/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved
 *
 * This source code is subject to the terms of the BSD 2 Clause License and
 * the Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0. If the BSD 2 Clause License
 * was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
 * obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
 * Media Patent License 1.0 was not distributed with this source code in the
 * PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include "config/aom_dsp_rtcd.h"
#include "config/av1_rtcd.h"

#include "aom_dsp/aom_dsp_common.h"
#include "aom_dsp/blend.h"
#include "aom_mem/aom_mem.h"
#include "aom_ports/aom_timer.h"
#include "aom_ports/mem.h"
#include "aom_ports/system_state.h"

#include "av1/common/cfl.h"
#include "av1/common/common.h"
#include "av1/common/common_data.h"
#include "av1/common/entropy.h"
#include "av1/common/entropymode.h"
#include "av1/common/idct.h"
#include "av1/common/mvref_common.h"
#include "av1/common/obmc.h"
#include "av1/common/onyxc_int.h"
#include "av1/common/pred_common.h"
#include "av1/common/quant_common.h"
#include "av1/common/reconinter.h"
#include "av1/common/reconintra.h"
#include "av1/common/scan.h"
#include "av1/common/seg_common.h"
#include "av1/common/txb_common.h"
#include "av1/common/warped_motion.h"

#include "av1/encoder/aq_variance.h"
#include "av1/encoder/av1_quantize.h"
#include "av1/encoder/cost.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodemb.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodemv.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encoder.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodetxb.h"
#include "av1/encoder/hybrid_fwd_txfm.h"
#include "av1/encoder/mcomp.h"
#include "av1/encoder/ml.h"
#include "av1/encoder/palette.h"
#include "av1/encoder/pustats.h"
#include "av1/encoder/random.h"
#include "av1/encoder/ratectrl.h"
#include "av1/encoder/rd.h"
#include "av1/encoder/rdopt.h"
#include "av1/encoder/reconinter_enc.h"
#include "av1/encoder/tokenize.h"
#include "av1/encoder/tx_prune_model_weights.h"

// Set this macro as 1 to collect data about tx size selection.
#define COLLECT_TX_SIZE_DATA 0

#if COLLECT_TX_SIZE_DATA
static const char av1_tx_size_data_output_file[] = "tx_size_data.txt";
#endif

typedef void (*model_rd_for_sb_type)(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist);
typedef void (*model_rd_from_sse_type)(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                       const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                       BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int plane,
                                       int64_t sse, int num_samples, int *rate,
                                       int64_t *dist);

static void model_rd_for_sb(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd, int plane_from,
                            int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                            int *out_rate_sum, int64_t *out_dist_sum,
                            int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
                            int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse,
                            int64_t *plane_dist);
static void model_rd_for_sb_with_curvfit(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist);
static void model_rd_for_sb_with_surffit(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist);
static void model_rd_for_sb_with_dnn(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist);
static void model_rd_for_sb_with_fullrdy(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist);
static void model_rd_from_sse(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                              const MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                              int plane, int64_t sse, int num_samples,
                              int *rate, int64_t *dist);
static void model_rd_with_dnn(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                              const MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                              int plane, int64_t sse, int num_samples,
                              int *rate, int64_t *dist);
static void model_rd_with_curvfit(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                  const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int plane,
                                  int64_t sse, int num_samples, int *rate,
                                  int64_t *dist);
static void model_rd_with_surffit(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                  const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int plane,
                                  int64_t sse, int num_samples, int *rate,
                                  int64_t *dist);

enum {
  MODELRD_LEGACY,
  MODELRD_CURVFIT,
  MODELRD_SUFFIT,
  MODELRD_DNN,
  MODELRD_FULLRDY,
  MODELRD_TYPES
} UENUM1BYTE(ModelRdType);

static model_rd_for_sb_type model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPES] = {
  model_rd_for_sb, model_rd_for_sb_with_curvfit, model_rd_for_sb_with_surffit,
  model_rd_for_sb_with_dnn, model_rd_for_sb_with_fullrdy
};

static model_rd_from_sse_type model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_TYPES] = {
  model_rd_from_sse, model_rd_with_curvfit, model_rd_with_surffit,
  model_rd_with_dnn, NULL
};

// 0: Legacy model
// 1: Curve fit model
// 2: Surface fit model
// 3: DNN regression model
// 4: Full rd model
#define MODELRD_TYPE_INTERP_FILTER 1
#define MODELRD_TYPE_TX_SEARCH_PRUNE 2
#define MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND 1
#define MODELRD_TYPE_INTERINTRA 1
#define MODELRD_TYPE_INTRA 1
#define MODELRD_TYPE_DIST_WTD_COMPOUND 1
#define MODELRD_TYPE_MOTION_MODE_RD 1

#define DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS * SWITCHABLE_FILTERS)
static const InterpFilters filter_sets[DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE] = {
  0x00000000, 0x00010000, 0x00020000,  // y = 0
  0x00000001, 0x00010001, 0x00020001,  // y = 1
  0x00000002, 0x00010002, 0x00020002,  // y = 2
};

#define SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK                                         \
  ((1 << ALTREF_FRAME) | (1 << ALTREF2_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) | \
   (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) | 0x01)

static const double ADST_FLIP_SVM[8] = {
  /* vertical */
  -6.6623, -2.8062, -3.2531, 3.1671,
  /* horizontal */
  -7.7051, -3.2234, -3.6193, 3.4533
};

typedef struct {
  PREDICTION_MODE mode;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame[2];
} MODE_DEFINITION;

typedef struct {
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame[2];
} REF_DEFINITION;

enum {
  FTXS_NONE = 0,
  FTXS_DCT_AND_1D_DCT_ONLY = 1 << 0,
  FTXS_DISABLE_TRELLIS_OPT = 1 << 1,
  FTXS_USE_TRANSFORM_DOMAIN = 1 << 2
} UENUM1BYTE(FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE);

struct rdcost_block_args {
  const AV1_COMP *cpi;
  MACROBLOCK *x;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT t_above[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT t_left[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  RD_STATS rd_stats;
  int64_t this_rd;
  int64_t best_rd;
  int exit_early;
  int incomplete_exit;
  int use_fast_coef_costing;
  FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode;
};

