mbmi->ref_frame[0]], NULL, 0, 0, 0);
            }

// save motion search result for use in compound prediction
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            seg_mvs[index][mv_idx][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
#else
            seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          }

          if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search)
            x->pred_mv[mbmi->ref_frame[0]] = x->best_mv.as_mv;

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          mode_mv[this_mode][0] = x->best_mv;
#else
          mode_mv[NEWMV][0] = x->best_mv;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

          // restore src pointers
          mi_buf_restore(x, orig_src, orig_pre);
        }

        if (has_second_rf) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          if (seg_mvs[index][mv_idx][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int == INVALID_MV ||
              seg_mvs[index][mv_idx][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int == INVALID_MV)
#else
          if (seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int == INVALID_MV ||
              seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int == INVALID_MV)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            continue;
        }

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        (void)run_mv_search;
#endif

        if (has_second_rf &&
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            this_mode == NEW_NEWMV &&
#else
            this_mode == NEWMV &&
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
            (mbmi->interp_filter[0] == EIGHTTAP_REGULAR || run_mv_search))
#else
            (mbmi->interp_filter == EIGHTTAP_REGULAR || run_mv_search))
#endif
        {
          // adjust src pointers
          mi_buf_shift(x, index);
          if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
            int rate_mv;
            joint_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, frame_mv[this_mode], mi_row,
                                mi_col,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                bsi->ref_mv, seg_mvs[index][mv_idx],
#else
                                seg_mvs[index],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                &rate_mv, index);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            compound_seg_newmvs[index][0].as_int =
                frame_mv[this_mode][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
            compound_seg_newmvs[index][1].as_int =
                frame_mv[this_mode][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
#else
            seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int =
                frame_mv[this_mode][mbmi->ref_frame[0]].as_int;
            seg_mvs[index][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int =
                frame_mv[this_mode][mbmi->ref_frame[1]].as_int;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          }
          // restore src pointers
          mi_buf_restore(x, orig_src, orig_pre);
        }

        bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate = set_and_cost_bmi_mvs(
            cpi, x, xd, index, this_mode, mode_mv[this_mode], frame_mv,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            seg_mvs[index][mv_idx], compound_seg_newmvs[index],
#else
            seg_mvs[index],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            bsi->ref_mv, x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost);

        for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + has_second_rf; ++ref) {
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int =
              mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_wide > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int =
                mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_high > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int =
                mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].pred_mv[ref].as_int =
              mi->bmi[index].pred_mv[ref].as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_wide > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].pred_mv[ref].as_int =
                mi->bmi[index].pred_mv[ref].as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_high > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].pred_mv[ref].as_int =
                mi->bmi[index].pred_mv[ref].as_int;
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ref_mv[ref].as_int =
              bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_wide > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].ref_mv[ref].as_int =
                bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int;
          if (num_4x4_blocks_high > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].ref_mv[ref].as_int =
                bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        }

        // Trap vectors that reach beyond the UMV borders
        if (mv_check_bounds(x, &mode_mv[this_mode][0].as_mv) ||
            (has_second_rf && mv_check_bounds(x, &mode_mv[this_mode][1].as_mv)))
          continue;

        if (filter_idx > 0) {
          BEST_SEG_INFO *ref_bsi = bsi_buf;
          subpelmv = 0;
          have_ref = 1;

          for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + has_second_rf; ++ref) {
            subpelmv |= mv_has_subpel(&mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_mv);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode))
              have_ref &=
                  ((mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int ==
                    ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int) &&
                   (bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int ==
                    ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ref_mv[ref].as_int));
            else
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
              have_ref &= mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int ==
                          ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int;
          }

          have_ref &= ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate > 0;

          if (filter_idx > 1 && !subpelmv && !have_ref) {
            ref_bsi = bsi_buf + 1;
            have_ref = 1;
            for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + has_second_rf; ++ref)
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
              if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode))
                have_ref &=
                    ((mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int ==
                      ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int) &&
                     (bsi->ref_mv[ref]->as_int ==
                      ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ref_mv[ref].as_int));
              else
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                have_ref &= mode_mv[this_mode][ref].as_int ==
                            ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[ref].as_int;

            have_ref &= ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate > 0;
          }

          if (!subpelmv && have_ref &&
              ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost < INT64_MAX) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate =
                ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate;
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bdist =
                ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bdist;
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bsse =
                ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bsse;
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate +=
                ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate;
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].eobs =
                ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].eobs;

            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost =
                RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate,
                       bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bdist);

            memcpy(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta,
                   ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta,
                   sizeof(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta));
            memcpy(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl,
                   ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl,
                   sizeof(bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl));
#else
            memcpy(&bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx],
                   &ref_bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx], sizeof(SEG_RDSTAT));
#endif
            if (num_4x4_blocks_wide > 1)
              bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].eobs =
                  ref_bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].eobs;
            if (num_4x4_blocks_high > 1)
              bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].eobs =
                  ref_bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].eobs;

            if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost < new_best_rd) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
              // If the NEWMV mode is using the same motion vector as the
              // NEARESTMV mode, skip the rest rate-distortion calculations
              // and use the inferred motion vector modes.
              if (this_mode == NEWMV) {
                if (has_second_rf) {
                  if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[0].as_int ==
                          bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int &&
                      bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[1].as_int ==
                          bsi->ref_mv[1]->as_int)
                    continue;
                } else {
                  if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[0].as_int ==
                      bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int)
                    continue;
                }
              }
#endif
              mode_selected = this_mode;
              new_best_rd = bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
              od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
            }
            continue;
          }
        }

        bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost = encode_inter_mb_segment(
            cpi, x, bsi->segment_rd - this_segment_rd, index,
            &bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate,
            &bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bdist,
            &bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bsse, bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta,
            bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl, idy, idx, mi_row, mi_col);

        if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost < INT64_MAX) {
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost += RDCOST(
              x->rdmult, x->rddiv, bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate, 0);
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate +=
              bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate;
          bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].eobs = p->eobs[index];
          if (num_4x4_blocks_wide > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 1][mode_idx].eobs = p->eobs[index + 1];
          if (num_4x4_blocks_high > 1)
            bsi->rdstat[index + 2][mode_idx].eobs = p->eobs[index + 2];
        }

        if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost < new_best_rd) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          // If the NEWMV mode is using the same motion vector as the
          // NEARESTMV mode, skip the rest rate-distortion calculations
          // and use the inferred motion vector modes.
          if (this_mode == NEWMV) {
            if (has_second_rf) {
              if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[0].as_int ==
                      bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int &&
                  bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[1].as_int ==
                      bsi->ref_mv[1]->as_int)
                continue;
            } else {
              if (bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].mvs[0].as_int ==
                  bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int)
                continue;
            }
          }
#endif
          mode_selected = this_mode;
          new_best_rd = bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost;

#if CONFIG_PVQ
          od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif
        }
      } /*for each 4x4 mode*/

      if (new_best_rd == INT64_MAX) {
        int iy, midx;
        for (iy = index + 1; iy < 4; ++iy)
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          for (midx = 0; midx < INTER_MODES + INTER_COMPOUND_MODES; ++midx)
#else
          for (midx = 0; midx < INTER_MODES; ++midx)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            bsi->rdstat[iy][midx].brdcost = INT64_MAX;
        bsi->segment_rd = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
        od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
        return INT64_MAX;
      }

      mode_idx = INTER_OFFSET(mode_selected);
      memcpy(t_above, bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ta, sizeof(t_above));
      memcpy(t_left, bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].tl, sizeof(t_left));
#if CONFIG_PVQ
      od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &post_buf);
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      mv_idx = (mode_selected == NEWFROMNEARMV) ? 1 : 0;
      bsi->ref_mv[0]->as_int = bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ref_mv[0].as_int;
      if (has_second_rf)
        bsi->ref_mv[1]->as_int = bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].ref_mv[1].as_int;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      set_and_cost_bmi_mvs(cpi, x, xd, index, mode_selected,
                           mode_mv[mode_selected], frame_mv,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                           seg_mvs[index][mv_idx], compound_seg_newmvs[index],
#else
                           seg_mvs[index],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                           bsi->ref_mv, x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost);

      br += bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brate;
      bd += bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bdist;
      block_sse += bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].bsse;
      segmentyrate += bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].byrate;
      this_segment_rd += bsi->rdstat[index][mode_idx].brdcost;

      if (this_segment_rd > bsi->segment_rd) {
        int iy, midx;
        for (iy = index + 1; iy < 4; ++iy)
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          for (midx = 0; midx < INTER_MODES + INTER_COMPOUND_MODES; ++midx)
#else
          for (midx = 0; midx < INTER_MODES; ++midx)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            bsi->rdstat[iy][midx].brdcost = INT64_MAX;
        bsi->segment_rd = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
        od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
    }
  } /* for each label */
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif

  bsi->r = br;
  bsi->d = bd;
  bsi->segment_yrate = segmentyrate;
  bsi->segment_rd = this_segment_rd;
  bsi->sse = block_sse;

  // update the coding decisions
  for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k) bsi->modes[k] = mi->bmi[k].as_mode;

  if (bsi->segment_rd > best_rd) return INT64_MAX;
  /* set it to the best */
  for (idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
    mode_idx = INTER_OFFSET(bsi->modes[idx]);
    mi->bmi[idx].as_mv[0].as_int = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].mvs[0].as_int;
    if (has_second_ref(mbmi))
      mi->bmi[idx].as_mv[1].as_int = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].mvs[1].as_int;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    mi->bmi[idx].pred_mv[0] = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].pred_mv[0];
    if (has_second_ref(mbmi))
      mi->bmi[idx].pred_mv[1] = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].pred_mv[1];
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    mi->bmi[idx].ref_mv[0].as_int = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].ref_mv[0].as_int;
    if (has_second_rf)
      mi->bmi[idx].ref_mv[1].as_int =
          bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].ref_mv[1].as_int;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    x->plane[0].eobs[idx] = bsi->rdstat[idx][mode_idx].eobs;
    mi->bmi[idx].as_mode = bsi->modes[idx];
  }

  /*
   * used to set mbmi->mv.as_int
   */
  *returntotrate = bsi->r;
  *returndistortion = bsi->d;
  *returnyrate = bsi->segment_yrate;
  *skippable = av1_is_skippable_in_plane(x, BLOCK_8X8, 0);
  *psse = bsi->sse;
  mbmi->mode = bsi->modes[3];

  return bsi->segment_rd;
}

static void estimate_ref_frame_costs(const AV1_COMMON *cm,
                                     const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int segment_id,
                                     unsigned int *ref_costs_single,
                                     unsigned int *ref_costs_comp,
                                     aom_prob *comp_mode_p) {
  int seg_ref_active =
      segfeature_active(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME);
  if (seg_ref_active) {
    memset(ref_costs_single, 0,
           TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME * sizeof(*ref_costs_single));
    memset(ref_costs_comp, 0, TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME * sizeof(*ref_costs_comp));
    *comp_mode_p = 128;
  } else {
    aom_prob intra_inter_p = av1_get_intra_inter_prob(cm, xd);
    aom_prob comp_inter_p = 128;

    if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) {
      comp_inter_p = av1_get_reference_mode_prob(cm, xd);
      *comp_mode_p = comp_inter_p;
    } else {
      *comp_mode_p = 128;
    }

    ref_costs_single[INTRA_FRAME] = av1_cost_bit(intra_inter_p, 0);

    if (cm->reference_mode != COMPOUND_REFERENCE) {
      aom_prob ref_single_p1 = av1_get_pred_prob_single_ref_p1(cm, xd);
      aom_prob ref_single_p2 = av1_get_pred_prob_single_ref_p2(cm, xd);
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      aom_prob ref_single_p3 = av1_get_pred_prob_single_ref_p3(cm, xd);
      aom_prob ref_single_p4 = av1_get_pred_prob_single_ref_p4(cm, xd);
      aom_prob ref_single_p5 = av1_get_pred_prob_single_ref_p5(cm, xd);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

      unsigned int base_cost = av1_cost_bit(intra_inter_p, 1);

      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] =
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] = ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] =
              ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] =
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                  ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] =
                      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] = base_cost;

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 0);
      ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 0);
      ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 0);
      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 0);
      ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 1);
      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 1);

      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p3, 0);
      ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p3, 0);
      ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p3, 1);
      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p3, 1);

      ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p2, 0);
      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p2, 1);

      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p4, 0);
      ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p4, 1);

      ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p5, 0);
      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p5, 1);
#else
      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 0);
      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 1);
      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p1, 1);

      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p2, 0);
      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_single_p2, 1);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    } else {
      ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] = 512;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] = 512;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] = 512;
    }

    if (cm->reference_mode != SINGLE_REFERENCE) {
      aom_prob ref_comp_p = av1_get_pred_prob_comp_ref_p(cm, xd);
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      aom_prob ref_comp_p1 = av1_get_pred_prob_comp_ref_p1(cm, xd);
      aom_prob ref_comp_p2 = av1_get_pred_prob_comp_ref_p2(cm, xd);
      aom_prob bwdref_comp_p = av1_get_pred_prob_comp_bwdref_p(cm, xd);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

      unsigned int base_cost = av1_cost_bit(intra_inter_p, 1);

      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME] =
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          ref_costs_comp[LAST2_FRAME] = ref_costs_comp[LAST3_FRAME] =
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
              ref_costs_comp[GOLDEN_FRAME] = base_cost;

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_comp[BWDREF_FRAME] = ref_costs_comp[ALTREF_FRAME] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS

#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 0);
      ref_costs_comp[LAST2_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 0);
      ref_costs_comp[LAST3_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 1);
      ref_costs_comp[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 1);

      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p1, 1);
      ref_costs_comp[LAST2_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p1, 0);

      ref_costs_comp[LAST3_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p2, 0);
      ref_costs_comp[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p2, 1);

      // NOTE(zoeliu): BWDREF and ALTREF each add an extra cost by coding 1
      //               more bit.
      ref_costs_comp[BWDREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(bwdref_comp_p, 0);
      ref_costs_comp[ALTREF_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(bwdref_comp_p, 1);
#else
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 0);
      ref_costs_comp[GOLDEN_FRAME] += av1_cost_bit(ref_comp_p, 1);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    } else {
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME] = 512;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_comp[LAST2_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[LAST3_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[BWDREF_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[ALTREF_FRAME] = 512;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      ref_costs_comp[GOLDEN_FRAME] = 512;
    }
  }
}

static void store_coding_context(MACROBLOCK *x, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                                 int mode_index,
                                 int64_t comp_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES],
                                 int skippable) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  // Take a snapshot of the coding context so it can be
  // restored if we decide to encode this way
  ctx->skip = x->skip;
  ctx->skippable = skippable;
  ctx->best_mode_index = mode_index;
  ctx->mic = *xd->mi[0];
  ctx->mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
  ctx->single_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[SINGLE_REFERENCE];
  ctx->comp_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[COMPOUND_REFERENCE];
  ctx->hybrid_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT];
}

static void setup_buffer_inter(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                               MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame,
                               BLOCK_SIZE block_size, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                               int_mv frame_nearest_mv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
                               int_mv frame_near_mv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
                               struct buf_2d yv12_mb[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME]
                                                    [MAX_MB_PLANE]) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 = get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, ref_frame);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
  int_mv *const candidates = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame];
  const struct scale_factors *const sf = &cm->frame_refs[ref_frame - 1].sf;
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;

  assert(yv12 != NULL);

  // TODO(jkoleszar): Is the UV buffer ever used here? If so, need to make this
  // use the UV scaling factors.
  av1_setup_pred_block(xd, yv12_mb[ref_frame], yv12, mi_row, mi_col, sf, sf);

  // Gets an initial list of candidate vectors from neighbours and orders them
  av1_find_mv_refs(
      cm, xd, mi, ref_frame,
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      &mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame], mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame],
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif
      candidates, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, NULL, mbmi_ext->mode_context);

  // Candidate refinement carried out at encoder and decoder
  av1_find_best_ref_mvs(cm->allow_high_precision_mv, candidates,
                        &frame_nearest_mv[ref_frame],
                        &frame_near_mv[ref_frame]);

  // Further refinement that is encode side only to test the top few candidates
  // in full and choose the best as the centre point for subsequent searches.
  // The current implementation doesn't support scaling.
  if (!av1_is_scaled(sf) && block_size >= BLOCK_8X8)
    av1_mv_pred(cpi, x, yv12_mb[ref_frame][0].buf, yv12->y_stride, ref_frame,
                block_size);
}

static void single_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                 BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                 int ref_idx, int mv_idx,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                                 int *rate_mv) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 } };
  int bestsme = INT_MAX;
  int step_param;
  int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
  MV mvp_full;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int ref = mbmi->ref_frame[ref_idx];
  MV ref_mv = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][mv_idx].as_mv;
#else
  int ref = mbmi->ref_frame[0];
  MV ref_mv = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][0].as_mv;
  int ref_idx = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  int tmp_col_min = x->mv_col_min;
  int tmp_col_max = x->mv_col_max;
  int tmp_row_min = x->mv_row_min;
  int tmp_row_max = x->mv_row_max;
  int cost_list[5];

  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *scaled_ref_frame =
      av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ref);

  MV pred_mv[3];
  pred_mv[0] = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][0].as_mv;
  pred_mv[1] = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][1].as_mv;
  pred_mv[2] = x->pred_mv[ref];

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    int i;
    // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
    // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
    // motion search code to be used without additional modifications.
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
      backup_yv12[i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx];

    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref_idx, scaled_ref_frame, mi_row, mi_col, NULL);
  }

  av1_set_mv_search_range(x, &ref_mv);

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  av1_set_mvcost(x, ref, ref_idx, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif

  // Work out the size of the first step in the mv step search.
  // 0 here is maximum length first step. 1 is AOMMAX >> 1 etc.
  if (cpi->sf.mv.auto_mv_step_size && cm->show_frame) {
    // Take wtd average of the step_params based on the last frame's
    // max mv magnitude and that based on the best ref mvs of the current
    // block for the given reference.
    step_param =
        (av1_init_search_range(x->max_mv_context[ref]) + cpi->mv_step_param) /
        2;
  } else {
    step_param = cpi->mv_step_param;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && bsize < cm->sb_size) {
    int boffset =
        2 * (b_width_log2_lookup[cm->sb_size] -
             AOMMIN(b_height_log2_lookup[bsize], b_width_log2_lookup[bsize]));
    step_param = AOMMAX(step_param, boffset);
  }

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) {
    int bwl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
    int bhl = b_height_log2_lookup[bsize];
    int tlevel = x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> (bwl + bhl + 4);

    if (tlevel < 5) step_param += 2;

    // prev_mv_sad is not setup for dynamically scaled frames.
    if (cpi->oxcf.resize_mode != RESIZE_DYNAMIC) {
      int i;
      for (i = LAST_FRAME; i <= ALTREF_FRAME && cm->show_frame; ++i) {
        if ((x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> 3) > x->pred_mv_sad[i]) {
          x->pred_mv[ref].row = 0;
          x->pred_mv[ref].col = 0;
          x->best_mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;

          if (scaled_ref_frame) {
            int j;
            for (j = 0; j < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++j)
              xd->plane[j].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[j];
          }
          return;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  av1_set_mv_search_range(x, &ref_mv);

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  if (mbmi->motion_mode != SIMPLE_TRANSLATION)
    mvp_full = mbmi->mv[0].as_mv;
  else
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    mvp_full = pred_mv[x->mv_best_ref_index[ref]];

  mvp_full.col >>= 3;
  mvp_full.row >>= 3;

  x->best_mv.as_int = x->second_best_mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  switch (mbmi->motion_mode) {
    case SIMPLE_TRANSLATION:
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
      bestsme = av1_full_pixel_search(cpi, x, bsize, &mvp_full, step_param,
                                      sadpb, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list),
                                      &ref_mv, INT_MAX, 1);
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
      break;
    case OBMC_CAUSAL:
      bestsme = av1_obmc_full_pixel_diamond(
          cpi, x, &mvp_full, step_param, sadpb,
          MAX_MVSEARCH_STEPS - 1 - step_param, 1, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], &ref_mv,
          &(x->best_mv.as_mv), 0);
      break;
    default: assert("Invalid motion mode!\n");
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

  x->mv_col_min = tmp_col_min;
  x->mv_col_max = tmp_col_max;
  x->mv_row_min = tmp_row_min;
  x->mv_row_max = tmp_row_max;

  if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
    int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    switch (mbmi->motion_mode) {
      case SIMPLE_TRANSLATION:
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
        if (cpi->sf.use_upsampled_references) {
          int best_mv_var;
          const int try_second = x->second_best_mv.as_int != INVALID_MV &&
                                 x->second_best_mv.as_int != x->best_mv.as_int;
          const int pw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
          const int ph = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
          // Use up-sampled reference frames.
          struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
          struct buf_2d backup_pred = pd->pre[ref_idx];
          const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *upsampled_ref = get_upsampled_ref(cpi, ref);