#define LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX 6
static const MODE_DEFINITION av1_mode_order[MAX_MODES] = {
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { ALTREF2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },

  { NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { ALTREF2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },

  { NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { ALTREF2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },

  { GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { LAST2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { LAST3_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { ALTREF2_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { GLOBALMV, { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },

  // TODO(zoeliu): May need to reconsider the order on the modes to check

  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },

  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEARESTMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST2_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST3_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, BWDREF_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST2_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST3_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { GOLDEN_FRAME, ALTREF2_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, LAST3_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { LAST_FRAME, GOLDEN_FRAME } },

  { NEAR_NEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARESTMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAREST_NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEARMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEAR_NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { NEW_NEWMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },
  { GLOBAL_GLOBALMV, { BWDREF_FRAME, ALTREF_FRAME } },

  // intra modes
  { DC_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { PAETH_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { SMOOTH_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { SMOOTH_V_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { SMOOTH_H_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { H_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { V_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D135_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D203_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D157_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D67_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D113_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
  { D45_PRED, { INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME } },
};

static const int16_t intra_to_mode_idx[INTRA_MODE_NUM] = {
  THR_DC,         // DC_PRED,
  THR_V_PRED,     // V_PRED,
  THR_H_PRED,     // H_PRED,
  THR_D45_PRED,   // D45_PRED,
  THR_D135_PRED,  // D135_PRED,
  THR_D113_PRED,  // D113_PRED,
  THR_D157_PRED,  // D157_PRED,
  THR_D203_PRED,  // D203_PRED,
  THR_D67_PRED,   // D67_PRED,
  THR_SMOOTH,     // SMOOTH_PRED,
  THR_SMOOTH_V,   // SMOOTH_V_PRED,
  THR_SMOOTH_H,   // SMOOTH_H_PRED,
  THR_PAETH,      // PAETH_PRED,
};

/* clang-format off */
static const int16_t single_inter_to_mode_idx[SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM]
                                             [REF_FRAMES] = {
  // NEARESTMV,
  { -1, THR_NEARESTMV, THR_NEARESTL2, THR_NEARESTL3,
    THR_NEARESTG, THR_NEARESTB, THR_NEARESTA2, THR_NEARESTA, },
  // NEARMV,
  { -1, THR_NEARMV, THR_NEARL2, THR_NEARL3,
    THR_NEARG, THR_NEARB, THR_NEARA2, THR_NEARA, },
  // GLOBALMV,
  { -1, THR_GLOBALMV, THR_GLOBALL2, THR_GLOBALL3,
    THR_GLOBALG, THR_GLOBALB, THR_GLOBALA2, THR_GLOBALA, },
  // NEWMV,
  { -1, THR_NEWMV, THR_NEWL2, THR_NEWL3,
    THR_NEWG, THR_NEWB, THR_NEWA2, THR_NEWA, },
};
/* clang-format on */

/* clang-format off */
static const int16_t comp_inter_to_mode_idx[COMP_INTER_MODE_NUM][REF_FRAMES]
                                     [REF_FRAMES] = {
  // NEAREST_NEARESTMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLL2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLG, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLB,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLA2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL2A2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL3A2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTGB,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTGA2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEARESTBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEAR_NEARMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLL2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLG, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLB,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLA2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL2A2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL3A2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARGB,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARGA2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEARBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEAREST_NEWMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLL2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLG, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLB,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLA2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL2A2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL3A2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWGB,
      THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWGA2, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAREST_NEWBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEW_NEARESTMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLL2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLG, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL2A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL3A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTGB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTGA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARESTBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEAR_NEWMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLL2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLG, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLB,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLA2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL2A2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL3A2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWGB,
      THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWGA2, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEAR_NEWBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEW_NEARMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLL2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLG, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL2A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL3A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARGB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEARGA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEARBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // GLOBAL_GLOBALMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLL2, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLL3,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLG, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLB,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLA2, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL2B,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL2A2, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL3B,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL3A2, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALGB,
      THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALGA2, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_GLOBAL_GLOBALBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
  // NEW_NEWMV,
  {
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLL2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLL3,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLG, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWLA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL2B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL2A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL2A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL3B,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL3A2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWL3A, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWGB,
      THR_COMP_NEW_NEWGA2, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWGA, },
    { -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, -1,
      -1, THR_COMP_NEW_NEWBA, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
    { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, },
  },
};
/* clang-format on */

static int get_prediction_mode_idx(PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                                   MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame,
                                   MV_REFERENCE_FRAME second_ref_frame) {
  if (this_mode < INTRA_MODE_END) {
    assert(ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME);
    assert(second_ref_frame == NONE_FRAME);
    return intra_to_mode_idx[this_mode - INTRA_MODE_START];
  }
  if (this_mode >= SINGLE_INTER_MODE_START &&
      this_mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_END) {
    assert((ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME) && (ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME));
    return single_inter_to_mode_idx[this_mode - SINGLE_INTER_MODE_START]
                                   [ref_frame];
  }
  if (this_mode >= COMP_INTER_MODE_START && this_mode < COMP_INTER_MODE_END) {
    assert((ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME) && (ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME));
    assert((second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME) &&
           (second_ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME));
    return comp_inter_to_mode_idx[this_mode - COMP_INTER_MODE_START][ref_frame]
                                 [second_ref_frame];
  }
  assert(0);
  return -1;
}

static const PREDICTION_MODE intra_rd_search_mode_order[INTRA_MODES] = {
  DC_PRED,       H_PRED,        V_PRED,    SMOOTH_PRED, PAETH_PRED,
  SMOOTH_V_PRED, SMOOTH_H_PRED, D135_PRED, D203_PRED,   D157_PRED,
  D67_PRED,      D113_PRED,     D45_PRED,
};

static const UV_PREDICTION_MODE uv_rd_search_mode_order[UV_INTRA_MODES] = {
  UV_DC_PRED,     UV_CFL_PRED,   UV_H_PRED,        UV_V_PRED,
  UV_SMOOTH_PRED, UV_PAETH_PRED, UV_SMOOTH_V_PRED, UV_SMOOTH_H_PRED,
  UV_D135_PRED,   UV_D203_PRED,  UV_D157_PRED,     UV_D67_PRED,
  UV_D113_PRED,   UV_D45_PRED,
};

typedef struct SingleInterModeState {
  int64_t rd;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame;
  int valid;
} SingleInterModeState;

typedef struct InterModeSearchState {
  int64_t best_rd;
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmode;
  int best_rate_y;
  int best_rate_uv;
  int best_mode_skippable;
  int best_skip2;
  int best_mode_index;
  int skip_intra_modes;
  int num_available_refs;
  int64_t dist_refs[REF_FRAMES];
  int dist_order_refs[REF_FRAMES];
  int64_t mode_threshold[MAX_MODES];
  PREDICTION_MODE best_intra_mode;
  int64_t best_intra_rd;
  int angle_stats_ready;
  uint8_t directional_mode_skip_mask[INTRA_MODES];
  unsigned int best_pred_sse;
  int rate_uv_intra[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  int rate_uv_tokenonly[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  int64_t dist_uvs[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  int skip_uvs[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  UV_PREDICTION_MODE mode_uv[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO pmi_uv[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  int8_t uv_angle_delta[TX_SIZES_ALL];
  int64_t best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODES];
  int64_t best_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES];
  // Save a set of single_newmv for each checked ref_mv.
  int_mv single_newmv[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  int single_newmv_rate[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  int single_newmv_valid[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  int64_t modelled_rd[MB_MODE_COUNT][MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  // The rd of simple translation in single inter modes
  int64_t simple_rd[MB_MODE_COUNT][MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];

  // Single search results by [directions][modes][reference frames]
  SingleInterModeState single_state[2][SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM][FWD_REFS];
  int single_state_cnt[2][SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM];
  SingleInterModeState single_state_modelled[2][SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM]
                                            [FWD_REFS];
  int single_state_modelled_cnt[2][SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM];

  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME single_rd_order[2][SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM][FWD_REFS];
} InterModeSearchState;

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
static int inter_mode_data_block_idx(BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  if (bsize == BLOCK_4X4 || bsize == BLOCK_4X8 || bsize == BLOCK_8X4 ||
      bsize == BLOCK_4X16 || bsize == BLOCK_16X4) {
    return -1;
  }
  return 1;
}

void av1_inter_mode_data_init(TileDataEnc *tile_data) {
  for (int i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZES_ALL; ++i) {
    InterModeRdModel *md = &tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[i];
    md->ready = 0;
    md->num = 0;
    md->dist_sum = 0;
    md->ld_sum = 0;
    md->sse_sum = 0;
    md->sse_sse_sum = 0;
    md->sse_ld_sum = 0;
  }
}

static int get_est_rate_dist(const TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             int64_t sse, int *est_residue_cost,
                             int64_t *est_dist) {
  aom_clear_system_state();
  const InterModeRdModel *md = &tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[bsize];
  if (md->ready) {
    if (sse < md->dist_mean) {
      *est_residue_cost = 0;
      *est_dist = sse;
    } else {
      *est_dist = (int64_t)round(md->dist_mean);
      const double est_ld = md->a * sse + md->b;
      // Clamp estimated rate cost by INT_MAX / 2.
      // TODO(angiebird@google.com): find better solution than clamping.
      if (fabs(est_ld) < 1e-2) {
        *est_residue_cost = INT_MAX / 2;
      } else {
        double est_residue_cost_dbl = ((sse - md->dist_mean) / est_ld);
        if (est_residue_cost_dbl < 0) {
          *est_residue_cost = 0;
        } else {
          *est_residue_cost =
              (int)AOMMIN((int64_t)round(est_residue_cost_dbl), INT_MAX / 2);
        }
      }
      if (*est_residue_cost <= 0) {
        *est_residue_cost = 0;
        *est_dist = sse;
      }
    }
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

void av1_inter_mode_data_fit(TileDataEnc *tile_data, int rdmult) {
  aom_clear_system_state();
  for (int bsize = 0; bsize < BLOCK_SIZES_ALL; ++bsize) {
    const int block_idx = inter_mode_data_block_idx(bsize);
    InterModeRdModel *md = &tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[bsize];
    if (block_idx == -1) continue;
    if ((md->ready == 0 && md->num < 200) || (md->ready == 1 && md->num < 64)) {
      continue;
    } else {
      if (md->ready == 0) {
        md->dist_mean = md->dist_sum / md->num;
        md->ld_mean = md->ld_sum / md->num;
        md->sse_mean = md->sse_sum / md->num;
        md->sse_sse_mean = md->sse_sse_sum / md->num;
        md->sse_ld_mean = md->sse_ld_sum / md->num;
      } else {
        const double factor = 3;
        md->dist_mean =
            (md->dist_mean * factor + (md->dist_sum / md->num)) / (factor + 1);
        md->ld_mean =
            (md->ld_mean * factor + (md->ld_sum / md->num)) / (factor + 1);
        md->sse_mean =
            (md->sse_mean * factor + (md->sse_sum / md->num)) / (factor + 1);
        md->sse_sse_mean =
            (md->sse_sse_mean * factor + (md->sse_sse_sum / md->num)) /
            (factor + 1);
        md->sse_ld_mean =
            (md->sse_ld_mean * factor + (md->sse_ld_sum / md->num)) /
            (factor + 1);
      }

      const double my = md->ld_mean;
      const double mx = md->sse_mean;
      const double dx = sqrt(md->sse_sse_mean);
      const double dxy = md->sse_ld_mean;

      md->a = (dxy - mx * my) / (dx * dx - mx * mx);
      md->b = my - md->a * mx;
      md->ready = 1;

      md->num = 0;
      md->dist_sum = 0;
      md->ld_sum = 0;
      md->sse_sum = 0;
      md->sse_sse_sum = 0;
      md->sse_ld_sum = 0;
    }
    (void)rdmult;
  }
}