          // Set pred for Y plane
          setup_pred_plane(
              &pd->pre[ref_idx], upsampled_ref->y_buffer,
              upsampled_ref->y_crop_width, upsampled_ref->y_crop_height,
              upsampled_ref->y_stride, (mi_row << 3), (mi_col << 3), NULL,
              pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);

          best_mv_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
              x, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit,
              &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
              cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list),
              x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL, pw, ph,
              1);

          if (try_second) {
            const int minc = AOMMAX(x->mv_col_min * 8, ref_mv.col - MV_MAX);
            const int maxc = AOMMIN(x->mv_col_max * 8, ref_mv.col + MV_MAX);
            const int minr = AOMMAX(x->mv_row_min * 8, ref_mv.row - MV_MAX);
            const int maxr = AOMMIN(x->mv_row_max * 8, ref_mv.row + MV_MAX);
            int this_var;
            MV best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;

            x->best_mv = x->second_best_mv;
            if (x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 <= maxr &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 >= minr &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 <= maxc &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 >= minc) {
              this_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
                  x, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit,
                  &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
                  cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost,
                  &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL, pw, ph, 1);
              if (this_var < best_mv_var) best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
              x->best_mv.as_mv = best_mv;
            }
          }

          // Restore the reference frames.
          pd->pre[ref_idx] = backup_pred;
        } else {
          cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
              x, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit,
              &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
              cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list),
              x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL, 0, 0,
              0);
        }
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
        break;
      case OBMC_CAUSAL:
        av1_find_best_obmc_sub_pixel_tree_up(
            cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, &x->best_mv.as_mv, &ref_mv,
            cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
            cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop, cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
            x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], 0,
            cpi->sf.use_upsampled_references);
        break;
      default: assert("Invalid motion mode!\n");
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  }
  *rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&x->best_mv.as_mv, &ref_mv, x->nmvjointcost,
                             x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && mbmi->motion_mode == SIMPLE_TRANSLATION)
#else
  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search)
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    x->pred_mv[ref] = x->best_mv.as_mv;

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
      xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[i];
  }
}

static INLINE void restore_dst_buf(MACROBLOCKD *xd,
                                   uint8_t *orig_dst[MAX_MB_PLANE],
                                   int orig_dst_stride[MAX_MB_PLANE]) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
    xd->plane[i].dst.buf = orig_dst[i];
    xd->plane[i].dst.stride = orig_dst_stride[i];
  }
}

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
static void do_masked_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    const uint8_t *mask, int mask_stride,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                    int_mv *tmp_mv, int *rate_mv, int ref_idx,
                                    int mv_idx) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 } };
  int bestsme = INT_MAX;
  int step_param;
  int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
  MV mvp_full;
  int ref = mbmi->ref_frame[ref_idx];
  MV ref_mv = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][mv_idx].as_mv;

  int tmp_col_min = x->mv_col_min;
  int tmp_col_max = x->mv_col_max;
  int tmp_row_min = x->mv_row_min;
  int tmp_row_max = x->mv_row_max;

  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *scaled_ref_frame =
      av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ref);
  int i;

  MV pred_mv[3];
  pred_mv[0] = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][0].as_mv;
  pred_mv[1] = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref][1].as_mv;
  pred_mv[2] = x->pred_mv[ref];

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  av1_set_mvcost(x, ref, ref_idx, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
    // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
    // motion search code to be used without additional modifications.
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
      backup_yv12[i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx];

    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref_idx, scaled_ref_frame, mi_row, mi_col, NULL);
  }

  av1_set_mv_search_range(x, &ref_mv);

  // Work out the size of the first step in the mv step search.
  // 0 here is maximum length first step. 1 is MAX >> 1 etc.
  if (cpi->sf.mv.auto_mv_step_size && cm->show_frame) {
    // Take wtd average of the step_params based on the last frame's
    // max mv magnitude and that based on the best ref mvs of the current
    // block for the given reference.
    step_param =
        (av1_init_search_range(x->max_mv_context[ref]) + cpi->mv_step_param) /
        2;
  } else {
    step_param = cpi->mv_step_param;
  }

  // TODO(debargha): is show_frame needed here?
  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && bsize < cm->sb_size && cm->show_frame) {
    int boffset =
        2 * (b_width_log2_lookup[cm->sb_size] -
             AOMMIN(b_height_log2_lookup[bsize], b_width_log2_lookup[bsize]));
    step_param = AOMMAX(step_param, boffset);
  }

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) {
    int bwl = b_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
    int bhl = b_height_log2_lookup[bsize];
    int tlevel = x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> (bwl + bhl + 4);

    if (tlevel < 5) step_param += 2;

    // prev_mv_sad is not setup for dynamically scaled frames.
    if (cpi->oxcf.resize_mode != RESIZE_DYNAMIC) {
      for (i = LAST_FRAME; i <= ALTREF_FRAME && cm->show_frame; ++i) {
        if ((x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> 3) > x->pred_mv_sad[i]) {
          x->pred_mv[ref].row = 0;
          x->pred_mv[ref].col = 0;
          tmp_mv->as_int = INVALID_MV;

          if (scaled_ref_frame) {
            int j;
            for (j = 0; j < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++j)
              xd->plane[j].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[j];
          }
          return;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  mvp_full = pred_mv[x->mv_best_ref_index[ref]];

  mvp_full.col >>= 3;
  mvp_full.row >>= 3;

  bestsme = av1_masked_full_pixel_diamond(
      cpi, x, mask, mask_stride, &mvp_full, step_param, sadpb,
      MAX_MVSEARCH_STEPS - 1 - step_param, 1, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], &ref_mv,
      &tmp_mv->as_mv, ref_idx);

  x->mv_col_min = tmp_col_min;
  x->mv_col_max = tmp_col_max;
  x->mv_row_min = tmp_row_min;
  x->mv_row_max = tmp_row_max;

  if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
    int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
    av1_find_best_masked_sub_pixel_tree_up(
        cpi, x, mask, mask_stride, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_mv->as_mv, &ref_mv,
        cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
        cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop, cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
        x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], ref_idx,
        cpi->sf.use_upsampled_references);
  }
  *rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&tmp_mv->as_mv, &ref_mv, x->nmvjointcost,
                             x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && cm->show_frame)
    x->pred_mv[ref] = tmp_mv->as_mv;

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++)
      xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[i];
  }
}

static void do_masked_motion_search_indexed(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                            MACROBLOCK *x, int wedge_index,
                                            int wedge_sign, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                            int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                            int_mv *tmp_mv, int *rate_mv,
                                            int mv_idx[2], int which) {
  // NOTE: which values: 0 - 0 only, 1 - 1 only, 2 - both
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  BLOCK_SIZE sb_type = mbmi->sb_type;
  const uint8_t *mask;
  const int mask_stride = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, wedge_sign, sb_type);

  if (which == 0 || which == 2)
    do_masked_motion_search(cpi, x, mask, mask_stride, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                            &tmp_mv[0], &rate_mv[0], 0, mv_idx[0]);

  if (which == 1 || which == 2) {
    // get the negative mask
    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, !wedge_sign, sb_type);
    do_masked_motion_search(cpi, x, mask, mask_stride, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                            &tmp_mv[1], &rate_mv[1], 1, mv_idx[1]);
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

// In some situations we want to discount tha pparent cost of a new motion
// vector. Where there is a subtle motion field and especially where there is
// low spatial complexity then it can be hard to cover the cost of a new motion
// vector in a single block, even if that motion vector reduces distortion.
// However, once established that vector may be usable through the nearest and
// near mv modes to reduce distortion in subsequent blocks and also improve
// visual quality.
static int discount_newmv_test(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, int this_mode,
                               int_mv this_mv,
                               int_mv (*mode_mv)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
                               int ref_frame) {
  return (!cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref && (this_mode == NEWMV) &&
          (this_mv.as_int != 0) &&
          ((mode_mv[NEARESTMV][ref_frame].as_int == 0) ||
           (mode_mv[NEARESTMV][ref_frame].as_int == INVALID_MV)) &&
          ((mode_mv[NEARMV][ref_frame].as_int == 0) ||
           (mode_mv[NEARMV][ref_frame].as_int == INVALID_MV)));
}

#define LEFT_TOP_MARGIN ((AOM_BORDER_IN_PIXELS - AOM_INTERP_EXTEND) << 3)
#define RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN ((AOM_BORDER_IN_PIXELS - AOM_INTERP_EXTEND) << 3)

// TODO(jingning): this mv clamping function should be block size dependent.
static INLINE void clamp_mv2(MV *mv, const MACROBLOCKD *xd) {
  clamp_mv(mv, xd->mb_to_left_edge - LEFT_TOP_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_right_edge + RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_top_edge - LEFT_TOP_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_bottom_edge + RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN);
}

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
static int estimate_wedge_sign(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                               const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const uint8_t *pred0,
                               int stride0, const uint8_t *pred1, int stride1) {
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const uint8_t *src = p->src.buf;
  int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const int f_index = bsize - BLOCK_8X8;
  const int bw = 4 << (b_width_log2_lookup[bsize]);
  const int bh = 4 << (b_height_log2_lookup[bsize]);
  uint32_t esq[2][4], var;
  int64_t tl, br;

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (x->e_mbd.cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    pred0 = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(pred0);
    pred1 = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(pred1);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, pred0, stride0, &esq[0][0]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, pred0 + bw / 2,
                                stride0, &esq[0][1]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride, src_stride,
                                pred0 + bh / 2 * stride0, stride0, &esq[0][2]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride + bw / 2, src_stride,
                                pred0 + bh / 2 * stride0 + bw / 2, stride0,
                                &esq[0][3]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, pred1, stride1, &esq[1][0]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, pred1 + bw / 2,
                                stride1, &esq[1][1]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride, src_stride,
                                pred1 + bh / 2 * stride1, stride0, &esq[1][2]);
  var = cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride + bw / 2, src_stride,
                                pred1 + bh / 2 * stride1 + bw / 2, stride0,
                                &esq[1][3]);
  (void)var;

  tl = (int64_t)(esq[0][0] + esq[0][1] + esq[0][2]) -
       (int64_t)(esq[1][0] + esq[1][1] + esq[1][2]);
  br = (int64_t)(esq[1][3] + esq[1][1] + esq[1][2]) -
       (int64_t)(esq[0][3] + esq[0][1] + esq[0][2]);
  return (tl + br > 0);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

#if !CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
static InterpFilter predict_interp_filter(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x, const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
    const int mi_row, const int mi_col,
    InterpFilter (*single_filter)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME]) {
  InterpFilter best_filter = SWITCHABLE;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int bsl = mi_width_log2_lookup[bsize];
  int pred_filter_search =
      cpi->sf.cb_pred_filter_search
          ? (((mi_row + mi_col) >> bsl) +
             get_chessboard_index(cm->current_video_frame)) &
                0x1
          : 0;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const int this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                  (mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1]) };
  if (pred_filter_search) {
    InterpFilter af = SWITCHABLE, lf = SWITCHABLE;
    if (xd->up_available) af = xd->mi[-xd->mi_stride]->mbmi.interp_filter;
    if (xd->left_available) lf = xd->mi[-1]->mbmi.interp_filter;

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if ((this_mode != NEWMV && this_mode != NEWFROMNEARMV &&
         this_mode != NEW_NEWMV) ||
        (af == lf))
#else
    if ((this_mode != NEWMV) || (af == lf))
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      best_filter = af;
  }
  if (is_comp_pred) {
    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_mode_search) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      switch (this_mode) {
        case NEAREST_NEARESTMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEAREST_NEARMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[NEARMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEAR_NEARESTMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEAR_NEARMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]] == single_filter[NEARMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case ZERO_ZEROMV:
          if (single_filter[ZEROMV][refs[0]] == single_filter[ZEROMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[ZEROMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEW_NEWMV:
          if (single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]] == single_filter[NEWMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEAREST_NEWMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[NEWMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEAR_NEWMV:
          if (single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]] == single_filter[NEWMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEARMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEW_NEARESTMV:
          if (single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[NEARESTMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        case NEW_NEARMV:
          if (single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]] == single_filter[NEARMV][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[NEWMV][refs[0]];
          break;
        default:
          if (single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]] ==
              single_filter[this_mode][refs[1]])
            best_filter = single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]];
          break;
      }
#else
      if (single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]] ==
          single_filter[this_mode][refs[1]])
        best_filter = single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    }
  }
  if (x->source_variance < cpi->sf.disable_filter_search_var_thresh) {
    best_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
  }
  return best_filter;
}
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
// Choose the best wedge index and sign
static int64_t pick_wedge(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                          const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const uint8_t *const p0,
                          const uint8_t *const p1, int *const best_wedge_sign,
                          int *const best_wedge_index) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct buf_2d *const src = &x->plane[0].src;
  const int bw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int bh = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int N = bw * bh;
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  int64_t rd, best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int wedge_index;
  int wedge_sign;
  int wedge_types = (1 << get_wedge_bits_lookup(bsize));
  const uint8_t *mask;
  uint64_t sse;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  const int hbd = xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH;
  const int bd_round = hbd ? (xd->bd - 8) * 2 : 0;
#else
  const int bd_round = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, r0[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, r1[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, d10[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, ds[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);

  int64_t sign_limit;

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (hbd) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, r0, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw, xd->bd);
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, r1, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw, xd->bd);
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, d10, bw, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw, xd->bd);
  } else  // NOLINT
#endif    // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  {
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, r0, bw, src->buf, src->stride, p0, bw);
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, r1, bw, src->buf, src->stride, p1, bw);
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, d10, bw, p1, bw, p0, bw);
  }

  sign_limit = ((int64_t)aom_sum_squares_i16(r0, N) -
                (int64_t)aom_sum_squares_i16(r1, N)) *
               (1 << WEDGE_WEIGHT_BITS) / 2;

  av1_wedge_compute_delta_squares(ds, r0, r1, N);

  for (wedge_index = 0; wedge_index < wedge_types; ++wedge_index) {
    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, 0, bsize);
    wedge_sign = av1_wedge_sign_from_residuals(ds, mask, N, sign_limit);

    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, wedge_sign, bsize);
    sse = av1_wedge_sse_from_residuals(r1, d10, mask, N);
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, bd_round);

    model_rd_from_sse(cpi, xd, bsize, 0, sse, &rate, &dist);
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate, dist);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      *best_wedge_index = wedge_index;
      *best_wedge_sign = wedge_sign;
      best_rd = rd;
    }
  }

  return best_rd;
}

// Choose the best wedge index the specified sign
static int64_t pick_wedge_fixed_sign(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *const x,
    const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const uint8_t *const p0, const uint8_t *const p1,
    const int wedge_sign, int *const best_wedge_index) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct buf_2d *const src = &x->plane[0].src;
  const int bw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  const int bh = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int N = bw * bh;
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  int64_t rd, best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int wedge_index;
  int wedge_types = (1 << get_wedge_bits_lookup(bsize));
  const uint8_t *mask;
  uint64_t sse;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  const int hbd = xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH;
  const int bd_round = hbd ? (xd->bd - 8) * 2 : 0;
#else
  const int bd_round = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, r1[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, d10[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (hbd) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, r1, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw, xd->bd);
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, d10, bw, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw, xd->bd);
  } else  // NOLINT
#endif    // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  {
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, r1, bw, src->buf, src->stride, p1, bw);
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, d10, bw, p1, bw, p0, bw);
  }

  for (wedge_index = 0; wedge_index < wedge_types; ++wedge_index) {
    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, wedge_sign, bsize);
    sse = av1_wedge_sse_from_residuals(r1, d10, mask, N);
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, bd_round);

    model_rd_from_sse(cpi, xd, bsize, 0, sse, &rate, &dist);
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate, dist);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      *best_wedge_index = wedge_index;
      best_rd = rd;
    }
  }

  return best_rd;
}

static int64_t pick_interinter_wedge(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                     const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                     const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                     const uint8_t *const p0,
                                     const uint8_t *const p1) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const int bw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];

  int64_t rd;
  int wedge_index = -1;
  int wedge_sign = 0;

  assert(is_interinter_wedge_used(bsize));

  if (cpi->sf.fast_wedge_sign_estimate) {
    wedge_sign = estimate_wedge_sign(cpi, x, bsize, p0, bw, p1, bw);
    rd = pick_wedge_fixed_sign(cpi, x, bsize, p0, p1, wedge_sign, &wedge_index);
  } else {
    rd = pick_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, p0, p1, &wedge_sign, &wedge_index);
  }

  mbmi->interinter_wedge_sign = wedge_sign;
  mbmi->interinter_wedge_index = wedge_index;
  return rd;
}

static int64_t pick_interintra_wedge(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                     const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                     const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                     const uint8_t *const p0,
                                     const uint8_t *const p1) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;

  int64_t rd;
  int wedge_index = -1;

  assert(is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize));

  rd = pick_wedge_fixed_sign(cpi, x, bsize, p0, p1, 0, &wedge_index);

  mbmi->interintra_wedge_sign = 0;
  mbmi->interintra_wedge_index = wedge_index;
  return rd;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

static int64_t handle_inter_mode(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int *rate2,
    int64_t *distortion, int *skippable, int *rate_y, int *rate_uv,
    int *disable_skip, int_mv (*mode_mv)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME], int mi_row,
    int mi_col,
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    uint8_t *above_pred_buf[3], int above_pred_stride[3],
    uint8_t *left_pred_buf[3], int left_pred_stride[3],
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int_mv single_newmvs[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
    int single_newmvs_rate[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
    int *compmode_interintra_cost, int *compmode_wedge_cost,
    int64_t (*const modelled_rd)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#else
    int_mv single_newmv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    InterpFilter (*single_filter)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME],
    int (*single_skippable)[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME], int64_t *psse,
    const int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const int this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  int_mv *frame_mv = mode_mv[this_mode];
  int i;
  int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                  (mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1]) };
  int_mv cur_mv[2];
  int rate_mv = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int pred_exists = 1;
  const int bw = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
  int mv_idx = (this_mode == NEWFROMNEARMV) ? 1 : 0;
  int_mv single_newmv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  const unsigned int *const interintra_mode_cost =
      cpi->interintra_mode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  const int is_comp_interintra_pred = (mbmi->ref_frame[1] == INTRA_FRAME);
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);
#endif
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf_[2 * MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
#else
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf_[MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  uint8_t *tmp_buf;

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
  int allow_motvar =
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      !is_comp_interintra_pred &&
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      is_motion_variation_allowed(mbmi);
  int rate2_nocoeff = 0, best_rate2 = INT_MAX, best_skippable, best_xskip,
      best_disable_skip = 0;
  int best_rate_y, best_rate_uv;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MB_PLANE][MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE * 4];
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX
  int64_t best_distortion = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int rate2_bmc_nocoeff;
  int rate_mv_bmc;
  MB_MODE_INFO best_bmc_mbmi;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  uint8_t *orig_dst[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int orig_dst_stride[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  uint8_t *tmp_dst[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int tmp_dst_stride[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int rs = 0;
  InterpFilter assign_filter = SWITCHABLE;

  int skip_txfm_sb = 0;
  int64_t skip_sse_sb = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t distortion_y = 0, distortion_uv = 0;
  int16_t mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->mode_context[refs[0]];

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  *compmode_interintra_cost = 0;
  mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
  *compmode_wedge_cost = 0;
  mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 0;

  // is_comp_interintra_pred implies !is_comp_pred
  assert(!is_comp_interintra_pred || (!is_comp_pred));
  // is_comp_interintra_pred implies is_interintra_allowed(mbmi->sb_type)
  assert(!is_comp_interintra_pred || is_interintra_allowed(mbmi));
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (is_comp_pred)
    mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context[refs[0]];
  else
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    mode_ctx = av1_mode_context_analyzer(mbmi_ext->mode_context,
                                         mbmi->ref_frame, bsize, -1);
#endif