static void inter_mode_data_push(TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                 int64_t sse, int64_t dist, int residue_cost) {
  if (residue_cost == 0 || sse == dist) return;
  const int block_idx = inter_mode_data_block_idx(bsize);
  if (block_idx == -1) return;
  InterModeRdModel *rd_model = &tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[bsize];
  if (rd_model->num < INTER_MODE_RD_DATA_OVERALL_SIZE) {
    aom_clear_system_state();
    const double ld = (sse - dist) * 1. / residue_cost;
    ++rd_model->num;
    rd_model->dist_sum += dist;
    rd_model->ld_sum += ld;
    rd_model->sse_sum += sse;
    rd_model->sse_sse_sum += (double)sse * (double)sse;
    rd_model->sse_ld_sum += sse * ld;
  }
}

static void inter_modes_info_push(InterModesInfo *inter_modes_info,
                                  int mode_rate, int64_t sse, int64_t est_rd,
                                  const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi) {
  const int num = inter_modes_info->num;
  assert(num < MAX_INTER_MODES);
  inter_modes_info->mbmi_arr[num] = *mbmi;
  inter_modes_info->mode_rate_arr[num] = mode_rate;
  inter_modes_info->sse_arr[num] = sse;
  inter_modes_info->est_rd_arr[num] = est_rd;
  ++inter_modes_info->num;
}

static int compare_rd_idx_pair(const void *a, const void *b) {
  if (((RdIdxPair *)a)->rd == ((RdIdxPair *)b)->rd) {
    return 0;
  } else if (((const RdIdxPair *)a)->rd > ((const RdIdxPair *)b)->rd) {
    return 1;
  } else {
    return -1;
  }
}

static void inter_modes_info_sort(const InterModesInfo *inter_modes_info,
                                  RdIdxPair *rd_idx_pair_arr) {
  if (inter_modes_info->num == 0) {
    return;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < inter_modes_info->num; ++i) {
    rd_idx_pair_arr[i].idx = i;
    rd_idx_pair_arr[i].rd = inter_modes_info->est_rd_arr[i];
  }
  qsort(rd_idx_pair_arr, inter_modes_info->num, sizeof(rd_idx_pair_arr[0]),
        compare_rd_idx_pair);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS

static INLINE int write_uniform_cost(int n, int v) {
  const int l = get_unsigned_bits(n);
  const int m = (1 << l) - n;
  if (l == 0) return 0;
  if (v < m)
    return av1_cost_literal(l - 1);
  else
    return av1_cost_literal(l);
}

// Similar to store_cfl_required(), but for use during the RDO process,
// where we haven't yet determined whether this block uses CfL.
static INLINE CFL_ALLOWED_TYPE store_cfl_required_rdo(const AV1_COMMON *cm,
                                                      const MACROBLOCK *x) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  if (cm->seq_params.monochrome || x->skip_chroma_rd) return CFL_DISALLOWED;

  if (!xd->cfl.is_chroma_reference) {
    // For non-chroma-reference blocks, we should always store the luma pixels,
    // in case the corresponding chroma-reference block uses CfL.
    // Note that this can only happen for block sizes which are <8 on
    // their shortest side, as otherwise they would be chroma reference
    // blocks.
    return CFL_ALLOWED;
  }

  // For chroma reference blocks, we should store data in the encoder iff we're
  // allowed to try out CfL.
  return is_cfl_allowed(xd);
}

// constants for prune 1 and prune 2 decision boundaries
#define FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID 0.0
#define FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID 0.1
#define FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN 0.5
#define FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN 0.3

static int inter_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                           RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                           int64_t ref_best_rd, FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode);

static unsigned pixel_dist_visible_only(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x, const uint8_t *src,
    const int src_stride, const uint8_t *dst, const int dst_stride,
    const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize, int txb_rows, int txb_cols, int visible_rows,
    int visible_cols) {
  unsigned sse;

  if (txb_rows == visible_rows && txb_cols == visible_cols) {
    cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &sse);
    return sse;
  }
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    uint64_t sse64 = aom_highbd_sse_odd_size(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride,
                                             visible_cols, visible_rows);
    return (unsigned int)ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse64, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
  }
  sse = aom_sse_odd_size(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, visible_cols,
                         visible_rows);
  return sse;
}

#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
static uint64_t cdef_dist_8x8_16bit(uint16_t *dst, int dstride, uint16_t *src,
                                    int sstride, int coeff_shift) {
  uint64_t svar = 0;
  uint64_t dvar = 0;
  uint64_t sum_s = 0;
  uint64_t sum_d = 0;
  uint64_t sum_s2 = 0;
  uint64_t sum_d2 = 0;
  uint64_t sum_sd = 0;
  uint64_t dist = 0;

  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
      sum_s += src[i * sstride + j];
      sum_d += dst[i * dstride + j];
      sum_s2 += src[i * sstride + j] * src[i * sstride + j];
      sum_d2 += dst[i * dstride + j] * dst[i * dstride + j];
      sum_sd += src[i * sstride + j] * dst[i * dstride + j];
    }
  }
  /* Compute the variance -- the calculation cannot go negative. */
  svar = sum_s2 - ((sum_s * sum_s + 32) >> 6);
  dvar = sum_d2 - ((sum_d * sum_d + 32) >> 6);

  // Tuning of jm's original dering distortion metric used in CDEF tool,
  // suggested by jm
  const uint64_t a = 4;
  const uint64_t b = 2;
  const uint64_t c1 = (400 * a << 2 * coeff_shift);
  const uint64_t c2 = (b * 20000 * a * a << 4 * coeff_shift);

  dist = (uint64_t)floor(.5 + (sum_d2 + sum_s2 - 2 * sum_sd) * .5 *
                                  (svar + dvar + c1) /
                                  (sqrt(svar * (double)dvar + c2)));

  // Calibrate dist to have similar rate for the same QP with MSE only
  // distortion (as in master branch)
  dist = (uint64_t)((float)dist * 0.75);

  return dist;
}

static int od_compute_var_4x4(uint16_t *x, int stride) {
  int sum;
  int s2;
  int i;
  sum = 0;
  s2 = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    int j;
    for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      int t;

      t = x[i * stride + j];
      sum += t;
      s2 += t * t;
    }
  }

  return (s2 - (sum * sum >> 4)) >> 4;
}

/* OD_DIST_LP_MID controls the frequency weighting filter used for computing
   the distortion. For a value X, the filter is [1 X 1]/(X + 2) and
   is applied both horizontally and vertically. For X=5, the filter is
   a good approximation for the OD_QM8_Q4_HVS quantization matrix. */
#define OD_DIST_LP_MID (5)
#define OD_DIST_LP_NORM (OD_DIST_LP_MID + 2)

static double od_compute_dist_8x8(int use_activity_masking, uint16_t *x,
                                  uint16_t *y, od_coeff *e_lp, int stride) {
  double sum;
  int min_var;
  double mean_var;
  double var_stat;
  double activity;
  double calibration;
  int i;
  int j;
  double vardist;

  vardist = 0;

#if 1
  min_var = INT_MAX;
  mean_var = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
      int varx;
      int vary;
      varx = od_compute_var_4x4(x + 2 * i * stride + 2 * j, stride);
      vary = od_compute_var_4x4(y + 2 * i * stride + 2 * j, stride);
      min_var = OD_MINI(min_var, varx);
      mean_var += 1. / (1 + varx);
      /* The cast to (double) is to avoid an overflow before the sqrt.*/
      vardist += varx - 2 * sqrt(varx * (double)vary) + vary;
    }
  }
  /* We use a different variance statistic depending on whether activity
     masking is used, since the harmonic mean appeared slightly worse with
     masking off. The calibration constant just ensures that we preserve the
     rate compared to activity=1. */
  if (use_activity_masking) {
    calibration = 1.95;
    var_stat = 9. / mean_var;
  } else {
    calibration = 1.62;
    var_stat = min_var;
  }
  /* 1.62 is a calibration constant, 0.25 is a noise floor and 1/6 is the
     activity masking constant. */
  activity = calibration * pow(.25 + var_stat, -1. / 6);
#else
  activity = 1;
#endif  // 1
  sum = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
      sum += e_lp[i * stride + j] * (double)e_lp[i * stride + j];
  }
  /* Normalize the filter to unit DC response. */
  sum *= 1. / (OD_DIST_LP_NORM * OD_DIST_LP_NORM * OD_DIST_LP_NORM *
               OD_DIST_LP_NORM);
  return activity * activity * (sum + vardist);
}

// Note : Inputs x and y are in a pixel domain
static double od_compute_dist_common(int activity_masking, uint16_t *x,
                                     uint16_t *y, int bsize_w, int bsize_h,
                                     int qindex, od_coeff *tmp,
                                     od_coeff *e_lp) {
  int i, j;
  double sum = 0;
  const int mid = OD_DIST_LP_MID;

  for (j = 0; j < bsize_w; j++) {
    e_lp[j] = mid * tmp[j] + 2 * tmp[bsize_w + j];
    e_lp[(bsize_h - 1) * bsize_w + j] = mid * tmp[(bsize_h - 1) * bsize_w + j] +
                                        2 * tmp[(bsize_h - 2) * bsize_w + j];
  }
  for (i = 1; i < bsize_h - 1; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < bsize_w; j++) {
      e_lp[i * bsize_w + j] = mid * tmp[i * bsize_w + j] +
                              tmp[(i - 1) * bsize_w + j] +
                              tmp[(i + 1) * bsize_w + j];
    }
  }
  for (i = 0; i < bsize_h; i += 8) {
    for (j = 0; j < bsize_w; j += 8) {
      sum += od_compute_dist_8x8(activity_masking, &x[i * bsize_w + j],
                                 &y[i * bsize_w + j], &e_lp[i * bsize_w + j],
                                 bsize_w);
    }
  }
  /* Scale according to linear regression against SSE, for 8x8 blocks. */
  if (activity_masking) {
    sum *= 2.2 + (1.7 - 2.2) * (qindex - 99) / (210 - 99) +
           (qindex < 99 ? 2.5 * (qindex - 99) / 99 * (qindex - 99) / 99 : 0);
  } else {
    sum *= qindex >= 128
               ? 1.4 + (0.9 - 1.4) * (qindex - 128) / (209 - 128)
               : qindex <= 43 ? 1.5 + (2.0 - 1.5) * (qindex - 43) / (16 - 43)
                              : 1.5 + (1.4 - 1.5) * (qindex - 43) / (128 - 43);
  }

  return sum;
}

static double od_compute_dist(uint16_t *x, uint16_t *y, int bsize_w,
                              int bsize_h, int qindex) {
  assert(bsize_w >= 8 && bsize_h >= 8);

  int activity_masking = 0;

  int i, j;
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, od_coeff, e[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, od_coeff, tmp[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, od_coeff, e_lp[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  for (i = 0; i < bsize_h; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < bsize_w; j++) {
      e[i * bsize_w + j] = x[i * bsize_w + j] - y[i * bsize_w + j];
    }
  }
  int mid = OD_DIST_LP_MID;
  for (i = 0; i < bsize_h; i++) {
    tmp[i * bsize_w] = mid * e[i * bsize_w] + 2 * e[i * bsize_w + 1];
    tmp[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 1] =
        mid * e[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 1] + 2 * e[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 2];
    for (j = 1; j < bsize_w - 1; j++) {
      tmp[i * bsize_w + j] = mid * e[i * bsize_w + j] + e[i * bsize_w + j - 1] +
                             e[i * bsize_w + j + 1];
    }
  }
  return od_compute_dist_common(activity_masking, x, y, bsize_w, bsize_h,
                                qindex, tmp, e_lp);
}

static double od_compute_dist_diff(uint16_t *x, int16_t *e, int bsize_w,
                                   int bsize_h, int qindex) {
  assert(bsize_w >= 8 && bsize_h >= 8);

  int activity_masking = 0;