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    tmp_buf = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf_);
  else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    tmp_buf = tmp_buf_;

  if (is_comp_pred) {
    if (frame_mv[refs[0]].as_int == INVALID_MV ||
        frame_mv[refs[1]].as_int == INVALID_MV)
      return INT64_MAX;
  }

  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
    if (is_comp_pred) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        single_newmv[refs[i]].as_int = single_newmvs[mv_idx][refs[i]].as_int;
      }

      if (this_mode == NEW_NEWMV) {
        frame_mv[refs[0]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[0]].as_int;
        frame_mv[refs[1]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[1]].as_int;

        if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
          joint_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, frame_mv, mi_row, mi_col, NULL,
                              single_newmv, &rate_mv, 0);
        } else {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[0], 0, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV
          rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[0]].as_mv,
                                    &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[0]][0].as_mv,
                                    x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
          av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[1], 1, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV
          rate_mv += av1_mv_bit_cost(
              &frame_mv[refs[1]].as_mv, &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[1]][0].as_mv,
              x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
        }
      } else if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEWMV) {
        frame_mv[refs[1]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[1]].as_int;
        rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[1]].as_mv,
                                  &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[1]][0].as_mv,
                                  x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
      } else {
        frame_mv[refs[0]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[0]].as_int;
        rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[0]].as_mv,
                                  &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[0]][0].as_mv,
                                  x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
      }
#else
      // Initialize mv using single prediction mode result.
      frame_mv[refs[0]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[0]].as_int;
      frame_mv[refs[1]].as_int = single_newmv[refs[1]].as_int;

      if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
        joint_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, frame_mv, mi_row, mi_col,
                            single_newmv, &rate_mv, 0);
      } else {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
        av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[0], 0, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV
        rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[0]].as_mv,
                                  &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[0]][0].as_mv,
                                  x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
        av1_set_mvcost(x, mbmi->ref_frame[1], 1, mbmi->ref_mv_idx);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV
        rate_mv += av1_mv_bit_cost(&frame_mv[refs[1]].as_mv,
                                   &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[refs[1]][0].as_mv,
                                   x->nmvjointcost, x->mvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    } else {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (is_comp_interintra_pred) {
        x->best_mv = single_newmvs[mv_idx][refs[0]];
        rate_mv = single_newmvs_rate[mv_idx][refs[0]];
      } else {
        single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, 0, mv_idx,
                             &rate_mv);
        single_newmvs[mv_idx][refs[0]] = x->best_mv;
        single_newmvs_rate[mv_idx][refs[0]] = rate_mv;
      }
#else
      single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_mv);
      single_newmv[refs[0]] = x->best_mv;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

      if (x->best_mv.as_int == INVALID_MV) return INT64_MAX;

      frame_mv[refs[0]] = x->best_mv;
      xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[0] = x->best_mv;

      // Estimate the rate implications of a new mv but discount this
      // under certain circumstances where we want to help initiate a weak
      // motion field, where the distortion gain for a single block may not
      // be enough to overcome the cost of a new mv.
      if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, this_mode, x->best_mv, mode_mv, refs[0])) {
        rate_mv = AOMMAX((rate_mv / NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR), 1);
      }
    }
    *rate2 += rate_mv;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < is_comp_pred + 1; ++i) {
    cur_mv[i] = frame_mv[refs[i]];
// Clip "next_nearest" so that it does not extend to far out of image
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (this_mode != NEWMV && this_mode != NEWFROMNEARMV)
#else
    if (this_mode != NEWMV)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[i].as_mv, xd);

    if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[i].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
    mbmi->mv[i].as_int = cur_mv[i].as_int;
  }

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEARESTMV)
#else
  if (this_mode == NEARESTMV && is_comp_pred)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  {
#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);
#endif
    if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 0) {
      cur_mv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].this_mv;
      cur_mv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].comp_mv;

      for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[i].as_mv, xd);
        if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[i].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
        mbmi->mv[i].as_int = cur_mv[i].as_int;
      }
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 0) {
    if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAREST_NEARMV) {
      cur_mv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].this_mv;

      lower_mv_precision(&cur_mv[0].as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv);
      clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[0].as_mv, xd);
      if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[0].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
      mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
    }

    if (this_mode == NEW_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEARESTMV) {
      cur_mv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].comp_mv;

      lower_mv_precision(&cur_mv[1].as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv);
      clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[1].as_mv, xd);
      if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[1].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
      mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
    }
  }

  if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 1) {
    if (this_mode == NEAR_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEARESTMV ||
        this_mode == NEAR_NEARMV) {
      cur_mv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][1].this_mv;

      lower_mv_precision(&cur_mv[0].as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv);
      clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[0].as_mv, xd);
      if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[0].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
      mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
    }

    if (this_mode == NEW_NEARMV || this_mode == NEAREST_NEARMV ||
        this_mode == NEAR_NEARMV) {
      cur_mv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][1].comp_mv;

      lower_mv_precision(&cur_mv[1].as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv);
      clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[1].as_mv, xd);
      if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[1].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
      mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
    }
  }
#else
  if (this_mode == NEARMV && is_comp_pred) {
    uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);
    if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 1) {
      int ref_mv_idx = mbmi->ref_mv_idx + 1;
      cur_mv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][ref_mv_idx].this_mv;
      cur_mv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][ref_mv_idx].comp_mv;

      for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        clamp_mv2(&cur_mv[i].as_mv, xd);
        if (mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv[i].as_mv)) return INT64_MAX;
        mbmi->mv[i].as_int = cur_mv[i].as_int;
      }
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV

  // do first prediction into the destination buffer. Do the next
  // prediction into a temporary buffer. Then keep track of which one
  // of these currently holds the best predictor, and use the other
  // one for future predictions. In the end, copy from tmp_buf to
  // dst if necessary.
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
    tmp_dst[i] = tmp_buf + i * MAX_SB_SQUARE;
    tmp_dst_stride[i] = MAX_SB_SIZE;
  }
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
    orig_dst[i] = xd->plane[i].dst.buf;
    orig_dst_stride[i] = xd->plane[i].dst.stride;
  }

  // We don't include the cost of the second reference here, because there
  // are only three options: Last/Golden, ARF/Last or Golden/ARF, or in other
  // words if you present them in that order, the second one is always known
  // if the first is known.
  //
  // Under some circumstances we discount the cost of new mv mode to encourage
  // initiation of a motion field.
  if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, this_mode, frame_mv[refs[0]], mode_mv,
                          refs[0])) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    *rate2 += AOMMIN(cost_mv_ref(cpi, this_mode, is_comp_pred, mode_ctx),
                     cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARESTMV, is_comp_pred, mode_ctx));
#else
    *rate2 += AOMMIN(cost_mv_ref(cpi, this_mode, mode_ctx),
                     cost_mv_ref(cpi, NEARESTMV, mode_ctx));
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  } else {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    *rate2 += cost_mv_ref(cpi, this_mode, is_comp_pred, mode_ctx);
#else
    *rate2 += cost_mv_ref(cpi, this_mode, mode_ctx);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }

  if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *rate2, 0) > ref_best_rd &&
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      mbmi->mode != NEARESTMV && mbmi->mode != NEAREST_NEARESTMV
#else
      mbmi->mode != NEARESTMV
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      )
    return INT64_MAX;

  if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
#if !CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    assign_filter =
        predict_interp_filter(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, single_filter);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP || CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd)) assign_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif
  } else {
    assign_filter = cm->interp_filter;
  }

  {  // Do interpolation filter search in the parentheses
    int tmp_rate;
    int64_t tmp_dist;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    mbmi->interp_filter[0] =
        assign_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : assign_filter;
    mbmi->interp_filter[1] =
        assign_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : assign_filter;
    mbmi->interp_filter[2] =
        assign_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : assign_filter;
    mbmi->interp_filter[3] =
        assign_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : assign_filter;
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter =
        assign_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : assign_filter;
#endif
    rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, MAX_MB_PLANE - 1, &tmp_rate,
                    &tmp_dist, &skip_txfm_sb, &skip_sse_sb);
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs + tmp_rate, tmp_dist);

    if (assign_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
      // do interp_filter search
      if (av1_is_interp_needed(xd)) {
        int best_in_temp = 0;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        InterpFilter best_filter[4];
        av1_copy(best_filter, mbmi->interp_filter);
#else
        InterpFilter best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif
        restore_dst_buf(xd, tmp_dst, tmp_dst_stride);
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        // EIGHTTAP_REGULAR mode is calculated beforehand
        for (i = 1; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS * SWITCHABLE_FILTERS; ++i)
#else
        // EIGHTTAP_REGULAR mode is calculated beforehand
        for (i = 1; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS; ++i)
#endif
        {
          int tmp_skip_sb = 0;
          int64_t tmp_skip_sse = INT64_MAX;
          int tmp_rs;
          int64_t tmp_rd;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          mbmi->interp_filter[0] = filter_sets[i][0];
          mbmi->interp_filter[1] = filter_sets[i][1];
          mbmi->interp_filter[2] = filter_sets[i][0];
          mbmi->interp_filter[3] = filter_sets[i][1];
#else
          mbmi->interp_filter = i;
#endif
          tmp_rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
          av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
          model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, MAX_MB_PLANE - 1, &tmp_rate,
                          &tmp_dist, &tmp_skip_sb, &tmp_skip_sse);
          tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, tmp_rs + tmp_rate, tmp_dist);

          if (tmp_rd < rd) {
            rd = tmp_rd;
            rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
            av1_copy(best_filter, mbmi->interp_filter);
#else
            best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif
            skip_txfm_sb = tmp_skip_sb;
            skip_sse_sb = tmp_skip_sse;
            best_in_temp = !best_in_temp;
            if (best_in_temp) {
              restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
            } else {
              restore_dst_buf(xd, tmp_dst, tmp_dst_stride);
            }
          }
        }
        if (best_in_temp) {
          restore_dst_buf(xd, tmp_dst, tmp_dst_stride);
        } else {
          restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
        }
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        av1_copy(mbmi->interp_filter, best_filter);
#else
        mbmi->interp_filter = best_filter;
#endif
      } else {
#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTERP && !CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        int tmp_rs;
        InterpFilter best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
        rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
        for (i = 1; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS; ++i) {
          mbmi->interp_filter = i;
          tmp_rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
          if (tmp_rs < rs) {
            rs = tmp_rs;
            best_filter = i;
          }
        }
        mbmi->interp_filter = best_filter;
#else
        assert(0);
#endif
      }
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  best_bmc_mbmi = *mbmi;
  rate_mv_bmc = rate_mv;
  rate2_bmc_nocoeff = *rate2;
  if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) rate2_bmc_nocoeff += rs;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

  if (is_comp_pred && is_interinter_wedge_used(bsize)) {
    int rate_sum, rs2;
    int64_t dist_sum;
    int64_t best_rd_nowedge = INT64_MAX;
    int64_t best_rd_wedge = INT64_MAX;
    int tmp_skip_txfm_sb;
    int64_t tmp_skip_sse_sb;

    rs2 = av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interinter_prob[bsize], 0);
    mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 0;
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
    rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                             &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
    if (rd != INT64_MAX)
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs2 + rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
    best_rd_nowedge = rd;

    // Disbale wedge search if source variance is small
    if (x->source_variance > cpi->sf.disable_wedge_search_var_thresh &&
        best_rd_nowedge / 3 < ref_best_rd) {
      uint8_t pred0[2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE];
      uint8_t pred1[2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE];
      uint8_t *preds0[1] = { pred0 };
      uint8_t *preds1[1] = { pred1 };
      int strides[1] = { bw };

      mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 1;
      rs2 = av1_cost_literal(get_interinter_wedge_bits(bsize)) +
            av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interinter_prob[bsize], 1);

      av1_build_inter_predictors_for_planes_single_buf(
          xd, bsize, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, 0, preds0, strides);
      av1_build_inter_predictors_for_planes_single_buf(
          xd, bsize, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, 1, preds1, strides);

      // Choose the best wedge
      best_rd_wedge = pick_interinter_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, pred0, pred1);
      best_rd_wedge += RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs2 + rate_mv, 0);

      if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
        int_mv tmp_mv[2];
        int rate_mvs[2], tmp_rate_mv = 0;
        if (this_mode == NEW_NEWMV) {
          int mv_idxs[2] = { 0, 0 };
          do_masked_motion_search_indexed(
              cpi, x, mbmi->interinter_wedge_index, mbmi->interinter_wedge_sign,
              bsize, mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, rate_mvs, mv_idxs, 2);
          tmp_rate_mv = rate_mvs[0] + rate_mvs[1];
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv[0].as_int;
          mbmi->mv[1].as_int = tmp_mv[1].as_int;
        } else if (this_mode == NEW_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEW_NEARMV) {
          int mv_idxs[2] = { 0, 0 };
          do_masked_motion_search_indexed(
              cpi, x, mbmi->interinter_wedge_index, mbmi->interinter_wedge_sign,
              bsize, mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, rate_mvs, mv_idxs, 0);
          tmp_rate_mv = rate_mvs[0];
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv[0].as_int;
        } else if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEWMV) {
          int mv_idxs[2] = { 0, 0 };
          do_masked_motion_search_indexed(
              cpi, x, mbmi->interinter_wedge_index, mbmi->interinter_wedge_sign,
              bsize, mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, rate_mvs, mv_idxs, 1);
          tmp_rate_mv = rate_mvs[1];
          mbmi->mv[1].as_int = tmp_mv[1].as_int;
        }
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
        model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                        &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb);
        rd =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs2 + tmp_rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
        if (rd < best_rd_wedge) {
          best_rd_wedge = rd;
        } else {
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
          mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
          tmp_rate_mv = rate_mv;
          av1_build_wedge_inter_predictor_from_buf(xd, bsize, 0, 0, preds0,
                                                   strides, preds1, strides);
        }
        av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
        rd =
            estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                                &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
        if (rd != INT64_MAX)
          rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs2 + tmp_rate_mv + rate_sum,
                      dist_sum);
        best_rd_wedge = rd;

        if (best_rd_wedge < best_rd_nowedge) {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 1;
          xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
          xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[1].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int;
          *rate2 += tmp_rate_mv - rate_mv;
          rate_mv = tmp_rate_mv;
        } else {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 0;
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
          mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
          xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
          xd->mi[0]->bmi[0].as_mv[1].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int;
        }
      } else {
        av1_build_wedge_inter_predictor_from_buf(xd, bsize, 0, 0, preds0,
                                                 strides, preds1, strides);
        av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
        rd =
            estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                                &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
        if (rd != INT64_MAX)
          rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs2 + rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
        best_rd_wedge = rd;
        if (best_rd_wedge < best_rd_nowedge) {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 1;
        } else {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 0;
        }
      }
    }
    if (ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX &&
        AOMMIN(best_rd_wedge, best_rd_nowedge) / 3 > ref_best_rd)
      return INT64_MAX;

    pred_exists = 0;

    if (mbmi->use_wedge_interinter)
      *compmode_wedge_cost =
          av1_cost_literal(get_interinter_wedge_bits(bsize)) +
          av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interinter_prob[bsize], 1);
    else
      *compmode_wedge_cost =
          av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interinter_prob[bsize], 0);
  }

  if (is_comp_interintra_pred) {
    INTERINTRA_MODE best_interintra_mode = II_DC_PRED;
    int64_t best_interintra_rd = INT64_MAX;
    int rmode, rate_sum;
    int64_t dist_sum;
    int j;
    int64_t best_interintra_rd_nowedge = INT64_MAX;
    int64_t best_interintra_rd_wedge = INT64_MAX;
    int rwedge;
    int_mv tmp_mv;
    int tmp_rate_mv = 0;
    int tmp_skip_txfm_sb;
    int64_t tmp_skip_sse_sb;
    DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, intrapred_[2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
    uint8_t *intrapred;

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
      intrapred = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(intrapred_);
    else
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      intrapred = intrapred_;

    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
    for (j = 0; j < MAX_MB_PLANE; j++) {
      xd->plane[j].dst.buf = tmp_buf + j * MAX_SB_SQUARE;
      xd->plane[j].dst.stride = bw;
    }
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = INTRA_FRAME;
    mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;

    for (j = 0; j < INTERINTRA_MODES; ++j) {
      mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)j;
      rmode = interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
      av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, intrapred, bw);
      av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
      model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                      &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb);
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs + tmp_rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
      if (rd < best_interintra_rd) {
        best_interintra_rd = rd;
        best_interintra_mode = mbmi->interintra_mode;
      }
    }
    mbmi->interintra_mode = best_interintra_mode;
    rmode = interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
    av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, intrapred, bw);
    av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
    av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
    rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                             &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
    if (rd != INT64_MAX)
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_mv + rmode + rate_sum, dist_sum);
    best_interintra_rd = rd;

    if (ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX && best_interintra_rd > 2 * ref_best_rd) {
      return INT64_MAX;
    }
    if (is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize)) {
      rwedge = av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interintra_prob[bsize], 0);
      if (rd != INT64_MAX)
        rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rmode + rate_mv + rwedge + rate_sum,
                    dist_sum);
      best_interintra_rd_nowedge = rd;

      // Disbale wedge search if source variance is small
      if (x->source_variance > cpi->sf.disable_wedge_search_var_thresh) {
        mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 1;

        rwedge = av1_cost_literal(get_interintra_wedge_bits(bsize)) +
                 av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->wedge_interintra_prob[bsize], 1);

        best_interintra_rd_wedge =
            pick_interintra_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, intrapred_, tmp_buf_);

        best_interintra_rd_wedge +=
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rmode + rate_mv + rwedge, 0);
        // Refine motion vector.
        if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
          // get negative of mask
          const uint8_t *mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(
              mbmi->interintra_wedge_index, 1, bsize);
          do_masked_motion_search(cpi, x, mask, bw, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                  &tmp_mv, &tmp_rate_mv, 0, mv_idx);
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv.as_int;
          av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
          model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                          &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb);
          rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                      rmode + tmp_rate_mv + rwedge + rate_sum, dist_sum);
          if (rd < best_interintra_rd_wedge) {
            best_interintra_rd_wedge = rd;
          } else {
            tmp_mv.as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
            tmp_rate_mv = rate_mv;
          }
        } else {
          tmp_mv.as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
          tmp_rate_mv = rate_mv;
          av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
        }
        // Evaluate closer to true rd
        av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
        rd =
            estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                                &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
        if (rd != INT64_MAX)
          rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                      rmode + tmp_rate_mv + rwedge + rate_sum, dist_sum);
        best_interintra_rd_wedge = rd;
        if (best_interintra_rd_wedge < best_interintra_rd_nowedge) {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 1;
          best_interintra_rd = best_interintra_rd_wedge;
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv.as_int;
          *rate2 += tmp_rate_mv - rate_mv;
          rate_mv = tmp_rate_mv;
        } else {
          mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
          best_interintra_rd = best_interintra_rd_nowedge;
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
        }
      } else {
        mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
        best_interintra_rd = best_interintra_rd_nowedge;
      }
    }

    pred_exists = 0;
    *compmode_interintra_cost =
        av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->interintra_prob[size_group_lookup[bsize]], 1);
    *compmode_interintra_cost += interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
    if (is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize)) {
      *compmode_interintra_cost += av1_cost_bit(
          cm->fc->wedge_interintra_prob[bsize], mbmi->use_wedge_interintra);
      if (mbmi->use_wedge_interintra) {
        *compmode_interintra_cost +=
            av1_cost_literal(get_interintra_wedge_bits(bsize));
      }
    }
  } else if (is_interintra_allowed(mbmi)) {
    *compmode_interintra_cost =
        av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->interintra_prob[size_group_lookup[bsize]], 0);
  }