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, y[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, od_coeff, tmp[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, od_coeff, e_lp[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < bsize_h; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < bsize_w; j++) {
      y[i * bsize_w + j] = x[i * bsize_w + j] - e[i * bsize_w + j];
    }
  }
  int mid = OD_DIST_LP_MID;
  for (i = 0; i < bsize_h; i++) {
    tmp[i * bsize_w] = mid * e[i * bsize_w] + 2 * e[i * bsize_w + 1];
    tmp[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 1] =
        mid * e[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 1] + 2 * e[i * bsize_w + bsize_w - 2];
    for (j = 1; j < bsize_w - 1; j++) {
      tmp[i * bsize_w + j] = mid * e[i * bsize_w + j] + e[i * bsize_w + j - 1] +
                             e[i * bsize_w + j + 1];
    }
  }
  return od_compute_dist_common(activity_masking, x, y, bsize_w, bsize_h,
                                qindex, tmp, e_lp);
}

int64_t av1_dist_8x8(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                     const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, const uint8_t *dst,
                     int dst_stride, const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize, int bsw,
                     int bsh, int visible_w, int visible_h, int qindex) {
  int64_t d = 0;
  int i, j;
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, orig[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, rec[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);

  assert(bsw >= 8);
  assert(bsh >= 8);
  assert((bsw & 0x07) == 0);
  assert((bsh & 0x07) == 0);

  if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_CDEF_DIST ||
      x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_DAALA_DIST) {
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
          orig[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src)[j * src_stride + i];

      if ((bsw == visible_w) && (bsh == visible_h)) {
        for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
            rec[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst)[j * dst_stride + i];
      } else {
        for (j = 0; j < visible_h; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < visible_w; i++)
            rec[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst)[j * dst_stride + i];

        if (visible_w < bsw) {
          for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
            for (i = visible_w; i < bsw; i++)
              rec[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src)[j * src_stride + i];
        }

        if (visible_h < bsh) {
          for (j = visible_h; j < bsh; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
              rec[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src)[j * src_stride + i];
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++) orig[j * bsw + i] = src[j * src_stride + i];

      if ((bsw == visible_w) && (bsh == visible_h)) {
        for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++) rec[j * bsw + i] = dst[j * dst_stride + i];
      } else {
        for (j = 0; j < visible_h; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < visible_w; i++)
            rec[j * bsw + i] = dst[j * dst_stride + i];

        if (visible_w < bsw) {
          for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
            for (i = visible_w; i < bsw; i++)
              rec[j * bsw + i] = src[j * src_stride + i];
        }

        if (visible_h < bsh) {
          for (j = visible_h; j < bsh; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
              rec[j * bsw + i] = src[j * src_stride + i];
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_DAALA_DIST) {
    d = (int64_t)od_compute_dist(orig, rec, bsw, bsh, qindex);
  } else if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_CDEF_DIST) {
    int coeff_shift = AOMMAX(xd->bd - 8, 0);

    for (i = 0; i < bsh; i += 8) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsw; j += 8) {
        d += cdef_dist_8x8_16bit(&rec[i * bsw + j], bsw, &orig[i * bsw + j],
                                 bsw, coeff_shift);
      }
    }
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
      d = ((uint64_t)d) >> 2 * coeff_shift;
  } else {
    // Otherwise, MSE by default
    d = pixel_dist_visible_only(cpi, x, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride,
                                tx_bsize, bsh, bsw, visible_h, visible_w);
  }

  return d;
}

static int64_t dist_8x8_diff(const MACROBLOCK *x, const uint8_t *src,
                             int src_stride, const int16_t *diff,
                             int diff_stride, int bsw, int bsh, int visible_w,
                             int visible_h, int qindex) {
  int64_t d = 0;
  int i, j;
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, orig[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, int16_t, diff16[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);

  assert(bsw >= 8);
  assert(bsh >= 8);
  assert((bsw & 0x07) == 0);
  assert((bsh & 0x07) == 0);

  if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_CDEF_DIST ||
      x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_DAALA_DIST) {
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
          orig[j * bsw + i] = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src)[j * src_stride + i];
    } else {
      for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++) orig[j * bsw + i] = src[j * src_stride + i];
    }

    if ((bsw == visible_w) && (bsh == visible_h)) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++)
          diff16[j * bsw + i] = diff[j * diff_stride + i];
    } else {
      for (j = 0; j < visible_h; j++)
        for (i = 0; i < visible_w; i++)
          diff16[j * bsw + i] = diff[j * diff_stride + i];

      if (visible_w < bsw) {
        for (j = 0; j < bsh; j++)
          for (i = visible_w; i < bsw; i++) diff16[j * bsw + i] = 0;
      }

      if (visible_h < bsh) {
        for (j = visible_h; j < bsh; j++)
          for (i = 0; i < bsw; i++) diff16[j * bsw + i] = 0;
      }
    }
  }

  if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_DAALA_DIST) {
    d = (int64_t)od_compute_dist_diff(orig, diff16, bsw, bsh, qindex);
  } else if (x->tune_metric == AOM_TUNE_CDEF_DIST) {
    int coeff_shift = AOMMAX(xd->bd - 8, 0);
    DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, dst16[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);

    for (i = 0; i < bsh; i++) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsw; j++) {
        dst16[i * bsw + j] = orig[i * bsw + j] - diff16[i * bsw + j];
      }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < bsh; i += 8) {
      for (j = 0; j < bsw; j += 8) {
        d += cdef_dist_8x8_16bit(&dst16[i * bsw + j], bsw, &orig[i * bsw + j],
                                 bsw, coeff_shift);
      }
    }
    // Don't scale 'd' for HBD since it will be done by caller side for diff
    // input
  } else {
    // Otherwise, MSE by default
    d = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, visible_w, visible_h);
  }

  return d;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_DIST_8X8

static void get_energy_distribution_fine(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                         const uint8_t *src, int src_stride,
                                         const uint8_t *dst, int dst_stride,
                                         int need_4th, double *hordist,
                                         double *verdist) {
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  unsigned int esq[16] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };