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
  if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) mbmi->interp_filter[i] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif
    pred_exists = 0;
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
  if (pred_exists == 0) {
    int tmp_rate;
    int64_t tmp_dist;
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
    model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, MAX_MB_PLANE - 1, &tmp_rate,
                    &tmp_dist, &skip_txfm_sb, &skip_sse_sb);
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs + tmp_rate, tmp_dist);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  if (!is_comp_pred) single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]] = mbmi->interp_filter[0];
#else
  if (!is_comp_pred) single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]] = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  if (modelled_rd != NULL) {
    if (is_comp_pred) {
      const int mode0 = compound_ref0_mode(this_mode);
      const int mode1 = compound_ref1_mode(this_mode);
      int64_t mrd =
          AOMMIN(modelled_rd[mode0][refs[0]], modelled_rd[mode1][refs[1]]);
      if (rd / 4 * 3 > mrd && ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX) {
        restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
    } else if (!is_comp_interintra_pred) {
      modelled_rd[this_mode][refs[0]] = rd;
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  if (cpi->sf.use_rd_breakout && ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX) {
    // if current pred_error modeled rd is substantially more than the best
    // so far, do not bother doing full rd
    if (rd / 2 > ref_best_rd) {
      restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
      return INT64_MAX;
    }
  }

  if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) *rate2 += rs;
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  rate2_nocoeff = *rate2;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
  best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  for (mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
       mbmi->motion_mode < (allow_motvar ? MOTION_MODES : 1);
       mbmi->motion_mode++) {
    int64_t tmp_rd = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int tmp_rate2 = mbmi->motion_mode != SIMPLE_TRANSLATION ? rate2_bmc_nocoeff
                                                            : rate2_nocoeff;
#else
    int tmp_rate2 = rate2_nocoeff;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    InterpFilter obmc_interp_filter[2][2] = {
      { mbmi->interp_filter[0], mbmi->interp_filter[1] },  // obmc == 0
      { mbmi->interp_filter[0], mbmi->interp_filter[1] }   // obmc == 1
    };
#else
    InterpFilter obmc_interp_filter[2] = {
      mbmi->interp_filter,  // obmc == 0
      mbmi->interp_filter   // obmc == 1
    };
#endif  // CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    int tmp_rate;
    int64_t tmp_dist;
    if (mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      *mbmi = best_bmc_mbmi;
      mbmi->motion_mode = OBMC_CAUSAL;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (!is_comp_pred && have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
        int tmp_rate_mv = 0;

        single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                             0, mv_idx,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                             &tmp_rate_mv);
        mbmi->mv[0].as_int = x->best_mv.as_int;
        if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, this_mode, mbmi->mv[0], mode_mv,
                                refs[0])) {
          tmp_rate_mv = AOMMAX((tmp_rate_mv / NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR), 1);
        }
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        tmp_rate2 = rate2_bmc_nocoeff - rate_mv_bmc + tmp_rate_mv;
#else
        tmp_rate2 = rate2_nocoeff - rate_mv + tmp_rate_mv;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        if (!has_subpel_mv_component(xd->mi[0], xd, 0))
          obmc_interp_filter[1][0] = mbmi->interp_filter[0] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
        if (!has_subpel_mv_component(xd->mi[0], xd, 1))
          obmc_interp_filter[1][1] = mbmi->interp_filter[1] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#else
        if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd))
          obmc_interp_filter[1] = mbmi->interp_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif  // CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        // This is not quite correct with CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER when a filter
        // is needed in only one direction
        if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd)) tmp_rate2 -= rs;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      } else {
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      }
      av1_build_obmc_inter_prediction(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, above_pred_buf,
                                      above_pred_stride, left_pred_buf,
                                      left_pred_stride);
      model_rd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, MAX_MB_PLANE - 1, &tmp_rate,
                      &tmp_dist, &skip_txfm_sb, &skip_sse_sb);
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

#if CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
    if (mbmi->motion_mode == WARPED_CAUSAL) {
      // TODO(yuec): Add code
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
    x->skip = 0;

    *rate2 = tmp_rate2;
    if (allow_motvar) *rate2 += cpi->motion_mode_cost[bsize][mbmi->motion_mode];
    *distortion = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
    if (!skip_txfm_sb) {
      int skippable_y, skippable_uv;
      int64_t sseuv = INT64_MAX;
      int64_t rdcosty = INT64_MAX;
      int is_cost_valid_uv = 0;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      RD_STATS rd_stats_uv;
#endif

// Y cost and distortion
#if !CONFIG_PVQ
      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
#endif
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
        select_tx_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, ref_best_rd);
        *rate_y = rd_stats_y.rate;
        distortion_y = rd_stats_y.dist;
        skippable_y = rd_stats_y.skip;
        *psse = rd_stats_y.sse;
      } else {
        int idx, idy;
        super_block_yrd(cpi, x, rate_y, &distortion_y, &skippable_y, psse,
                        bsize, ref_best_rd);
        for (idy = 0; idy < xd->n8_h; ++idy)
          for (idx = 0; idx < xd->n8_w; ++idx)
            mbmi->inter_tx_size[idy][idx] = mbmi->tx_size;
        memset(x->blk_skip[0], skippable_y,
               sizeof(uint8_t) * xd->n8_h * xd->n8_w * 4);
      }
#else
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, rate_y, &distortion_y, &skippable_y, psse, bsize,
                    ref_best_rd);
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX

      if (*rate_y == INT_MAX) {
        *rate2 = INT_MAX;
        *distortion = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
        if (mbmi->motion_mode != SIMPLE_TRANSLATION) {
          continue;
        } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
          restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
          return INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
        }
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      }

      *rate2 += *rate_y;
      *distortion += distortion_y;

      rdcosty = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *rate2, *distortion);
      rdcosty = AOMMIN(rdcosty, RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, *psse));

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      is_cost_valid_uv =
          inter_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_uv, bsize, ref_best_rd - rdcosty);
#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
      // record uv planes' transform block coefficient cost
      if (is_cost_valid_uv) av1_merge_rd_stats(&mbmi->rd_stats, &rd_stats_uv);
#endif
      *rate_uv = rd_stats_uv.rate;
      distortion_uv = rd_stats_uv.dist;
      skippable_uv = rd_stats_uv.skip;
      sseuv = rd_stats_uv.sse;
#else
      is_cost_valid_uv =
          super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, rate_uv, &distortion_uv, &skippable_uv,
                           &sseuv, bsize, ref_best_rd - rdcosty);
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX
      if (!is_cost_valid_uv) {
        *rate2 = INT_MAX;
        *distortion = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
        continue;
#else
        restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
        return INT64_MAX;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      }

      *psse += sseuv;
      *rate2 += *rate_uv;
      *distortion += distortion_uv;
      *skippable = skippable_y && skippable_uv;
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      if (*skippable) {
        *rate2 -= *rate_uv + *rate_y;
        *rate_y = 0;
        *rate_uv = 0;
        *rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
        mbmi->skip = 0;
        // here mbmi->skip temporarily plays a role as what this_skip2 does
      } else if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] &&
                 (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                         *rate_y + *rate_uv +
                             av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0),
                         *distortion) >=
                  RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                         av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1), *psse))) {
        *rate2 -= *rate_uv + *rate_y;
        *rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
        *distortion = *psse;
        *rate_y = 0;
        *rate_uv = 0;
        mbmi->skip = 1;
      } else {
        *rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
        mbmi->skip = 0;
      }
      *disable_skip = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
    } else {
      x->skip = 1;
      *disable_skip = 1;
      mbmi->tx_size = tx_size_from_tx_mode(bsize, cm->tx_mode, 1);

// The cost of skip bit needs to be added.
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      mbmi->skip = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      *rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);

      *distortion = skip_sse_sb;
      *psse = skip_sse_sb;
      *rate_y = 0;
      *rate_uv = 0;
      *skippable = 1;
    }
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    if (this_mode == ZEROMV) {
      *rate2 += GLOBAL_MOTION_RATE(mbmi->ref_frame[0]);
      if (is_comp_pred) *rate2 += GLOBAL_MOTION_RATE(mbmi->ref_frame[1]);
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
    tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, *rate2, *distortion);
    if (mbmi->motion_mode == SIMPLE_TRANSLATION || (tmp_rd < best_rd)) {
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
      mbmi->interp_filter[0] = obmc_interp_filter[mbmi->motion_mode][0];
      mbmi->interp_filter[1] = obmc_interp_filter[mbmi->motion_mode][1];
#else
      mbmi->interp_filter = obmc_interp_filter[mbmi->motion_mode];
#endif  // CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
      best_rd = tmp_rd;
      best_rate2 = *rate2;
      best_rate_y = *rate_y;
      best_rate_uv = *rate_uv;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
        memcpy(best_blk_skip[i], x->blk_skip[i],
               sizeof(uint8_t) * xd->n8_h * xd->n8_w * 4);
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX
      best_distortion = *distortion;
      best_skippable = *skippable;
      best_xskip = x->skip;
      best_disable_skip = *disable_skip;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        x->recon_variance = av1_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(
            cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize, xd->bd);
      } else {
        x->recon_variance =
            av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
      }
#else
      x->recon_variance =
          av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    }
  }

  if (best_rd == INT64_MAX) {
    *rate2 = INT_MAX;
    *distortion = INT64_MAX;
    restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
    return INT64_MAX;
  }
  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  *rate2 = best_rate2;
  *rate_y = best_rate_y;
  *rate_uv = best_rate_uv;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
    memcpy(x->blk_skip[i], best_blk_skip[i],
           sizeof(uint8_t) * xd->n8_h * xd->n8_w * 4);
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX
  *distortion = best_distortion;
  *skippable = best_skippable;
  x->skip = best_xskip;
  *disable_skip = best_disable_skip;
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION

  if (!is_comp_pred) single_skippable[this_mode][refs[0]] = *skippable;

#if !(CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION)
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    x->recon_variance = av1_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(
        cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize, xd->bd);
  } else {
    x->recon_variance =
        av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
  }
#else
  x->recon_variance =
      av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
#endif  // !(CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION)

  restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, orig_dst_stride);
  return 0;  // The rate-distortion cost will be re-calculated by caller.
}

void av1_rd_pick_intra_mode_sb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                               RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                               PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int64_t best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = xd->plane;
  int rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0, rate_y_tokenonly = 0, rate_uv_tokenonly = 0;
  int y_skip = 0, uv_skip = 0;
  int64_t dist_y = 0, dist_uv = 0;
  TX_SIZE max_uv_tx_size;
  ctx->skip = 0;
  xd->mi[0]->mbmi.ref_frame[0] = INTRA_FRAME;
  xd->mi[0]->mbmi.ref_frame[1] = NONE;

  if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    if (rd_pick_intra_sby_mode(cpi, x, &rate_y, &rate_y_tokenonly, &dist_y,
                               &y_skip, bsize, best_rd) >= best_rd) {
      rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
      return;
    }
  } else {
    if (rd_pick_intra_sub_8x8_y_mode(cpi, x, &rate_y, &rate_y_tokenonly,
                                     &dist_y, &y_skip, best_rd) >= best_rd) {
      rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
      return;
    }
  }
  max_uv_tx_size = uv_txsize_lookup[bsize][xd->mi[0]->mbmi.tx_size]
                                   [pd[1].subsampling_x][pd[1].subsampling_y];
  rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(cpi, x, &rate_uv, &rate_uv_tokenonly, &dist_uv,
                          &uv_skip, AOMMAX(BLOCK_8X8, bsize), max_uv_tx_size);

  if (y_skip && uv_skip) {
    rd_cost->rate = rate_y + rate_uv - rate_y_tokenonly - rate_uv_tokenonly +
                    av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
    rd_cost->dist = dist_y + dist_uv;
  } else {
    rd_cost->rate =
        rate_y + rate_uv + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
    rd_cost->dist = dist_y + dist_uv;
  }

  ctx->mic = *xd->mi[0];
  ctx->mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
  rd_cost->rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_cost->rate, rd_cost->dist);
}

// Do we have an internal image edge (e.g. formatting bars).
int av1_internal_image_edge(const AV1_COMP *cpi) {
  return (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) &&
         ((cpi->twopass.this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_rows > 0) ||
          (cpi->twopass.this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_cols > 0));
}

// Checks to see if a super block is on a horizontal image edge.
// In most cases this is the "real" edge unless there are formatting
// bars embedded in the stream.
int av1_active_h_edge(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int mi_row, int mi_step) {
  int top_edge = 0;
  int bottom_edge = cpi->common.mi_rows;
  int is_active_h_edge = 0;

  // For two pass account for any formatting bars detected.
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) {
    const TWO_PASS *const twopass = &cpi->twopass;

    // The inactive region is specified in MBs not mi units.
    // The image edge is in the following MB row.
    top_edge += (int)(twopass->this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_rows * 2);

    bottom_edge -= (int)(twopass->this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_rows * 2);
    bottom_edge = AOMMAX(top_edge, bottom_edge);
  }

  if (((top_edge >= mi_row) && (top_edge < (mi_row + mi_step))) ||
      ((bottom_edge >= mi_row) && (bottom_edge < (mi_row + mi_step)))) {
    is_active_h_edge = 1;
  }
  return is_active_h_edge;
}

// Checks to see if a super block is on a vertical image edge.
// In most cases this is the "real" edge unless there are formatting
// bars embedded in the stream.
int av1_active_v_edge(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int mi_col, int mi_step) {
  int left_edge = 0;
  int right_edge = cpi->common.mi_cols;
  int is_active_v_edge = 0;

  // For two pass account for any formatting bars detected.
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) {
    const TWO_PASS *const twopass = &cpi->twopass;

    // The inactive region is specified in MBs not mi units.
    // The image edge is in the following MB row.
    left_edge += (int)(twopass->this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_cols * 2);

    right_edge -= (int)(twopass->this_frame_stats.inactive_zone_cols * 2);
    right_edge = AOMMAX(left_edge, right_edge);
  }

  if (((left_edge >= mi_col) && (left_edge < (mi_col + mi_step))) ||
      ((right_edge >= mi_col) && (right_edge < (mi_col + mi_step)))) {
    is_active_v_edge = 1;
  }
  return is_active_v_edge;
}

// Checks to see if a super block is at the edge of the active image.
// In most cases this is the "real" edge unless there are formatting
// bars embedded in the stream.
int av1_active_edge_sb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  return av1_active_h_edge(cpi, mi_row, cpi->common.mib_size) ||
         av1_active_v_edge(cpi, mi_col, cpi->common.mib_size);
}

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
static void restore_uv_color_map(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
  const int rows =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_y);
  const int cols =
      (4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize]) >> (xd->plane[1].subsampling_x);
  int src_stride = x->plane[1].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src_u = x->plane[1].src.buf;
  const uint8_t *const src_v = x->plane[2].src.buf;
  float *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
  float centroids[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[1].color_index_map;
  int r, c;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  const uint16_t *const src_u16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_u);
  const uint16_t *const src_v16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_v);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  (void)cpi;

  for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (cpi->common.use_highbitdepth) {
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = src_u16[r * src_stride + c];
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = src_v16[r * src_stride + c];
      } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = src_u[r * src_stride + c];
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = src_v[r * src_stride + c];
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    }
  }

  for (r = 1; r < 3; ++r) {
    for (c = 0; c < pmi->palette_size[1]; ++c) {
      centroids[c * 2 + r - 1] = pmi->palette_colors[r * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + c];
    }
  }

  av1_calc_indices(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols,
                   pmi->palette_size[1], 2);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
static void pick_filter_intra_interframe(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int *rate_uv_intra, int *rate_uv_tokenonly,
    int64_t *dist_uv, int *skip_uv, PREDICTION_MODE *mode_uv,
    FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO *filter_intra_mode_info_uv,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    int8_t *uv_angle_delta,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    PALETTE_MODE_INFO *pmi_uv, int palette_ctx,
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
    int skip_mask, unsigned int *ref_costs_single, int64_t *best_rd,
    int64_t *best_intra_rd, PREDICTION_MODE *best_intra_mode,
    int *best_mode_index, int *best_skip2, int *best_mode_skippable,
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
    int *returnrate_nocoef,
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
    int64_t *best_pred_rd, MB_MODE_INFO *best_mbmode, RD_COST *rd_cost) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  int rate2 = 0, rate_y = INT_MAX, skippable = 0, rate_uv, rate_dummy, i;
  int dc_mode_index;
  const int *const intra_mode_cost = cpi->mbmode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  int64_t distortion2 = 0, distortion_y = 0, this_rd = *best_rd, distortion_uv;
  TX_SIZE uv_tx;

  for (i = 0; i < MAX_MODES; ++i)
    if (av1_mode_order[i].mode == DC_PRED &&
        av1_mode_order[i].ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME)
      break;
  dc_mode_index = i;
  assert(i < MAX_MODES);

  // TODO(huisu): use skip_mask for further speedup.
  (void)skip_mask;
  mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
  mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = INTRA_FRAME;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
  if (!rd_pick_filter_intra_sby(cpi, x, &rate_dummy, &rate_y, &distortion_y,
                                &skippable, bsize, intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode],
                                &this_rd, 0)) {
    return;
  }
  if (rate_y == INT_MAX) return;

  uv_tx = uv_txsize_lookup[bsize][mbmi->tx_size][xd->plane[1].subsampling_x]
                          [xd->plane[1].subsampling_y];
  if (rate_uv_intra[uv_tx] == INT_MAX) {
    choose_intra_uv_mode(cpi, x, ctx, bsize, uv_tx, &rate_uv_intra[uv_tx],
                         &rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx], &dist_uv[uv_tx],
                         &skip_uv[uv_tx], &mode_uv[uv_tx]);
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools) pmi_uv[uv_tx] = *pmi;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
    filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx] = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    uv_angle_delta[uv_tx] = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  }

  rate_uv = rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx];
  distortion_uv = dist_uv[uv_tx];
  skippable = skippable && skip_uv[uv_tx];
  mbmi->uv_mode = mode_uv[uv_tx];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools) {
    pmi->palette_size[1] = pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_size[1];
    memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
           pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
           2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(pmi->palette_colors[0]));
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mbmi->angle_delta[1] = uv_angle_delta[uv_tx];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] =
      filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1];
  if (filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1]) {
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] =
        filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].filter_intra_mode[1];
  }

  rate2 = rate_y + intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode] + rate_uv +
          cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mbmi->uv_mode];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools && mbmi->mode == DC_PRED)
    rate2 += av1_cost_bit(
        av1_default_palette_y_mode_prob[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][palette_ctx], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
    // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
    // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
    // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
    // not the tokenonly rate.
    rate_y -= cpi->tx_size_cost[max_tx_size - TX_8X8][get_tx_size_context(xd)]
                               [tx_size_to_depth(mbmi->tx_size)];
  }

  rate2 += av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->filter_intra_probs[0],
                        mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0]);
  rate2 += write_uniform_cost(
      FILTER_INTRA_MODES, mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0]);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  if (mbmi->uv_mode != DC_PRED && mbmi->uv_mode != TM_PRED) {
    rate2 += write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1,
                                MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + mbmi->angle_delta[1]);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  if (mbmi->mode == DC_PRED) {
    rate2 +=
        av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[1],
                     mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1]);
    if (mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1])
      rate2 +=
          write_uniform_cost(FILTER_INTRA_MODES,
                             mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1]);
  }
  distortion2 = distortion_y + distortion_uv;
  av1_encode_intra_block_plane((AV1_COMMON *)cm, x, bsize, 0, 0);
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    x->recon_variance = av1_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(
        cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize, xd->bd);
  } else {
    x->recon_variance =
        av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
  }
#else
  x->recon_variance =
      av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  rate2 += ref_costs_single[INTRA_FRAME];

  if (skippable) {
    rate2 -= (rate_y + rate_uv);
    rate_y = 0;
    rate_uv = 0;
    rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
  } else {
    rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
  }
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);

  if (this_rd < *best_intra_rd) {
    *best_intra_rd = this_rd;
    *best_intra_mode = mbmi->mode;
  }
  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
    best_pred_rd[i] = AOMMIN(best_pred_rd[i], this_rd);

  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_mode_index = dc_mode_index;
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    rd_cost->rate = rate2;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
    if (x->skip)
      *returnrate_nocoef = rate2;
    else
      *returnrate_nocoef = rate2 - rate_y - rate_uv;
    *returnrate_nocoef -= av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), skippable);
    *returnrate_nocoef -= av1_cost_bit(av1_get_intra_inter_prob(cm, xd),
                                       mbmi->ref_frame[0] != INTRA_FRAME);
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
    rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
    rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *best_mbmode = *mbmi;
    *best_skip2 = 0;
    *best_mode_skippable = skippable;
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
static void calc_target_weighted_pred(const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int mi_row,
                                      int mi_col, const uint8_t *above,
                                      int above_stride, const uint8_t *left,
                                      int left_stride);
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

void av1_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                               MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                               RD_COST *rd_cost,
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
                               int *returnrate_nocoef,
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
                               BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                               int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const RD_OPT *const rd_opt = &cpi->rd;
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  PREDICTION_MODE this_mode;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame, second_ref_frame;
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  int comp_pred, i, k;
  int_mv frame_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  struct buf_2d yv12_mb[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME][MAX_MB_PLANE];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int_mv single_newmvs[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { { 0 } }, { { 0 } } };
  int single_newmvs_rate[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { 0 }, { 0 } };
  int64_t modelled_rd[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
#else
  int_mv single_newmv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { 0 } };
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  InterpFilter single_inter_filter[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  int single_skippable[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  static const int flag_list[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = {
    0,
    AOM_LAST_FLAG,
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_LAST2_FLAG,
    AOM_LAST3_FLAG,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_GOLD_FLAG,
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_BWD_FLAG,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_ALT_FLAG
  };
  int64_t best_rd = best_rd_so_far;
  int best_rate_y = INT_MAX, best_rate_uv = INT_MAX;
  int64_t best_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES];
  int64_t best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODES];
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmode;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  int rate_skip0 = av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
  int rate_skip1 = av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
#endif
  int best_mode_skippable = 0;
  int midx, best_mode_index = -1;
  unsigned int ref_costs_single[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  unsigned int ref_costs_comp[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  aom_prob comp_mode_p;
  int64_t best_intra_rd = INT64_MAX;
  unsigned int best_pred_sse = UINT_MAX;
  PREDICTION_MODE best_intra_mode = DC_PRED;
  int rate_uv_intra[TX_SIZES], rate_uv_tokenonly[TX_SIZES];
  int64_t dist_uvs[TX_SIZES];
  int skip_uvs[TX_SIZES];
  PREDICTION_MODE mode_uv[TX_SIZES];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO pmi_uv[TX_SIZES];
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  int8_t uv_angle_delta[TX_SIZES];
  int is_directional_mode, angle_stats_ready = 0;
  int rate_overhead, rate_dummy;
  uint8_t directional_mode_skip_mask[INTRA_MODES];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  int8_t dc_skipped = 1;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info_uv[TX_SIZES];
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  const int intra_cost_penalty = av1_get_intra_cost_penalty(
      cm->base_qindex, cm->y_dc_delta_q, cm->bit_depth);
  const int *const intra_mode_cost = cpi->mbmode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  int best_skip2 = 0;
  uint8_t ref_frame_skip_mask[2] = { 0 };
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  uint32_t mode_skip_mask[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { 0 };
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME best_single_inter_ref = LAST_FRAME;
  int64_t best_single_inter_rd = INT64_MAX;
#else
  uint16_t mode_skip_mask[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { 0 };
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int mode_skip_start = sf->mode_skip_start + 1;
  const int *const rd_threshes = rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize];
  const int *const rd_thresh_freq_fact = tile_data->thresh_freq_fact[bsize];
  int64_t mode_threshold[MAX_MODES];
  int *mode_map = tile_data->mode_map[bsize];
  const int mode_search_skip_flags = sf->mode_search_skip_flags;
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer pre_buf;
#endif

#if CONFIG_PALETTE || CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  const int rows = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize];
  const int cols = 4 * num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize];
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE || CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  int palette_ctx = 0;
  const MODE_INFO *above_mi = xd->above_mi;
  const MODE_INFO *left_mi = xd->left_mi;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf1[2 * MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf2[2 * MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
#else
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf1[MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf2[MAX_MB_PLANE * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, int32_t, weighted_src_buf[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, int32_t, mask2d_buf[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *dst_buf1[MAX_MB_PLANE], *dst_buf2[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int dst_width1[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_width2[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_height1[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_height2[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_stride1[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_stride2[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };

#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    int len = sizeof(uint16_t);
    dst_buf1[0] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf1);
    dst_buf1[1] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf1 + MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
    dst_buf1[2] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf1 + 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
    dst_buf2[0] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf2);
    dst_buf2[1] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf2 + MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
    dst_buf2[2] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(tmp_buf2 + 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
  } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    dst_buf1[0] = tmp_buf1;
    dst_buf1[1] = tmp_buf1 + MAX_SB_SQUARE;
    dst_buf1[2] = tmp_buf1 + 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE;
    dst_buf2[0] = tmp_buf2;
    dst_buf2[1] = tmp_buf2 + MAX_SB_SQUARE;
    dst_buf2[2] = tmp_buf2 + 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

  av1_zero(best_mbmode);

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  av1_zero(pmi_uv);
  if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools) {
    if (above_mi)
      palette_ctx += (above_mi->mbmi.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0);
    if (left_mi)
      palette_ctx += (left_mi->mbmi.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
  memset(directional_mode_skip_mask, 0,
         sizeof(directional_mode_skip_mask[0]) * INTRA_MODES);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

  estimate_ref_frame_costs(cm, xd, segment_id, ref_costs_single, ref_costs_comp,
                           &comp_mode_p);

  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i) best_pred_rd[i] = INT64_MAX;
  for (i = 0; i < TX_SIZES; i++) rate_uv_intra[i] = INT_MAX;
  for (i = 0; i < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++i) x->pred_sse[i] = INT_MAX;
  for (i = 0; i < MB_MODE_COUNT; ++i) {
    for (k = 0; k < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++k) {
      single_inter_filter[i][k] = SWITCHABLE;
      single_skippable[i][k] = 0;
    }
  }

  rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
  *returnrate_nocoef = INT_MAX;
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX

  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame) {
    x->pred_mv_sad[ref_frame] = INT_MAX;
    x->mbmi_ext->mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    x->mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[ref_frame]) {
      assert(get_ref_frame_buffer(cpi, ref_frame) != NULL);
      setup_buffer_inter(cpi, x, ref_frame, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                         frame_mv[NEARESTMV], frame_mv[NEARMV], yv12_mb);
    }
    frame_mv[NEWMV][ref_frame].as_int = INVALID_MV;
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    frame_mv[ZEROMV][ref_frame].as_int =
        gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[ref_frame]).as_int;
#else   // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    frame_mv[ZEROMV][ref_frame].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    frame_mv[NEWFROMNEARMV][ref_frame].as_int = INVALID_MV;
    frame_mv[NEW_NEWMV][ref_frame].as_int = INVALID_MV;
    frame_mv[ZERO_ZEROMV][ref_frame].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  for (; ref_frame < MODE_CTX_REF_FRAMES; ++ref_frame) {
    MODE_INFO *const mi = xd->mi[0];
    int_mv *const candidates = x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame];
    x->mbmi_ext->mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
    av1_find_mv_refs(cm, xd, mi, ref_frame, &mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame],
                     mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame],
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                     mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                     candidates, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, NULL,
                     mbmi_ext->mode_context);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
  av1_build_prediction_by_above_preds(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, dst_buf1,
                                      dst_width1, dst_height1, dst_stride1);
  av1_build_prediction_by_left_preds(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, dst_buf2,
                                     dst_width2, dst_height2, dst_stride2);
  av1_setup_dst_planes(xd->plane, get_frame_new_buffer(cm), mi_row, mi_col);
  x->mask_buf = mask2d_buf;
  x->wsrc_buf = weighted_src_buf;
  calc_target_weighted_pred(cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, dst_buf1[0],
                            dst_stride1[0], dst_buf2[0], dst_stride2[0]);
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR

  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame) {
    if (!(cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[ref_frame])) {
// Skip checking missing references in both single and compound reference
// modes. Note that a mode will be skipped iff both reference frames
// are masked out.
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      if (ref_frame == BWDREF_FRAME || ref_frame == ALTREF_FRAME) {
        ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << ref_frame);
        ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= ((1 << ref_frame) | 0x01);
      } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
        ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << ref_frame);
        ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    } else {
      for (i = LAST_FRAME; i <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++i) {
        // Skip fixed mv modes for poor references
        if ((x->pred_mv_sad[ref_frame] >> 2) > x->pred_mv_sad[i]) {
          mode_skip_mask[ref_frame] |= INTER_NEAREST_NEAR_ZERO;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    // If the segment reference frame feature is enabled....
    // then do nothing if the current ref frame is not allowed..
    if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) &&
        get_segdata(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) != (int)ref_frame) {
      ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << ref_frame);
      ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    }
  }

  // Disable this drop out case if the ref frame
  // segment level feature is enabled for this segment. This is to
  // prevent the possibility that we end up unable to pick any mode.
  if (!segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) {
    // Only consider ZEROMV/ALTREF_FRAME for alt ref frame,
    // unless ARNR filtering is enabled in which case we want
    // an unfiltered alternative. We allow near/nearest as well
    // because they may result in zero-zero MVs but be cheaper.
    if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref && (cpi->oxcf.arnr_max_frames == 0)) {
      int_mv zeromv;
      ref_frame_skip_mask[0] = (1 << LAST_FRAME) |
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                               (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) |
                               (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) |
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                               (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME);
      ref_frame_skip_mask[1] = SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
      // TODO(zoeliu): To further explore whether following needs to be done for
      //               BWDREF_FRAME as well.
      mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] = ~INTER_NEAREST_NEAR_ZERO;
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      zeromv.as_int =
          gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[ALTREF_FRAME]).as_int;
#else
      zeromv.as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      if (frame_mv[NEARMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEARMV);
      if (frame_mv[NEARESTMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEARESTMV);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEAREST_NEARESTMV);
      if (frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEAREST_NEARMV);
      if (frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEAR_NEARESTMV);
      if (frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][ALTREF_FRAME].as_int != zeromv.as_int)
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEAR_NEARMV);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    }
  }

  if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
    if (sf->alt_ref_search_fp) {
      assert(cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[ALTREF_FRAME]);
      mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] = 0;
      ref_frame_skip_mask[0] = ~(1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
      ref_frame_skip_mask[1] = SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    }
  }

  if (sf->alt_ref_search_fp)
    if (!cm->show_frame && x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] < INT_MAX)
      if (x->pred_mv_sad[ALTREF_FRAME] > (x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] << 1))
        mode_skip_mask[ALTREF_FRAME] |= INTER_ALL;

  if (sf->adaptive_mode_search) {
    if (cm->show_frame && !cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
        cpi->rc.frames_since_golden >= 3)
      if (x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] > (x->pred_mv_sad[LAST_FRAME] << 1))
        mode_skip_mask[GOLDEN_FRAME] |= INTER_ALL;
  }

  if (bsize > sf->max_intra_bsize) {
    ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << INTRA_FRAME);
    ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= (1 << INTRA_FRAME);
  }

  mode_skip_mask[INTRA_FRAME] |=
      ~(sf->intra_y_mode_mask[max_txsize_lookup[bsize]]);

  for (i = 0; i <= LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX; ++i) mode_threshold[i] = 0;
  for (i = LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX + 1; i < MAX_MODES; ++i)
    mode_threshold[i] = ((int64_t)rd_threshes[i] * rd_thresh_freq_fact[i]) >> 5;

  midx = sf->schedule_mode_search ? mode_skip_start : 0;
  while (midx > 4) {
    uint8_t end_pos = 0;
    for (i = 5; i < midx; ++i) {
      if (mode_threshold[mode_map[i - 1]] > mode_threshold[mode_map[i]]) {
        uint8_t tmp = mode_map[i];
        mode_map[i] = mode_map[i - 1];
        mode_map[i - 1] = tmp;
        end_pos = i;
      }
    }
    midx = end_pos;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_inter_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 0;
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  for (i = 0; i < MB_MODE_COUNT; ++i)
    for (ref_frame = 0; ref_frame < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++ref_frame)
      modelled_rd[i][ref_frame] = INT64_MAX;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  for (midx = 0; midx < MAX_MODES; ++midx) {
    int mode_index;
    int mode_excluded = 0;
    int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
    int disable_skip = 0;
    int compmode_cost = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int compmode_interintra_cost = 0;
    int compmode_wedge_cost = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int rate2 = 0, rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0;
    int64_t distortion2 = 0, distortion_y = 0, distortion_uv = 0;
    int skippable = 0;
    int this_skip2 = 0;
    int64_t total_sse = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    uint8_t ref_frame_type;
#endif
#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif
    mode_index = mode_map[midx];
    this_mode = av1_mode_order[mode_index].mode;
    ref_frame = av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[0];
    second_ref_frame = av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[1];
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
#endif

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME && second_ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      // Mode must by compatible
      assert(is_interintra_allowed_mode(this_mode));

      if (!is_interintra_allowed_bsize(bsize)) continue;
    }

    if (is_inter_compound_mode(this_mode)) {
      frame_mv[this_mode][ref_frame].as_int =
          frame_mv[compound_ref0_mode(this_mode)][ref_frame].as_int;
      frame_mv[this_mode][second_ref_frame].as_int =
          frame_mv[compound_ref1_mode(this_mode)][second_ref_frame].as_int;
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

    // Look at the reference frame of the best mode so far and set the
    // skip mask to look at a subset of the remaining modes.
    if (midx == mode_skip_start && best_mode_index >= 0) {
      switch (best_mbmode.ref_frame[0]) {
        case INTRA_FRAME: break;
        case LAST_FRAME:
          ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= LAST_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
          break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
        case LAST2_FRAME:
          ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= LAST2_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
          break;
        case LAST3_FRAME:
          ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= LAST3_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
          break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
        case GOLDEN_FRAME:
          ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= GOLDEN_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
          break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
        case BWDREF_FRAME:
          ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= BWDREF_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
          break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
        case ALTREF_FRAME: ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= ALTREF_FRAME_MODE_MASK;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          break;
        case NONE:
        case TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME:
          assert(0 && "Invalid Reference frame");
          break;
      }
    }

    if ((ref_frame_skip_mask[0] & (1 << ref_frame)) &&
        (ref_frame_skip_mask[1] & (1 << AOMMAX(0, second_ref_frame))))
      continue;

    if (mode_skip_mask[ref_frame] & (1 << this_mode)) continue;

    // Test best rd so far against threshold for trying this mode.
    if (best_mode_skippable && sf->schedule_mode_search)
      mode_threshold[mode_index] <<= 1;

    if (best_rd < mode_threshold[mode_index]) continue;

    comp_pred = second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME;
    if (comp_pred) {
      if (!cpi->allow_comp_inter_inter) continue;

      // Skip compound inter modes if ARF is not available.
      if (!(cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[second_ref_frame])) continue;

      // Do not allow compound prediction if the segment level reference frame
      // feature is in use as in this case there can only be one reference.
      if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) continue;

      if ((mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_COMP_BESTINTRA) &&
          best_mode_index >= 0 && best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME)
        continue;

      mode_excluded = cm->reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE;
    } else {
      if (ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME)
        mode_excluded = cm->reference_mode == COMPOUND_REFERENCE;
    }

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      if (sf->adaptive_mode_search)
        if ((x->source_variance << num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize]) > best_pred_sse)
          continue;

      if (this_mode != DC_PRED) {
        // Disable intra modes other than DC_PRED for blocks with low variance
        // Threshold for intra skipping based on source variance
        // TODO(debargha): Specialize the threshold for super block sizes
        const unsigned int skip_intra_var_thresh = 64;
        if ((mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_LOWVAR) &&
            x->source_variance < skip_intra_var_thresh)
          continue;
        // Only search the oblique modes if the best so far is
        // one of the neighboring directional modes
        if ((mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_BESTINTER) &&
            (this_mode >= D45_PRED && this_mode <= TM_PRED)) {
          if (best_mode_index >= 0 && best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] > INTRA_FRAME)
            continue;
        }
        if (mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_DIRMISMATCH) {
          if (conditional_skipintra(this_mode, best_intra_mode)) continue;
        }
      }
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    } else if (get_gmtype(&cm->global_motion[ref_frame]) == GLOBAL_ZERO &&
               (!comp_pred ||
                get_gmtype(&cm->global_motion[second_ref_frame]) ==
                    GLOBAL_ZERO)) {
#else   // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
      const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frames[2] = { ref_frame, second_ref_frame };
      if (!check_best_zero_mv(cpi, mbmi_ext->mode_context,
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                              mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context,
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                              frame_mv, this_mode, ref_frames, bsize, -1))
        continue;
    }

    mbmi->mode = this_mode;
    mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->ref_frame[0] = ref_frame;
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = second_ref_frame;
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
    pmi->palette_size[0] = 0;
    pmi->palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
        // Evaluate all sub-pel filters irrespective of whether we can use
        // them for this frame.
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
      mbmi->interp_filter[i] = cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE
                                   ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR
                                   : cm->interp_filter;
    }
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter =
        cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : cm->interp_filter;
#endif
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int = 0;
    mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;

    x->skip = 0;
    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, ref_frame, second_ref_frame);

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[ref_frame][i];
      if (comp_pred) xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[second_ref_frame][i];
    }

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)(II_DC_PRED - 1);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      TX_SIZE uv_tx;
      struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[1];
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      is_directional_mode = (mbmi->mode != DC_PRED && mbmi->mode != TM_PRED);
      if (is_directional_mode) {
        if (!angle_stats_ready) {
          const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
          const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
          if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
            highbd_angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                    directional_mode_skip_mask);
          else
#endif
            angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols,
                             directional_mode_skip_mask);
          angle_stats_ready = 1;
        }
        if (directional_mode_skip_mask[mbmi->mode]) continue;
        rate_overhead = write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1, 0) +
                        intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode];
        rate_y = INT_MAX;
        this_rd =
            rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(cpi, x, &rate_dummy, &rate_y, &distortion_y,
                                    &skippable, bsize, rate_overhead, best_rd);
      } else {
        mbmi->angle_delta[0] = 0;
        super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &distortion_y, &skippable, NULL, bsize,
                        best_rd);
      }
#else
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &distortion_y, &skippable, NULL, bsize,
                      best_rd);
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA

      if (rate_y == INT_MAX) continue;

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      if (mbmi->mode == DC_PRED) dc_skipped = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

      uv_tx = uv_txsize_lookup[bsize][mbmi->tx_size][pd->subsampling_x]
                              [pd->subsampling_y];
      if (rate_uv_intra[uv_tx] == INT_MAX) {
        choose_intra_uv_mode(cpi, x, ctx, bsize, uv_tx, &rate_uv_intra[uv_tx],
                             &rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx], &dist_uvs[uv_tx],
                             &skip_uvs[uv_tx], &mode_uv[uv_tx]);
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
        if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools) pmi_uv[uv_tx] = *pmi;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
        uv_angle_delta[uv_tx] = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
        filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx] = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      }

      rate_uv = rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx];
      distortion_uv = dist_uvs[uv_tx];
      skippable = skippable && skip_uvs[uv_tx];
      mbmi->uv_mode = mode_uv[uv_tx];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
      if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools) {
        pmi->palette_size[1] = pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_size[1];
        memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
               pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
               2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(pmi->palette_colors[0]));
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      mbmi->angle_delta[1] = uv_angle_delta[uv_tx];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] =
          filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1];
      if (filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1]) {
        mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] =
            filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].filter_intra_mode[1];
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

      rate2 = rate_y + intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode] + rate_uv +
              cpi->intra_uv_mode_cost[mbmi->mode][mbmi->uv_mode];
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
      if (cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools && mbmi->mode == DC_PRED)
        rate2 += av1_cost_bit(
            av1_default_palette_y_mode_prob[bsize - BLOCK_8X8][palette_ctx], 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

      if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
        // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
        // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
        // not the tokenonly rate.
        rate_y -=
            cpi->tx_size_cost[max_tx_size - TX_8X8][get_tx_size_context(xd)]
                             [tx_size_to_depth(mbmi->tx_size)];
      }
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      if (is_directional_mode) {
        int p_angle;
        const int intra_filter_ctx = av1_get_pred_context_intra_interp(xd);
        rate2 += write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1,
                                    MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + mbmi->angle_delta[0]);
        p_angle =
            mode_to_angle_map[mbmi->mode] + mbmi->angle_delta[0] * ANGLE_STEP;
        if (av1_is_intra_filter_switchable(p_angle))
          rate2 += cpi->intra_filter_cost[intra_filter_ctx][mbmi->intra_filter];
      }
      if (mbmi->uv_mode != DC_PRED && mbmi->uv_mode != TM_PRED) {
        rate2 += write_uniform_cost(2 * MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + 1,
                                    MAX_ANGLE_DELTAS + mbmi->angle_delta[1]);
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      if (mbmi->mode == DC_PRED) {
        rate2 +=
            av1_cost_bit(cm->fc->filter_intra_probs[0],
                         mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0]);
        if (mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0]) {
          rate2 += write_uniform_cost(
              FILTER_INTRA_MODES,
              mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[0]);
        }
      }
      if (mbmi->uv_mode == DC_PRED) {
        rate2 +=
            av1_cost_bit(cpi->common.fc->filter_intra_probs[1],
                         mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1]);
        if (mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1])
          rate2 += write_uniform_cost(
              FILTER_INTRA_MODES,
              mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1]);
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      if (this_mode != DC_PRED && this_mode != TM_PRED)
        rate2 += intra_cost_penalty;
      distortion2 = distortion_y + distortion_uv;
      av1_encode_intra_block_plane((AV1_COMMON *)cm, x, bsize, 0, 1);
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
      if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
        x->recon_variance = av1_high_get_sby_perpixel_variance(
            cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize, xd->bd);
      } else {
        x->recon_variance =
            av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
      }
#else
      x->recon_variance =
          av1_get_sby_perpixel_variance(cpi, &xd->plane[0].dst, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
    } else {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      int_mv backup_ref_mv[2];

      backup_ref_mv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame][0];
      if (comp_pred) backup_ref_mv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[second_ref_frame][0];
#endif
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (second_ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
        if (best_single_inter_ref != ref_frame) continue;
        mbmi->interintra_mode = intra_to_interintra_mode[best_intra_mode];
// TODO(debargha|geza.lore):
// Should we use ext_intra modes for interintra?
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
        mbmi->angle_delta[0] = 0;
        mbmi->angle_delta[1] = 0;
        mbmi->intra_filter = INTRA_FILTER_LINEAR;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
        mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
        mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
      ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);

      if (this_mode == NEWMV && mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 1) {
        int ref;
        for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + comp_pred; ++ref) {
          int_mv this_mv =
              (ref == 0) ? mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].this_mv
                         : mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][0].comp_mv;
          clamp_mv_ref(&this_mv.as_mv, xd->n8_w << 3, xd->n8_h << 3, xd);
          mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[ref]][0] = this_mv;
        }
      }
#endif
      this_rd = handle_inter_mode(
          cpi, x, bsize, &rate2, &distortion2, &skippable, &rate_y, &rate_uv,
          &disable_skip, frame_mv, mi_row, mi_col,
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
          dst_buf1, dst_stride1, dst_buf2, dst_stride2,
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          single_newmvs, single_newmvs_rate, &compmode_interintra_cost,
          &compmode_wedge_cost, modelled_rd,
#else
          single_newmv,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          single_inter_filter, single_skippable, &total_sse, best_rd);