  if (bsize < BLOCK_16X16 || (bsize >= BLOCK_4X16 && bsize <= BLOCK_32X8)) {
    // Special cases: calculate 'esq' values manually, as we don't have 'vf'
    // functions for the 16 (very small) sub-blocks of this block.
    const int w_shift = (bw == 4) ? 0 : (bw == 8) ? 1 : (bw == 16) ? 2 : 3;
    const int h_shift = (bh == 4) ? 0 : (bh == 8) ? 1 : (bh == 16) ? 2 : 3;
    assert(bw <= 32);
    assert(bh <= 32);
    assert(((bw - 1) >> w_shift) + (((bh - 1) >> h_shift) << 2) == 15);
    if (cpi->common.seq_params.use_highbitdepth) {
      const uint16_t *src16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src);
      const uint16_t *dst16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst);
      for (int i = 0; i < bh; ++i)
        for (int j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
          const int index = (j >> w_shift) + ((i >> h_shift) << 2);
          esq[index] +=
              (src16[j + i * src_stride] - dst16[j + i * dst_stride]) *
              (src16[j + i * src_stride] - dst16[j + i * dst_stride]);
        }
    } else {
      for (int i = 0; i < bh; ++i)
        for (int j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
          const int index = (j >> w_shift) + ((i >> h_shift) << 2);
          esq[index] += (src[j + i * src_stride] - dst[j + i * dst_stride]) *
                        (src[j + i * src_stride] - dst[j + i * dst_stride]);
        }
    }
  } else {  // Calculate 'esq' values using 'vf' functions on the 16 sub-blocks.
    const int f_index =
        (bsize < BLOCK_SIZES) ? bsize - BLOCK_16X16 : bsize - BLOCK_8X16;
    assert(f_index >= 0 && f_index < BLOCK_SIZES_ALL);
    const BLOCK_SIZE subsize = (BLOCK_SIZE)f_index;
    assert(block_size_wide[bsize] == 4 * block_size_wide[subsize]);
    assert(block_size_high[bsize] == 4 * block_size_high[subsize]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[0]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4, dst_stride,
                            &esq[1]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2, dst_stride,
                            &esq[2]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride, dst + 3 * bw / 4,
                            dst_stride, &esq[3]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[4]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4, dst_stride,
                            &esq[5]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2, dst_stride,
                            &esq[6]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride, dst + 3 * bw / 4,
                            dst_stride, &esq[7]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[8]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4, dst_stride,
                            &esq[9]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2, dst_stride,
                            &esq[10]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride, dst + 3 * bw / 4,
                            dst_stride, &esq[11]);
    src += bh / 4 * src_stride;
    dst += bh / 4 * dst_stride;

    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &esq[12]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 4, src_stride, dst + bw / 4, dst_stride,
                            &esq[13]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, dst + bw / 2, dst_stride,
                            &esq[14]);
    cpi->fn_ptr[subsize].vf(src + 3 * bw / 4, src_stride, dst + 3 * bw / 4,
                            dst_stride, &esq[15]);
  }

  double total = (double)esq[0] + esq[1] + esq[2] + esq[3] + esq[4] + esq[5] +
                 esq[6] + esq[7] + esq[8] + esq[9] + esq[10] + esq[11] +
                 esq[12] + esq[13] + esq[14] + esq[15];
  if (total > 0) {
    const double e_recip = 1.0 / total;
    hordist[0] = ((double)esq[0] + esq[4] + esq[8] + esq[12]) * e_recip;
    hordist[1] = ((double)esq[1] + esq[5] + esq[9] + esq[13]) * e_recip;
    hordist[2] = ((double)esq[2] + esq[6] + esq[10] + esq[14]) * e_recip;
    if (need_4th) {
      hordist[3] = ((double)esq[3] + esq[7] + esq[11] + esq[15]) * e_recip;
    }
    verdist[0] = ((double)esq[0] + esq[1] + esq[2] + esq[3]) * e_recip;
    verdist[1] = ((double)esq[4] + esq[5] + esq[6] + esq[7]) * e_recip;
    verdist[2] = ((double)esq[8] + esq[9] + esq[10] + esq[11]) * e_recip;
    if (need_4th) {
      verdist[3] = ((double)esq[12] + esq[13] + esq[14] + esq[15]) * e_recip;
    }
  } else {
    hordist[0] = verdist[0] = 0.25;
    hordist[1] = verdist[1] = 0.25;
    hordist[2] = verdist[2] = 0.25;
    if (need_4th) {
      hordist[3] = verdist[3] = 0.25;
    }
  }
}

static int adst_vs_flipadst(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            const uint8_t *src, int src_stride,
                            const uint8_t *dst, int dst_stride) {
  int prune_bitmask = 0;
  double svm_proj_h = 0, svm_proj_v = 0;
  double hdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 }, vdist[3] = { 0, 0, 0 };
  get_energy_distribution_fine(cpi, bsize, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, 0,
                               hdist, vdist);

  svm_proj_v = vdist[0] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[0] + vdist[1] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[1] +
               vdist[2] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[2] + ADST_FLIP_SVM[3];
  svm_proj_h = hdist[0] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[4] + hdist[1] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[5] +
               hdist[2] * ADST_FLIP_SVM[6] + ADST_FLIP_SVM[7];
  if (svm_proj_v > FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << FLIPADST_1D;
  else if (svm_proj_v < FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << ADST_1D;

  if (svm_proj_h > FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (FLIPADST_1D + 8);
  else if (svm_proj_h < FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_EDST_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (ADST_1D + 8);

  return prune_bitmask;
}

static int dct_vs_idtx(const int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h) {
  float hcorr, vcorr;
  int prune_bitmask = 0;
  av1_get_horver_correlation_full(diff, stride, w, h, &hcorr, &vcorr);

  if (vcorr > FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << IDTX_1D;
  else if (vcorr < FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << DCT_1D;

  if (hcorr > FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID + FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (IDTX_1D + 8);
  else if (hcorr < FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MID - FAST_EXT_TX_CORR_MARGIN)
    prune_bitmask |= 1 << (DCT_1D + 8);
  return prune_bitmask;
}

// Performance drop: 0.5%, Speed improvement: 24%
static int prune_two_for_sby(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             MACROBLOCK *x, const MACROBLOCKD *xd,
                             int adst_flipadst, int dct_idtx) {
  int prune = 0;

  if (adst_flipadst) {
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
    prune |= adst_vs_flipadst(cpi, bsize, p->src.buf, p->src.stride,
                              pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride);
  }
  if (dct_idtx) {
    av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
    const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
    const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
    prune |= dct_vs_idtx(p->src_diff, bw, bw, bh);
  }

  return prune;
}

// Performance drop: 0.3%, Speed improvement: 5%
static int prune_one_for_sby(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             const MACROBLOCK *x, const MACROBLOCKD *xd) {
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  return adst_vs_flipadst(cpi, bsize, p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                          pd->dst.stride);
}