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
      // TODO(jingning): This needs some refactoring to improve code quality
      // and reduce redundant steps.
      if ((mbmi->mode == NEARMV &&
           mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 2) ||
          (mbmi->mode == NEWMV && mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > 1)) {
        int_mv backup_mv = frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frame];
        MB_MODE_INFO backup_mbmi = *mbmi;
        int backup_skip = x->skip;
        int64_t tmp_ref_rd = this_rd;
        int ref_idx;

        // TODO(jingning): This should be deprecated shortly.
        int idx_offset = (mbmi->mode == NEARMV) ? 1 : 0;
        int ref_set =
            AOMMIN(2, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] - 1 - idx_offset);

        uint8_t drl_ctx =
            av1_drl_ctx(mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type], idx_offset);
        // Dummy
        int_mv backup_fmv[2];
        backup_fmv[0] = frame_mv[NEWMV][ref_frame];
        if (comp_pred) backup_fmv[1] = frame_mv[NEWMV][second_ref_frame];

        rate2 += (rate2 < INT_MAX ? cpi->drl_mode_cost0[drl_ctx][0] : 0);

        if (this_rd < INT64_MAX) {
          if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv, distortion2) <
              RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, total_sse))
            tmp_ref_rd =
                RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                       rate2 + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0),
                       distortion2);
          else
            tmp_ref_rd =
                RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                       rate2 + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1) -
                           rate_y - rate_uv,
                       total_sse);
        }
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
          memcpy(x->blk_skip_drl[i], x->blk_skip[i],
                 sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#endif

        for (ref_idx = 0; ref_idx < ref_set; ++ref_idx) {
          int64_t tmp_alt_rd = INT64_MAX;
          int tmp_rate = 0, tmp_rate_y = 0, tmp_rate_uv = 0;
          int tmp_skip = 1;
          int64_t tmp_dist = 0, tmp_sse = 0;
          int dummy_disable_skip = 0;
          int ref;
          int_mv cur_mv;

          mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 1 + ref_idx;

          for (ref = 0; ref < 1 + comp_pred; ++ref) {
            int_mv this_mv =
                (ref == 0)
                    ? mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][mbmi->ref_mv_idx]
                          .this_mv
                    : mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][mbmi->ref_mv_idx]
                          .comp_mv;
            clamp_mv_ref(&this_mv.as_mv, xd->n8_w << 3, xd->n8_h << 3, xd);
            mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[ref]][0] = this_mv;
          }

          cur_mv =
              mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame][mbmi->ref_mv_idx + idx_offset]
                  .this_mv;
          clamp_mv2(&cur_mv.as_mv, xd);

          if (!mv_check_bounds(x, &cur_mv.as_mv)) {
            int dummy_single_skippable[MB_MODE_COUNT]
                                      [TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { 0 } };
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            int_mv dummy_single_newmvs[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { { 0 } },
                                                                    { { 0 } } };
            int dummy_single_newmvs_rate[2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { 0 },
                                                                      { 0 } };
            int dummy_compmode_interintra_cost = 0;
            int dummy_compmode_wedge_cost = 0;
#else
            int_mv dummy_single_newmv[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = { { 0 } };
#endif

            frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frame] = cur_mv;
            tmp_alt_rd = handle_inter_mode(
                cpi, x, bsize, &tmp_rate, &tmp_dist, &tmp_skip, &tmp_rate_y,
                &tmp_rate_uv, &dummy_disable_skip, frame_mv, mi_row, mi_col,
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
                dst_buf1, dst_stride1, dst_buf2, dst_stride2,
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                dummy_single_newmvs, dummy_single_newmvs_rate,
                &dummy_compmode_interintra_cost, &dummy_compmode_wedge_cost,
                NULL,
#else
                dummy_single_newmv,
#endif
                single_inter_filter, dummy_single_skippable, &tmp_sse, best_rd);
          }

          for (i = 0; i < mbmi->ref_mv_idx; ++i) {
            uint8_t drl1_ctx = 0;
            drl1_ctx = av1_drl_ctx(mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type],
                                   i + idx_offset);
            tmp_rate +=
                (tmp_rate < INT_MAX ? cpi->drl_mode_cost0[drl1_ctx][1] : 0);
          }

          if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] >
                  mbmi->ref_mv_idx + idx_offset + 1 &&
              ref_idx < ref_set - 1) {
            uint8_t drl1_ctx =
                av1_drl_ctx(mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type],
                            mbmi->ref_mv_idx + idx_offset);
            tmp_rate += cpi->drl_mode_cost0[drl1_ctx][0];
          }

          if (tmp_alt_rd < INT64_MAX) {
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
            tmp_alt_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, tmp_rate, tmp_dist);
#else
            if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, tmp_rate_y + tmp_rate_uv,
                       tmp_dist) < RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, tmp_sse))
              tmp_alt_rd =
                  RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                         tmp_rate + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0),
                         tmp_dist);
            else
              tmp_alt_rd =
                  RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv,
                         tmp_rate + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1) -
                             tmp_rate_y - tmp_rate_uv,
                         tmp_sse);
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
          }

          if (tmp_ref_rd > tmp_alt_rd) {
            rate2 = tmp_rate;
            disable_skip = dummy_disable_skip;
            distortion2 = tmp_dist;
            skippable = tmp_skip;
            rate_y = tmp_rate_y;
            rate_uv = tmp_rate_uv;
            total_sse = tmp_sse;
            this_rd = tmp_alt_rd;
            tmp_ref_rd = tmp_alt_rd;
            backup_mbmi = *mbmi;
            backup_skip = x->skip;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
            for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
              memcpy(x->blk_skip_drl[i], x->blk_skip[i],
                     sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#endif
          } else {
            *mbmi = backup_mbmi;
            x->skip = backup_skip;
          }
        }

        frame_mv[NEARMV][ref_frame] = backup_mv;
        frame_mv[NEWMV][ref_frame] = backup_fmv[0];
        if (comp_pred) frame_mv[NEWMV][second_ref_frame] = backup_fmv[1];
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
          memcpy(x->blk_skip[i], x->blk_skip_drl[i],
                 sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#endif
      }
      mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame][0] = backup_ref_mv[0];
      if (comp_pred) mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[second_ref_frame][0] = backup_ref_mv[1];
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV

      if (this_rd == INT64_MAX) continue;

      compmode_cost = av1_cost_bit(comp_mode_p, comp_pred);

      if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) rate2 += compmode_cost;
    }

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    rate2 += compmode_interintra_cost;
    if (cm->reference_mode != SINGLE_REFERENCE && comp_pred)
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
      if (mbmi->motion_mode == SIMPLE_TRANSLATION)
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
        rate2 += compmode_wedge_cost;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

    // Estimate the reference frame signaling cost and add it
    // to the rolling cost variable.
    if (comp_pred) {
      rate2 += ref_costs_comp[ref_frame];
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      rate2 += ref_costs_comp[second_ref_frame];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    } else {
      rate2 += ref_costs_single[ref_frame];
    }

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
#else
    if (!disable_skip) {
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
      if (skippable) {
        // Back out the coefficient coding costs
        rate2 -= (rate_y + rate_uv);
        rate_y = 0;
        rate_uv = 0;
        // Cost the skip mb case
        rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
      } else if (ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
        if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv + rate_skip0,
                   distortion2) <
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_skip1, total_sse)) {
#else
        if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv, distortion2) <
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, total_sse)) {
#endif
          // Add in the cost of the no skip flag.
          rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
        } else {
          // FIXME(rbultje) make this work for splitmv also
          rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
          distortion2 = total_sse;
          assert(total_sse >= 0);
          rate2 -= (rate_y + rate_uv);
          this_skip2 = 1;
          rate_y = 0;
          rate_uv = 0;
        }
      } else {
        // Add in the cost of the no skip flag.
        rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
      }

      // Calculate the final RD estimate for this mode.
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    } else {
      this_skip2 = mbmi->skip;
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);
      if (this_skip2) {
        rate_y = 0;
        rate_uv = 0;
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
    }

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      // Keep record of best intra rd
      if (this_rd < best_intra_rd) {
        best_intra_rd = this_rd;
        best_intra_mode = mbmi->mode;
      }
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    } else if (second_ref_frame == NONE) {
      if (this_rd < best_single_inter_rd) {
        best_single_inter_rd = this_rd;
        best_single_inter_ref = mbmi->ref_frame[0];
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    }

    if (!disable_skip && ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
        best_pred_rd[i] = AOMMIN(best_pred_rd[i], this_rd);
    }

    // Did this mode help.. i.e. is it the new best mode
    if (this_rd < best_rd || x->skip) {
      if (!mode_excluded) {
        // Note index of best mode so far
        best_mode_index = mode_index;

        if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
          /* required for left and above block mv */
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
        } else {
          best_pred_sse = x->pred_sse[ref_frame];
        }

        rd_cost->rate = rate2;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
        if (x->skip)
          *returnrate_nocoef = rate2;
        else
          *returnrate_nocoef = rate2 - rate_y - rate_uv;
        *returnrate_nocoef -= av1_cost_bit(
            av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), disable_skip || skippable || this_skip2);
        *returnrate_nocoef -= av1_cost_bit(av1_get_intra_inter_prob(cm, xd),
                                           mbmi->ref_frame[0] != INTRA_FRAME);
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
        if (is_inter_block(mbmi) && is_motion_variation_allowed(mbmi))
          *returnrate_nocoef -= cpi->motion_mode_cost[bsize][mbmi->motion_mode];
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR || CONFIG_WARPED_MOTION
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
        rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
        rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_mbmode = *mbmi;
        best_skip2 = this_skip2;
        best_mode_skippable = skippable;
        best_rate_y = rate_y + av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd),
                                            this_skip2 || skippable);
        best_rate_uv = rate_uv;

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
          memcpy(ctx->blk_skip[i], x->blk_skip[i],
                 sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#endif
      }
    }

    /* keep record of best compound/single-only prediction */
    if (!disable_skip && ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME) {
      int64_t single_rd, hybrid_rd, single_rate, hybrid_rate;

      if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) {
        single_rate = rate2 - compmode_cost;
        hybrid_rate = rate2;
      } else {
        single_rate = rate2;
        hybrid_rate = rate2 + compmode_cost;
      }

      single_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, single_rate, distortion2);
      hybrid_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, hybrid_rate, distortion2);

      if (!comp_pred) {
        if (single_rd < best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE])
          best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE] = single_rd;
      } else {
        if (single_rd < best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE])
          best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] = single_rd;
      }
      if (hybrid_rd < best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT])
        best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT] = hybrid_rd;
    }

    if (x->skip && !comp_pred) break;
  }

  if (xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] == 0 && best_mode_index >= 0 &&
      ((sf->tx_type_search.fast_inter_tx_type_search == 1 &&
        is_inter_mode(best_mbmode.mode)) ||
       (sf->tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search == 1 &&
        !is_inter_mode(best_mbmode.mode)))) {
    int rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0;
    int64_t dist_y = 0, dist_uv = 0;
    int skip_y = 0, skip_uv = 0, skip_blk = 0;
    int64_t sse_y = 0, sse_uv = 0;

    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 0;
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

    *mbmi = best_mbmode;

    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1]);

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[0]][i];
      if (has_second_ref(mbmi))
        xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[1]][i];
    }

    if (is_inter_mode(mbmi->mode)) {
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      RD_STATS rd_stats_uv;
#endif
      av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize);
#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
      if (mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL)
        av1_build_obmc_inter_prediction(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, dst_buf1,
                                        dst_stride1, dst_buf2, dst_stride2);
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT || xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
        select_tx_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, INT64_MAX);
        rate_y = rd_stats_y.rate;
        dist_y = rd_stats_y.dist;
        sse_y = rd_stats_y.sse;
        skip_y = rd_stats_y.skip;
      } else {
        int idx, idy;
        super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &dist_y, &skip_y, &sse_y, bsize,
                        INT64_MAX);
        for (idy = 0; idy < xd->n8_h; ++idy)
          for (idx = 0; idx < xd->n8_w; ++idx)
            mbmi->inter_tx_size[idy][idx] = mbmi->tx_size;
        memset(x->blk_skip[0], skip_y,
               sizeof(uint8_t) * xd->n8_h * xd->n8_w * 4);
      }

      inter_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_uv, bsize, INT64_MAX);
      rate_uv = rd_stats_uv.rate;
      dist_uv = rd_stats_uv.dist;
      skip_uv = rd_stats_uv.skip;
      sse_uv = rd_stats_uv.sse;
#else
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &dist_y, &skip_y, &sse_y, bsize,
                      INT64_MAX);
      super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rate_uv, &dist_uv, &skip_uv, &sse_uv, bsize,
                       INT64_MAX);
#endif  // CONFIG_VAR_TX
    } else {
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &dist_y, &skip_y, &sse_y, bsize,
                      INT64_MAX);
      super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rate_uv, &dist_uv, &skip_uv, &sse_uv, bsize,
                       INT64_MAX);
    }

    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv, (dist_y + dist_uv)) >
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, (sse_y + sse_uv))) {
      skip_blk = 1;
      rate_y = av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
      rate_uv = 0;
      dist_y = sse_y;
      dist_uv = sse_uv;
    } else {
      skip_blk = 0;
      rate_y += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
    }

    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, best_rate_y + best_rate_uv, rd_cost->dist) >
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv, (dist_y + dist_uv))) {
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      int idx, idy;
#endif
      best_mbmode.tx_type = mbmi->tx_type;
      best_mbmode.tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
      for (idy = 0; idy < xd->n8_h; ++idy)
        for (idx = 0; idx < xd->n8_w; ++idx)
          best_mbmode.inter_tx_size[idy][idx] = mbmi->inter_tx_size[idy][idx];

      for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
        memcpy(ctx->blk_skip[i], x->blk_skip[i],
               sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);

      best_mbmode.min_tx_size = mbmi->min_tx_size;
#endif
      rd_cost->rate += (rate_y + rate_uv - best_rate_y - best_rate_uv);
      rd_cost->dist = dist_y + dist_uv;
      rd_cost->rdcost =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rd_cost->rate, rd_cost->dist);
      best_skip2 = skip_blk;
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  // Only try palette mode when the best mode so far is an intra mode.
  if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools && !is_inter_mode(best_mbmode.mode)) {
    PREDICTION_MODE mode_selected;
    int rate2 = 0, rate_y = 0;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
    int best_rate_nocoef;
#endif
    int64_t distortion2 = 0, distortion_y = 0, dummy_rd = best_rd, this_rd;
    int skippable = 0, rate_overhead_palette = 0;
    TX_SIZE best_tx_size, uv_tx;
    TX_TYPE best_tx_type;
    PALETTE_MODE_INFO palette_mode_info;
    uint8_t *const best_palette_color_map =
        x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map;
    uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;

    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->ref_frame[0] = INTRA_FRAME;
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
    palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
    rate_overhead_palette = rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(
        cpi, x, bsize, palette_ctx, intra_mode_cost[DC_PRED],
        &palette_mode_info, best_palette_color_map, &best_tx_size,
        &best_tx_type, &mode_selected, &dummy_rd);
    if (palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] == 0) goto PALETTE_EXIT;

    pmi->palette_size[0] = palette_mode_info.palette_size[0];
    if (palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0) {
      memcpy(pmi->palette_colors, palette_mode_info.palette_colors,
             PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(palette_mode_info.palette_colors[0]));
      memcpy(color_map, best_palette_color_map,
             rows * cols * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
    }
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rate_y, &distortion_y, &skippable, NULL, bsize,
                    best_rd);
    if (rate_y == INT_MAX) goto PALETTE_EXIT;
    uv_tx = uv_txsize_lookup[bsize][mbmi->tx_size][xd->plane[1].subsampling_x]
                            [xd->plane[1].subsampling_y];
    if (rate_uv_intra[uv_tx] == INT_MAX) {
      choose_intra_uv_mode(cpi, x, ctx, bsize, uv_tx, &rate_uv_intra[uv_tx],
                           &rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx], &dist_uvs[uv_tx],
                           &skip_uvs[uv_tx], &mode_uv[uv_tx]);
      pmi_uv[uv_tx] = *pmi;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
      uv_angle_delta[uv_tx] = mbmi->angle_delta[1];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
      filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx] = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    }
    mbmi->uv_mode = mode_uv[uv_tx];
    pmi->palette_size[1] = pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_size[1];
    if (pmi->palette_size[1] > 0)
      memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(pmi->palette_colors[0]));
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
    mbmi->angle_delta[1] = uv_angle_delta[uv_tx];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] =
        filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1];
    if (filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].use_filter_intra_mode[1]) {
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode[1] =
          filter_intra_mode_info_uv[uv_tx].filter_intra_mode[1];
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
    skippable = skippable && skip_uvs[uv_tx];
    distortion2 = distortion_y + dist_uvs[uv_tx];
    rate2 = rate_y + rate_overhead_palette + rate_uv_intra[uv_tx];
    rate2 += ref_costs_single[INTRA_FRAME];

    if (skippable) {
      rate2 -= (rate_y + rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx]);
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
      best_rate_nocoef = rate2;
#endif
      rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
    } else {
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
      best_rate_nocoef = rate2 - (rate_y + rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx]);
#endif
      rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
    }
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);
    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      best_mode_index = 3;
      mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
      rd_cost->rate = rate2;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
      *returnrate_nocoef = best_rate_nocoef;
#endif
      rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
      rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
      best_rd = this_rd;
      best_mbmode = *mbmi;
      best_skip2 = 0;
      best_mode_skippable = skippable;
    }
  }
PALETTE_EXIT:
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  // TODO(huisu): filter-intra is turned off in lossless mode for now to
  // avoid a unit test failure
  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] &&
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
      mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] == 0 &&
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
      !dc_skipped && best_mode_index >= 0 &&
      best_intra_rd < (best_rd + (best_rd >> 3))) {
    pick_filter_intra_interframe(
        cpi, x, ctx, bsize, rate_uv_intra, rate_uv_tokenonly, dist_uvs,
        skip_uvs, mode_uv, filter_intra_mode_info_uv,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
        uv_angle_delta,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTRA
#if CONFIG_PALETTE
        pmi_uv, palette_ctx,
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
        0, ref_costs_single, &best_rd, &best_intra_rd, &best_intra_mode,
        &best_mode_index, &best_skip2, &best_mode_skippable,
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
        returnrate_nocoef,
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
        best_pred_rd, &best_mbmode, rd_cost);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA

  // The inter modes' rate costs are not calculated precisely in some cases.
  // Therefore, sometimes, NEWMV is chosen instead of NEARESTMV, NEARMV, and
  // ZEROMV. Here, checks are added for those cases, and the mode decisions
  // are corrected.
  if (best_mbmode.mode == NEWMV
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      || best_mbmode.mode == NEWFROMNEARMV || best_mbmode.mode == NEW_NEWMV
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      ) {
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME refs[2] = { best_mbmode.ref_frame[0],
                                         best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] };
    int comp_pred_mode = refs[1] > INTRA_FRAME;
    int_mv zeromv[2];
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    const uint8_t rf_type = av1_ref_frame_type(best_mbmode.ref_frame);
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
    zeromv[0].as_int = gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[refs[0]]).as_int;
    zeromv[1].as_int =
        comp_pred_mode
            ? gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[refs[1]]).as_int
            : 0;
#else
    zeromv[0].as_int = 0;
    zeromv[1].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    if (!comp_pred_mode) {
      int ref_set = (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] >= 2)
                        ? AOMMIN(2, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] - 2)
                        : INT_MAX;

      for (i = 0; i <= ref_set && ref_set != INT_MAX; ++i) {
        int_mv cur_mv = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][i + 1].this_mv;
        if (cur_mv.as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int) {
          best_mbmode.mode = NEARMV;
          best_mbmode.ref_mv_idx = i;
        }
      }

      if (frame_mv[NEARESTMV][refs[0]].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEARESTMV;
      else if (best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == zeromv[0].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = ZEROMV;
    } else {
      int_mv nearestmv[2];
      int_mv nearmv[2];

#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] > 1) {
        nearmv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][1].this_mv;
        nearmv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][1].comp_mv;
      } else {
        nearmv[0] = frame_mv[NEARMV][refs[0]];
        nearmv[1] = frame_mv[NEARMV][refs[1]];
      }
#else
      int ref_set = (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] >= 2)
                        ? AOMMIN(2, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] - 2)
                        : INT_MAX;

      for (i = 0; i <= ref_set && ref_set != INT_MAX; ++i) {
        nearmv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][i + 1].this_mv;
        nearmv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][i + 1].comp_mv;

        if (nearmv[0].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
            nearmv[1].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int) {
          best_mbmode.mode = NEARMV;
          best_mbmode.ref_mv_idx = i;
        }
      }
#endif
      if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[rf_type] >= 1) {
        nearestmv[0] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][0].this_mv;
        nearestmv[1] = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[rf_type][0].comp_mv;
      } else {
        nearestmv[0] = frame_mv[NEARESTMV][refs[0]];
        nearestmv[1] = frame_mv[NEARESTMV][refs[1]];
      }

      if (nearestmv[0].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
          nearestmv[1].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAREST_NEARESTMV;
      else if (nearestmv[0].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               nearmv[1].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAREST_NEARMV;
      else if (nearmv[0].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               nearestmv[1].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAR_NEARESTMV;
      else if (nearmv[0].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               nearmv[1].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAR_NEARMV;
      else if (best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == 0 && best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int == 0)
        best_mbmode.mode = ZERO_ZEROMV;
#else
        best_mbmode.mode = NEARESTMV;
      else if (best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == zeromv[0].as_int &&
               best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int == zeromv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = ZEROMV;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    }
#else
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (!comp_pred_mode) {
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      if (frame_mv[NEARESTMV][refs[0]].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
          ((comp_pred_mode &&
            frame_mv[NEARESTMV][refs[1]].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int) ||
           !comp_pred_mode))
        best_mbmode.mode = NEARESTMV;
      else if (frame_mv[NEARMV][refs[0]].as_int == best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               ((comp_pred_mode &&
                 frame_mv[NEARMV][refs[1]].as_int ==
                     best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int) ||
                !comp_pred_mode))
        best_mbmode.mode = NEARMV;
      else if (best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == zeromv[0].as_int &&
               ((comp_pred_mode &&
                 best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int == zeromv[1].as_int) ||
                !comp_pred_mode))
        best_mbmode.mode = ZEROMV;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    } else {
      if (frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][refs[0]].as_int ==
              best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
          frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARESTMV][refs[1]].as_int ==
              best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAREST_NEARESTMV;
      else if (frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][refs[0]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               frame_mv[NEAREST_NEARMV][refs[1]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAREST_NEARMV;
      else if (frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][refs[0]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               frame_mv[NEAR_NEARESTMV][refs[1]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAR_NEARESTMV;
      else if (frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][refs[0]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int &&
               frame_mv[NEAR_NEARMV][refs[1]].as_int ==
                   best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int)
        best_mbmode.mode = NEAR_NEARMV;
      else if (best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == 0 && best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int == 0)
        best_mbmode.mode = ZERO_ZEROMV;
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
#endif
  }

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  if (best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] > INTRA_FRAME && best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int == 0 &&
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      (best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] <= INTRA_FRAME)
#else
      (best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] == NONE || best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int == 0)
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
          ) {
    int16_t mode_ctx = mbmi_ext->mode_context[best_mbmode.ref_frame[0]];
#if !CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] > NONE)
      mode_ctx &= (mbmi_ext->mode_context[best_mbmode.ref_frame[1]] | 0x00ff);
#endif  // !CONFIG_EXT_INTER

    if (mode_ctx & (1 << ALL_ZERO_FLAG_OFFSET)) best_mbmode.mode = ZEROMV;
  }
#endif

  if (best_mode_index < 0 || best_rd >= best_rd_so_far) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
    return;
  }

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter[0]) ||
         !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter[1]) ||
         !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
  if (best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] > INTRA_FRAME) {
    assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
           (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter[2]) ||
           !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
    assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
           (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter[3]) ||
           !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
  }
#else
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter) ||
         !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
#endif

  if (!cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref)
    av1_update_rd_thresh_fact(cm, tile_data->thresh_freq_fact,
                              sf->adaptive_rd_thresh, bsize, best_mode_index);

  // macroblock modes
  *mbmi = best_mbmode;
  x->skip |= best_skip2;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  for (i = 0; i < 1 + has_second_ref(mbmi); ++i) {
    if (mbmi->mode != NEWMV)
      mbmi->pred_mv[i].as_int = mbmi->mv[i].as_int;
    else
      mbmi->pred_mv[i].as_int = mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[mbmi->ref_frame[i]][0].as_int;
  }
#endif

  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i) {
    if (best_pred_rd[i] == INT64_MAX)
      best_pred_diff[i] = INT_MIN;
    else
      best_pred_diff[i] = best_rd - best_pred_rd[i];
  }

  x->skip |= best_mode_skippable;

  assert(best_mode_index >= 0);

  store_coding_context(x, ctx, best_mode_index, best_pred_diff,
                       best_mode_skippable);

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  if (cm->allow_screen_content_tools && pmi->palette_size[1] > 0) {
    restore_uv_color_map(cpi, x);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE
}

void av1_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb_seg_skip(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                        TileDataEnc *tile_data, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                        RD_COST *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                        PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                                        int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  const int comp_pred = 0;
  int i;
  int64_t best_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES];
  unsigned int ref_costs_single[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  unsigned int ref_costs_comp[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  aom_prob comp_mode_p;
  InterpFilter best_filter = SWITCHABLE;
  int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int rate2 = 0;
  const int64_t distortion2 = 0;

  estimate_ref_frame_costs(cm, xd, segment_id, ref_costs_single, ref_costs_comp,
                           &comp_mode_p);

  for (i = 0; i < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++i) x->pred_sse[i] = INT_MAX;
  for (i = LAST_FRAME; i < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++i)
    x->pred_mv_sad[i] = INT_MAX;

  rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;

  assert(segfeature_active(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP));

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mbmi->mode = ZEROMV;
  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = LAST_FRAME;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE;
#if CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
  mbmi->mv[0].as_int =
      gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[0]]).as_int;
#else   // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
  mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_GLOBAL_MOTION
  mbmi->tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  x->skip = 1;

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
  mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
  mbmi->pred_mv[0].as_int = 0;
#endif

  if (cm->interp_filter != BILINEAR) {
    best_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
    if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE &&
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
        av1_is_interp_needed(xd) &&
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
        x->source_variance >= cpi->sf.disable_filter_search_var_thresh) {
      int rs;
      int best_rs = INT_MAX;
      for (i = 0; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS; ++i) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        int k;
        for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k) mbmi->interp_filter[k] = i;
#else
        mbmi->interp_filter = i;
#endif
        rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
        if (rs < best_rs) {
          best_rs = rs;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter[0];
#else
          best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // Set the appropriate filter
  if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) mbmi->interp_filter[i] = best_filter;
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter = best_filter;
#endif
    rate2 += av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
  } else {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) mbmi->interp_filter[0] = cm->interp_filter;
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter = cm->interp_filter;
#endif
  }

  if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT)
    rate2 += av1_cost_bit(comp_mode_p, comp_pred);

  // Estimate the reference frame signaling cost and add it
  // to the rolling cost variable.
  rate2 += ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME];
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);

  rd_cost->rate = rate2;
  rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
  rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;

  if (this_rd >= best_rd_so_far) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
    return;
  }

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == mbmi->interp_filter[0]));
#else
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == mbmi->interp_filter));
#endif

  av1_update_rd_thresh_fact(cm, tile_data->thresh_freq_fact,
                            cpi->sf.adaptive_rd_thresh, bsize, THR_ZEROMV);

  av1_zero(best_pred_diff);

  store_coding_context(x, ctx, THR_ZEROMV, best_pred_diff, 0);
}

void av1_rd_pick_inter_mode_sub8x8(const struct AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                   TileDataEnc *tile_data, struct macroblock *x,
                                   int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                   struct RD_COST *rd_cost,
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
                                   int *returnrate_nocoef,
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
                                   BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                                   int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const RD_OPT *const rd_opt = &cpi->rd;
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = &xd->mi[0]->mbmi;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame, second_ref_frame;
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  int comp_pred, i;
  int_mv frame_mv[MB_MODE_COUNT][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  struct buf_2d yv12_mb[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME][MAX_MB_PLANE];
  static const int flag_list[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] = {
    0,
    AOM_LAST_FLAG,
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_LAST2_FLAG,
    AOM_LAST3_FLAG,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_GOLD_FLAG,
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_BWD_FLAG,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    AOM_ALT_FLAG
  };
  int64_t best_rd = best_rd_so_far;
  int64_t best_yrd = best_rd_so_far;  // FIXME(rbultje) more precise
  int64_t best_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES];
  int64_t best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODES];
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmode;
  int ref_index, best_ref_index = 0;
  unsigned int ref_costs_single[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  unsigned int ref_costs_comp[TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
  aom_prob comp_mode_p;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  InterpFilter tmp_best_filter[4] = { 0 };
#else
  InterpFilter tmp_best_filter = SWITCHABLE;
#endif
  int rate_uv_intra, rate_uv_tokenonly = INT_MAX;
  int64_t dist_uv = INT64_MAX;
  int skip_uv;
  PREDICTION_MODE mode_uv = DC_PRED;
  const int intra_cost_penalty = av1_get_intra_cost_penalty(
      cm->base_qindex, cm->y_dc_delta_q, cm->bit_depth);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  int_mv seg_mvs[4][2][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
#else
  int_mv seg_mvs[4][TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  b_mode_info best_bmodes[4];
  int best_skip2 = 0;
  int ref_frame_skip_mask[2] = { 0 };
  int internal_active_edge =
      av1_active_edge_sb(cpi, mi_row, mi_col) && av1_internal_image_edge(cpi);
#if CONFIG_PVQ
  od_rollback_buffer pre_buf;

  od_encode_checkpoint(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif

#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
  best_rd_so_far = INT64_MAX;
  best_rd = best_rd_so_far;
  best_yrd = best_rd_so_far;
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
  av1_zero(best_mbmode);

#if CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[0] = 0;
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra_mode[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FILTER_INTRA
  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  mbmi->use_wedge_interinter = 0;
  mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    int j;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    int k;

    for (k = 0; k < 2; k++)
      for (j = 0; j < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; j++)
        seg_mvs[i][k][j].as_int = INVALID_MV;
#else
    for (j = 0; j < TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME; j++)
      seg_mvs[i][j].as_int = INVALID_MV;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
  }

  estimate_ref_frame_costs(cm, xd, segment_id, ref_costs_single, ref_costs_comp,
                           &comp_mode_p);

  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i) best_pred_rd[i] = INT64_MAX;
  rate_uv_intra = INT_MAX;

  rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
  *returnrate_nocoef = INT_MAX;
#endif

  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ref_frame++) {
    x->mbmi_ext->mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
#if CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    x->mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_REF_MV && CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    if (cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[ref_frame]) {
      setup_buffer_inter(cpi, x, ref_frame, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                         frame_mv[NEARESTMV], frame_mv[NEARMV], yv12_mb);
    } else {
      ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << ref_frame);
      ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    }
    frame_mv[NEWMV][ref_frame].as_int = INVALID_MV;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    frame_mv[NEWFROMNEARMV][ref_frame].as_int = INVALID_MV;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
    frame_mv[ZEROMV][ref_frame].as_int = 0;
  }

#if CONFIG_PALETTE
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_PALETTE

  for (ref_index = 0; ref_index < MAX_REFS; ++ref_index) {
    int mode_excluded = 0;
    int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
    int disable_skip = 0;
    int compmode_cost = 0;
    int rate2 = 0, rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0;
    int64_t distortion2 = 0, distortion_y = 0, distortion_uv = 0;
    int skippable = 0;
    int this_skip2 = 0;
    int64_t total_sse = INT_MAX;

#if CONFIG_PVQ
    od_encode_rollback(&x->daala_enc, &pre_buf);
#endif

    ref_frame = av1_ref_order[ref_index].ref_frame[0];
    second_ref_frame = av1_ref_order[ref_index].ref_frame[1];

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
#endif

    // Look at the reference frame of the best mode so far and set the
    // skip mask to look at a subset of the remaining modes.
    if (ref_index > 2 && sf->mode_skip_start < MAX_MODES) {
      if (ref_index == 3) {
        switch (best_mbmode.ref_frame[0]) {
          case INTRA_FRAME: break;
          case LAST_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) |
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) |
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
            break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          case LAST2_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
            break;
          case LAST3_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
            break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          case GOLDEN_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << LAST_FRAME) |
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) |
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
            break;
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          case BWDREF_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= (1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | 0x01;
            break;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
          case ALTREF_FRAME:
            ref_frame_skip_mask[0] |= (1 << LAST_FRAME) |
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | (1 << LAST3_FRAME) |
                                      (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) |
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
                                      (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME);
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
            ref_frame_skip_mask[1] |= (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | 0x01;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
            break;
          case NONE:
          case TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME:
            assert(0 && "Invalid Reference frame");
            break;
        }
      }
    }

    if ((ref_frame_skip_mask[0] & (1 << ref_frame)) &&
        (ref_frame_skip_mask[1] & (1 << AOMMAX(0, second_ref_frame))))
      continue;

    // Test best rd so far against threshold for trying this mode.
    if (!internal_active_edge &&
        rd_less_than_thresh(best_rd,
                            rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][ref_index],
                            tile_data->thresh_freq_fact[bsize][ref_index]))
      continue;

    comp_pred = second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME;
    if (comp_pred) {
      if (!cpi->allow_comp_inter_inter) continue;
      if (!(cpi->ref_frame_flags & flag_list[second_ref_frame])) continue;
      // Do not allow compound prediction if the segment level reference frame
      // feature is in use as in this case there can only be one reference.
      if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) continue;

      if ((sf->mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_COMP_BESTINTRA) &&
          best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME)
        continue;
    }

    // TODO(jingning, jkoleszar): scaling reference frame not supported for
    // sub8x8 blocks.
    if (ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME &&
        av1_is_scaled(&cm->frame_refs[ref_frame - 1].sf))
      continue;

    if (second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME &&
        av1_is_scaled(&cm->frame_refs[second_ref_frame - 1].sf))
      continue;

    if (comp_pred)
      mode_excluded = cm->reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE;
    else if (ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME)
      mode_excluded = cm->reference_mode == COMPOUND_REFERENCE;

    // If the segment reference frame feature is enabled....
    // then do nothing if the current ref frame is not allowed..
    if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) &&
        get_segdata(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) != (int)ref_frame) {
      continue;
      // Disable this drop out case if the ref frame
      // segment level feature is enabled for this segment. This is to
      // prevent the possibility that we end up unable to pick any mode.
    } else if (!segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) {
      // Only consider ZEROMV/ALTREF_FRAME for alt ref frame,
      // unless ARNR filtering is enabled in which case we want
      // an unfiltered alternative. We allow near/nearest as well
      // because they may result in zero-zero MVs but be cheaper.
      if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref && (cpi->oxcf.arnr_max_frames == 0))
        continue;
    }

    mbmi->tx_size = TX_4X4;
    mbmi->uv_mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->ref_frame[0] = ref_frame;
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = second_ref_frame;
// Evaluate all sub-pel filters irrespective of whether we can use
// them for this frame.
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      mbmi->interp_filter[i] = cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE
                                   ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR
                                   : cm->interp_filter;
#else
    mbmi->interp_filter =
        cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? EIGHTTAP_REGULAR : cm->interp_filter;
#endif
    x->skip = 0;
    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, ref_frame, second_ref_frame);

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[ref_frame][i];
      if (comp_pred) xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[second_ref_frame][i];
    }

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
    mbmi->inter_tx_size[0][0] = mbmi->tx_size;
    mbmi->min_tx_size = get_min_tx_size(mbmi->tx_size);
#endif

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      int rate;
      if (rd_pick_intra_sub_8x8_y_mode(cpi, x, &rate, &rate_y, &distortion_y,
                                       NULL, best_rd) >= best_rd)
        continue;
      rate2 += rate;
      rate2 += intra_cost_penalty;
      distortion2 += distortion_y;

      if (rate_uv_intra == INT_MAX) {
        choose_intra_uv_mode(cpi, x, ctx, bsize, TX_4X4, &rate_uv_intra,
                             &rate_uv_tokenonly, &dist_uv, &skip_uv, &mode_uv);
      }
      rate2 += rate_uv_intra;
      rate_uv = rate_uv_tokenonly;
      distortion2 += dist_uv;
      distortion_uv = dist_uv;
      mbmi->uv_mode = mode_uv;
    } else {
      int rate;
      int64_t distortion;
      int64_t this_rd_thresh;
      int64_t tmp_rd, tmp_best_rd = INT64_MAX, tmp_best_rdu = INT64_MAX;
      int tmp_best_rate = INT_MAX, tmp_best_ratey = INT_MAX;
      int64_t tmp_best_distortion = INT_MAX, tmp_best_sse, uv_sse;
      int tmp_best_skippable = 0;
      int switchable_filter_index;
      int_mv *second_ref =
          comp_pred ? &x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[second_ref_frame][0] : NULL;
      b_mode_info tmp_best_bmodes[16];  // Should this be 4 ?
      MB_MODE_INFO tmp_best_mbmode;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
      BEST_SEG_INFO bsi[25];
#else
      BEST_SEG_INFO bsi[9];
#endif
#else
      BEST_SEG_INFO bsi[SWITCHABLE_FILTERS];
#endif
      int pred_exists = 0;
      int uv_skippable;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
      int_mv compound_seg_newmvs[4][2];
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        compound_seg_newmvs[i][0].as_int = INVALID_MV;
        compound_seg_newmvs[i][1].as_int = INVALID_MV;
      }
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER

      this_rd_thresh = (ref_frame == LAST_FRAME)
                           ? rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_LAST]
                           : rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_ALTR];
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      this_rd_thresh = (ref_frame == LAST2_FRAME)
                           ? rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_LAST2]
                           : this_rd_thresh;
      this_rd_thresh = (ref_frame == LAST3_FRAME)
                           ? rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_LAST3]
                           : this_rd_thresh;
      this_rd_thresh = (ref_frame == BWDREF_FRAME)
                           ? rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_BWDR]
                           : this_rd_thresh;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      this_rd_thresh = (ref_frame == GOLDEN_FRAME)
                           ? rd_opt->threshes[segment_id][bsize][THR_GOLD]
                           : this_rd_thresh;

      // TODO(any): Add search of the tx_type to improve rd performance at the
      // expense of speed.
      mbmi->tx_type = DCT_DCT;

      if (cm->interp_filter != BILINEAR) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        tmp_best_filter[0] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
        tmp_best_filter[1] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
        tmp_best_filter[2] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
        tmp_best_filter[3] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#else
        tmp_best_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif
        if (x->source_variance < sf->disable_filter_search_var_thresh) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          tmp_best_filter[0] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#else
          tmp_best_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif
        } else if (sf->adaptive_pred_interp_filter == 1 &&
                   ctx->pred_interp_filter < SWITCHABLE) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          tmp_best_filter[0] = ctx->pred_interp_filter;
#else
          tmp_best_filter = ctx->pred_interp_filter;
#endif
        } else if (sf->adaptive_pred_interp_filter == 2) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          tmp_best_filter[0] = ctx->pred_interp_filter < SWITCHABLE
                                   ? ctx->pred_interp_filter
                                   : 0;
#else
          tmp_best_filter = ctx->pred_interp_filter < SWITCHABLE
                                ? ctx->pred_interp_filter
                                : 0;
#endif
        } else {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
          for (switchable_filter_index = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
               switchable_filter_index < 25;
#else
               switchable_filter_index < 9;
#endif
               ++switchable_filter_index) {
#else
          for (switchable_filter_index = 0;
               switchable_filter_index < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS;
               ++switchable_filter_index) {
#endif
            int newbest, rs;
            int64_t rs_rd;
            MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
            mbmi->interp_filter[0] = filter_sets[switchable_filter_index][0];
            mbmi->interp_filter[1] = filter_sets[switchable_filter_index][1];
            mbmi->interp_filter[2] = filter_sets[switchable_filter_index][0];
            mbmi->interp_filter[3] = filter_sets[switchable_filter_index][1];
#else
            mbmi->interp_filter = switchable_filter_index;
#endif
            tmp_rd = rd_pick_best_sub8x8_mode(
                cpi, x, &mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame][0], second_ref, best_yrd,
                &rate, &rate_y, &distortion, &skippable, &total_sse,
                (int)this_rd_thresh, seg_mvs,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                compound_seg_newmvs,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
                bsi, switchable_filter_index, mi_row, mi_col);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
            if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE &&
                (mbmi->interp_filter[0] != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR ||
                 mbmi->interp_filter[1] != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR))  // invalid config
              continue;
#else
            if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE &&
                mbmi->interp_filter != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR)  // invalid config
              continue;
#endif
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
            if (tmp_rd == INT64_MAX) continue;
            rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);
            rs_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rs, 0);
            if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) tmp_rd += rs_rd;

            newbest = (tmp_rd < tmp_best_rd);
            if (newbest) {
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
              tmp_best_filter[0] = mbmi->interp_filter[0];
              tmp_best_filter[1] = mbmi->interp_filter[1];
              tmp_best_filter[2] = mbmi->interp_filter[2];
              tmp_best_filter[3] = mbmi->interp_filter[3];
#else
              tmp_best_filter = mbmi->interp_filter;
#endif
              tmp_best_rd = tmp_rd;
            }
            if ((newbest && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
                (
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
                    mbmi->interp_filter[0] == cm->interp_filter
#else
                    mbmi->interp_filter == cm->interp_filter
#endif
                    && cm->interp_filter != SWITCHABLE)) {
              tmp_best_rdu = tmp_rd;
              tmp_best_rate = rate;
              tmp_best_ratey = rate_y;
              tmp_best_distortion = distortion;
              tmp_best_sse = total_sse;
              tmp_best_skippable = skippable;
              tmp_best_mbmode = *mbmi;
              for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                tmp_best_bmodes[i] = xd->mi[0]->bmi[i];
              }
              pred_exists = 1;
            }
          }  // switchable_filter_index loop
        }
      }

      if (tmp_best_rdu == INT64_MAX && pred_exists) continue;

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
      mbmi->interp_filter[0] =
          (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? tmp_best_filter[0]
                                           : cm->interp_filter);
      mbmi->interp_filter[1] =
          (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? tmp_best_filter[1]
                                           : cm->interp_filter);
      mbmi->interp_filter[2] =
          (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? tmp_best_filter[2]
                                           : cm->interp_filter);
      mbmi->interp_filter[3] =
          (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? tmp_best_filter[3]
                                           : cm->interp_filter);
#else
      mbmi->interp_filter =
          (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE ? tmp_best_filter
                                           : cm->interp_filter);
#endif

      if (!pred_exists) {
        // Handles the special case when a filter that is not in the
        // switchable list (bilinear) is indicated at the frame level
        tmp_rd = rd_pick_best_sub8x8_mode(
            cpi, x, &x->mbmi_ext->ref_mvs[ref_frame][0], second_ref, best_yrd,
            &rate, &rate_y, &distortion, &skippable, &total_sse,
            (int)this_rd_thresh, seg_mvs,
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            compound_seg_newmvs,
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTER
            bsi, 0, mi_row, mi_col);
#if CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
        if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE &&
            (mbmi->interp_filter[0] != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR ||
             mbmi->interp_filter[1] != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR)) {
          mbmi->interp_filter[0] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
          mbmi->interp_filter[1] = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
        }
#else
        if (!av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE &&
            mbmi->interp_filter != EIGHTTAP_REGULAR)
          mbmi->interp_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
#endif  // CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_INTERP
        if (tmp_rd == INT64_MAX) continue;
      } else {
        total_sse = tmp_best_sse;
        rate = tmp_best_rate;
        rate_y = tmp_best_ratey;
        distortion = tmp_best_distortion;
        skippable = tmp_best_skippable;
        *mbmi = tmp_best_mbmode;
        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) xd->mi[0]->bmi[i] = tmp_best_bmodes[i];
      }
      // Add in the cost of the transform type
      if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        int rate_tx_type = 0;
#if CONFIG_EXT_TX
        if (get_ext_tx_types(mbmi->tx_size, bsize, 1) > 1) {
          const int eset = get_ext_tx_set(mbmi->tx_size, bsize, 1);
          rate_tx_type =
              cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[eset][mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->tx_type];
        }
#else
        if (mbmi->tx_size < TX_32X32) {
          rate_tx_type = cpi->inter_tx_type_costs[mbmi->tx_size][mbmi->tx_type];
        }
#endif
        rate += rate_tx_type;
        rate_y += rate_tx_type;
      }

      rate2 += rate;
      distortion2 += distortion;

      if (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE)
        rate2 += av1_get_switchable_rate(cpi, xd);

      if (!mode_excluded)
        mode_excluded = comp_pred ? cm->reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE
                                  : cm->reference_mode == COMPOUND_REFERENCE;

      compmode_cost = av1_cost_bit(comp_mode_p, comp_pred);

      tmp_best_rdu =
          best_rd - AOMMIN(RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2),
                           RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, total_sse));

      if (tmp_best_rdu > 0) {
        // If even the 'Y' rd value of split is higher than best so far
        // then dont bother looking at UV
        int is_cost_valid_uv;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        RD_STATS rd_stats_uv;
#endif
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sbuv(&x->e_mbd, mi_row, mi_col, BLOCK_8X8);
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        is_cost_valid_uv =
            inter_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_uv, BLOCK_8X8, tmp_best_rdu);
        rate_uv = rd_stats_uv.rate;
        distortion_uv = rd_stats_uv.dist;
        uv_skippable = rd_stats_uv.skip;
        uv_sse = rd_stats_uv.sse;
#else
        is_cost_valid_uv =
            super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rate_uv, &distortion_uv, &uv_skippable,
                             &uv_sse, BLOCK_8X8, tmp_best_rdu);
#endif
        if (!is_cost_valid_uv) continue;
        rate2 += rate_uv;
        distortion2 += distortion_uv;
        skippable = skippable && uv_skippable;
        total_sse += uv_sse;
      } else {
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) rate2 += compmode_cost;

    // Estimate the reference frame signaling cost and add it
    // to the rolling cost variable.
    if (second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME) {
      rate2 += ref_costs_comp[ref_frame];
#if CONFIG_EXT_REFS
      rate2 += ref_costs_comp[second_ref_frame];
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_REFS
    } else {
      rate2 += ref_costs_single[ref_frame];
    }

    if (!disable_skip) {
      // Skip is never coded at the segment level for sub8x8 blocks and instead
      // always coded in the bitstream at the mode info level.

      if (ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_y + rate_uv, distortion2) <
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, 0, total_sse)) {
          // Add in the cost of the no skip flag.
          rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
        } else {
          // FIXME(rbultje) make this work for splitmv also
          rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 1);
          distortion2 = total_sse;
          assert(total_sse >= 0);
          rate2 -= (rate_y + rate_uv);
          rate_y = 0;
          rate_uv = 0;
          this_skip2 = 1;
        }
      } else {
        // Add in the cost of the no skip flag.
        rate2 += av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), 0);
      }

      // Calculate the final RD estimate for this mode.
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate2, distortion2);
    }

    if (!disable_skip && ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
        best_pred_rd[i] = AOMMIN(best_pred_rd[i], this_rd);
    }

    // Did this mode help.. i.e. is it the new best mode
    if (this_rd < best_rd || x->skip) {
      if (!mode_excluded) {
        // Note index of best mode so far
        best_ref_index = ref_index;

        if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
          /* required for left and above block mv */
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
        }

        rd_cost->rate = rate2;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
        *returnrate_nocoef = rate2 - rate_y - rate_uv;
        if (!disable_skip)
          *returnrate_nocoef -=
              av1_cost_bit(av1_get_skip_prob(cm, xd), this_skip2);
        *returnrate_nocoef -= av1_cost_bit(av1_get_intra_inter_prob(cm, xd),
                                           mbmi->ref_frame[0] != INTRA_FRAME);
        assert(*returnrate_nocoef > 0);
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
        rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
        rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
        best_rd = this_rd;
        best_yrd =
            best_rd - RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, rate_uv, distortion_uv);
        best_mbmode = *mbmi;
        best_skip2 = this_skip2;

#if CONFIG_VAR_TX
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++i)
          memset(ctx->blk_skip[i], 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#endif

        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) best_bmodes[i] = xd->mi[0]->bmi[i];
      }
    }

    /* keep record of best compound/single-only prediction */
    if (!disable_skip && ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME) {
      int64_t single_rd, hybrid_rd, single_rate, hybrid_rate;

      if (cm->reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) {
        single_rate = rate2 - compmode_cost;
        hybrid_rate = rate2;
      } else {
        single_rate = rate2;
        hybrid_rate = rate2 + compmode_cost;
      }

      single_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, single_rate, distortion2);
      hybrid_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->rddiv, hybrid_rate, distortion2);

      if (!comp_pred && single_rd < best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE])
        best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE] = single_rd;
      else if (comp_pred && single_rd < best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE])
        best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] = single_rd;

      if (hybrid_rd < best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT])
        best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT] = hybrid_rd;
    }

    if (x->skip && !comp_pred) break;
  }

  if (best_rd >= best_rd_so_far) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
    *returnrate_nocoef = INT_MAX;
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
    return;
  }

  if (best_rd == INT64_MAX) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->dist = INT64_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
#if CONFIG_SUPERTX
    *returnrate_nocoef = INT_MAX;
#endif  // CONFIG_SUPERTX
    return;
  }

#if CONFIG_DUAL_FILTER
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter[0]) ||
         !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
#else
  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter == best_mbmode.interp_filter) ||
         !is_inter_block(&best_mbmode));
#endif

  av1_update_rd_thresh_fact(cm, tile_data->thresh_freq_fact,
                            sf->adaptive_rd_thresh, bsize, best_ref_index);

  // macroblock modes
  *mbmi = best_mbmode;
#if CONFIG_VAR_TX && CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX
  mbmi->inter_tx_size[0][0] = mbmi->tx_size;
#endif  // CONFIG_EXT_TX && CONFIG_RECT_TX

  x->skip |= best_skip2;
  if (!is_inter_block(&best_mbmode)) {
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) xd->mi[0]->bmi[i].as_mode = best_bmodes[i].as_mode;
  } else {
    for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      memcpy(&xd->mi[0]->bmi[i], &best_bmodes[i], sizeof(b_mode_info));

#if CONFIG_REF_MV
    mbmi->pred_mv[0].as_int = xd->mi[0]->bmi[3].pred_mv[0].as_int;
    mbmi->pred_mv[1].as_int = xd->mi[0]->bmi[3].pred_mv[1].as_int;
#endif
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = xd->mi[0]->bmi[3].as_mv[0].as_int;
    mbmi->mv[1].as_int = xd->mi[0]->bmi[3].as_mv[1].as_int;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i) {
    if (best_pred_rd[i] == INT64_MAX)
      best_pred_diff[i] = INT_MIN;
    else
      best_pred_diff[i] = best_rd - best_pred_rd[i];
  }

  store_coding_context(x, ctx, best_ref_index, best_pred_diff, 0);
}

#if CONFIG_MOTION_VAR
// This function has a structure similar to av1_build_obmc_inter_prediction
//
// The OBMC predictor is computed as:
//
//  PObmc(x,y) =
//    AOM_BLEND_A64(Mh(x),
//                  AOM_BLEND_A64(Mv(y), P(x,y), PAbove(x,y)),
//                  PLeft(x, y))
//
// Scaling up by AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA ** 2 and omitting the intermediate
// rounding, this can be written as:
//
//  AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Pobmc(x,y) =
//    Mh(x) * Mv(y) * P(x,y) +
//      Mh(x) * Cv(y) * Pabove(x,y) +
//      AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Ch(x) * PLeft(x, y)
//
// Where :
//
//  Cv(y) = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - Mv(y)
//  Ch(y) = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - Mh(y)
//
// This function computes 'wsrc' and 'mask' as:
//
//  wsrc(x, y) =
//    AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * src(x, y) -
//      Mh(x) * Cv(y) * Pabove(x,y) +
//      AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Ch(x) * PLeft(x, y)
//
//  mask(x, y) = Mh(x) * Mv(y)
//
// These can then be used to efficiently approximate the error for any
// predictor P in the context of the provided neighbouring predictors by
// computing:
//
//  error(x, y) =
//    wsrc(x, y) - mask(x, y) * P(x, y) / (AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA ** 2)
//
static void calc_target_weighted_pred(const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int mi_row,
                                      int mi_col, const uint8_t *above,
                                      int above_stride, const uint8_t *left,
                                      int left_stride) {
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = xd->mi[0]->mbmi.sb_type;
  int row, col, i;
  const int bw = 8 * xd->n8_w;
  const int bh = 8 * xd->n8_h;
  int32_t *mask_buf = x->mask_buf;
  int32_t *wsrc_buf = x->wsrc_buf;
  const int wsrc_stride = bw;
  const int mask_stride = bw;
  const int src_scale = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  const int is_hbd = (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? 1 : 0;
#else
  const int is_hbd = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH

  // plane 0 should not be subsampled
  assert(xd->plane[0].subsampling_x == 0);
  assert(xd->plane[0].subsampling_y == 0);

  av1_zero_array(wsrc_buf, bw * bh);
  for (i = 0; i < bw * bh; ++i) mask_buf[i] = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;

  // handle above row
  if (xd->up_available) {
    const int overlap = num_4x4_blocks_high_lookup[bsize] * 2;
    const int miw = AOMMIN(xd->n8_w, cm->mi_cols - mi_col);
    const int mi_row_offset = -1;
    const uint8_t *const mask1d = av1_get_obmc_mask(overlap);

    assert(miw > 0);

    i = 0;
    do {  // for each mi in the above row
      const int mi_col_offset = i;
      const MB_MODE_INFO *const above_mbmi =
          &xd->mi[mi_col_offset + mi_row_offset * xd->mi_stride]->mbmi;
      const int mi_step =
          AOMMIN(xd->n8_w, num_8x8_blocks_wide_lookup[above_mbmi->sb_type]);
      const int neighbor_bw = mi_step * MI_SIZE;

      if (is_neighbor_overlappable(above_mbmi)) {
        const int tmp_stride = above_stride;
        int32_t *wsrc = wsrc_buf + (i * MI_SIZE);
        int32_t *mask = mask_buf + (i * MI_SIZE);

        if (!is_hbd) {
          const uint8_t *tmp = above;

          for (row = 0; row < overlap; ++row) {
            const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[row];
            const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
            for (col = 0; col < neighbor_bw; ++col) {
              wsrc[col] = m1 * tmp[col];
              mask[col] = m0;
            }
            wsrc += wsrc_stride;
            mask += mask_stride;
            tmp += tmp_stride;
          }
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        } else {
          const uint16_t *tmp = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(above);

          for (row = 0; row < overlap; ++row) {
            const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[row];
            const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
            for (col = 0; col < neighbor_bw; ++col) {
              wsrc[col] = m1 * tmp[col];
              mask[col] = m0;
            }
            wsrc += wsrc_stride;
            mask += mask_stride;
            tmp += tmp_stride;
          }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        }
      }

      above += neighbor_bw;
      i += mi_step;
    } while (i < miw);
  }

  for (i = 0; i < bw * bh; ++i) {
    wsrc_buf[i] *= AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;
    mask_buf[i] *= AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;
  }

  // handle left column
  if (xd->left_available) {
    const int overlap = num_4x4_blocks_wide_lookup[bsize] * 2;
    const int mih = AOMMIN(xd->n8_h, cm->mi_rows - mi_row);
    const int mi_col_offset = -1;
    const uint8_t *const mask1d = av1_get_obmc_mask(overlap);

    assert(mih > 0);

    i = 0;
    do {  // for each mi in the left column
      const int mi_row_offset = i;
      const MB_MODE_INFO *const left_mbmi =
          &xd->mi[mi_col_offset + mi_row_offset * xd->mi_stride]->mbmi;
      const int mi_step =
          AOMMIN(xd->n8_h, num_8x8_blocks_high_lookup[left_mbmi->sb_type]);
      const int neighbor_bh = mi_step * MI_SIZE;

      if (is_neighbor_overlappable(left_mbmi)) {
        const int tmp_stride = left_stride;
        int32_t *wsrc = wsrc_buf + (i * MI_SIZE * wsrc_stride);
        int32_t *mask = mask_buf + (i * MI_SIZE * mask_stride);

        if (!is_hbd) {
          const uint8_t *tmp = left;

          for (row = 0; row < neighbor_bh; ++row) {
            for (col = 0; col < overlap; ++col) {
              const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[col];
              const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
              wsrc[col] = (wsrc[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0 +
                          (tmp[col] << AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m1;
              mask[col] = (mask[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0;
            }
            wsrc += wsrc_stride;
            mask += mask_stride;
            tmp += tmp_stride;
          }
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        } else {
          const uint16_t *tmp = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(left);

          for (row = 0; row < neighbor_bh; ++row) {
            for (col = 0; col < overlap; ++col) {
              const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[col];
              const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
              wsrc[col] = (wsrc[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0 +
                          (tmp[col] << AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m1;
              mask[col] = (mask[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0;
            }
            wsrc += wsrc_stride;
            mask += mask_stride;
            tmp += tmp_stride;
          }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
        }
      }

      left += neighbor_bh * left_stride;
      i += mi_step;
    } while (i < mih);
  }

  if (!is_hbd) {
    const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;

    for (row = 0; row < bh; ++row) {
      for (col = 0; col < bw; ++col) {
        wsrc_buf[col] = src[col] * src_scale - wsrc_buf[col];
      }
      wsrc_buf += wsrc_stride;
      src += x->plane[0].src.stride;
    }
#if CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  } else {
    const uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(x->plane[0].src.buf);

    for (row = 0; row < bh; ++row) {
      for (col = 0; col < bw; ++col) {
        wsrc_buf[col] = src[col] * src_scale - wsrc_buf[col];
      }
      wsrc_buf += wsrc_stride;
      src += x->plane[0].src.stride;
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_AOM_HIGHBITDEPTH
  }
}
#endif  // CONFIG_MOTION_VAR