// 1D Transforms used in inter set, this needs to be changed if
// ext_tx_used_inter is changed
static const int ext_tx_used_inter_1D[EXT_TX_SETS_INTER][TX_TYPES_1D] = {
  { 1, 0, 0, 0 },
  { 1, 1, 1, 1 },
  { 1, 1, 1, 1 },
  { 1, 0, 0, 1 },
};

static void get_energy_distribution_finer(const int16_t *diff, int stride,
                                          int bw, int bh, float *hordist,
                                          float *verdist) {
  // First compute downscaled block energy values (esq); downscale factors
  // are defined by w_shift and h_shift.
  unsigned int esq[256];
  const int w_shift = bw <= 8 ? 0 : 1;
  const int h_shift = bh <= 8 ? 0 : 1;
  const int esq_w = bw >> w_shift;
  const int esq_h = bh >> h_shift;
  const int esq_sz = esq_w * esq_h;
  int i, j;
  memset(esq, 0, esq_sz * sizeof(esq[0]));
  if (w_shift) {
    for (i = 0; i < bh; i++) {
      unsigned int *cur_esq_row = esq + (i >> h_shift) * esq_w;
      const int16_t *cur_diff_row = diff + i * stride;
      for (j = 0; j < bw; j += 2) {
        cur_esq_row[j >> 1] += (cur_diff_row[j] * cur_diff_row[j] +
                                cur_diff_row[j + 1] * cur_diff_row[j + 1]);
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (i = 0; i < bh; i++) {
      unsigned int *cur_esq_row = esq + (i >> h_shift) * esq_w;
      const int16_t *cur_diff_row = diff + i * stride;
      for (j = 0; j < bw; j++) {
        cur_esq_row[j] += cur_diff_row[j] * cur_diff_row[j];
      }
    }
  }

  uint64_t total = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < esq_sz; i++) total += esq[i];

  // Output hordist and verdist arrays are normalized 1D projections of esq
  if (total == 0) {
    float hor_val = 1.0f / esq_w;
    for (j = 0; j < esq_w - 1; j++) hordist[j] = hor_val;
    float ver_val = 1.0f / esq_h;
    for (i = 0; i < esq_h - 1; i++) verdist[i] = ver_val;
    return;
  }

  const float e_recip = 1.0f / (float)total;
  memset(hordist, 0, (esq_w - 1) * sizeof(hordist[0]));
  memset(verdist, 0, (esq_h - 1) * sizeof(verdist[0]));
  const unsigned int *cur_esq_row;
  for (i = 0; i < esq_h - 1; i++) {
    cur_esq_row = esq + i * esq_w;
    for (j = 0; j < esq_w - 1; j++) {
      hordist[j] += (float)cur_esq_row[j];
      verdist[i] += (float)cur_esq_row[j];
    }
    verdist[i] += (float)cur_esq_row[j];
  }
  cur_esq_row = esq + i * esq_w;
  for (j = 0; j < esq_w - 1; j++) hordist[j] += (float)cur_esq_row[j];

  for (j = 0; j < esq_w - 1; j++) hordist[j] *= e_recip;
  for (i = 0; i < esq_h - 1; i++) verdist[i] *= e_recip;
}

// Similar to get_horver_correlation, but also takes into account first
// row/column, when computing horizontal/vertical correlation.
void av1_get_horver_correlation_full_c(const int16_t *diff, int stride,
                                       int width, int height, float *hcorr,
                                       float *vcorr) {
  // The following notation is used:
  // x - current pixel
  // y - left neighbor pixel
  // z - top neighbor pixel
  int64_t x_sum = 0, x2_sum = 0, xy_sum = 0, xz_sum = 0;
  int64_t x_firstrow = 0, x_finalrow = 0, x_firstcol = 0, x_finalcol = 0;
  int64_t x2_firstrow = 0, x2_finalrow = 0, x2_firstcol = 0, x2_finalcol = 0;

  // First, process horizontal correlation on just the first row
  x_sum += diff[0];
  x2_sum += diff[0] * diff[0];
  x_firstrow += diff[0];
  x2_firstrow += diff[0] * diff[0];
  for (int j = 1; j < width; ++j) {
    const int16_t x = diff[j];
    const int16_t y = diff[j - 1];
    x_sum += x;
    x_firstrow += x;
    x2_sum += x * x;
    x2_firstrow += x * x;
    xy_sum += x * y;
  }

  // Process vertical correlation in the first column
  x_firstcol += diff[0];
  x2_firstcol += diff[0] * diff[0];
  for (int i = 1; i < height; ++i) {
    const int16_t x = diff[i * stride];
    const int16_t z = diff[(i - 1) * stride];
    x_sum += x;
    x_firstcol += x;
    x2_sum += x * x;
    x2_firstcol += x * x;
    xz_sum += x * z;
  }

  // Now process horiz and vert correlation through the rest unit
  for (int i = 1; i < height; ++i) {
    for (int j = 1; j < width; ++j) {
      const int16_t x = diff[i * stride + j];
      const int16_t y = diff[i * stride + j - 1];
      const int16_t z = diff[(i - 1) * stride + j];
      x_sum += x;
      x2_sum += x * x;
      xy_sum += x * y;
      xz_sum += x * z;
    }
  }

  for (int j = 0; j < width; ++j) {
    x_finalrow += diff[(height - 1) * stride + j];
    x2_finalrow +=
        diff[(height - 1) * stride + j] * diff[(height - 1) * stride + j];
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < height; ++i) {
    x_finalcol += diff[i * stride + width - 1];
    x2_finalcol += diff[i * stride + width - 1] * diff[i * stride + width - 1];
  }

  int64_t xhor_sum = x_sum - x_finalcol;
  int64_t xver_sum = x_sum - x_finalrow;
  int64_t y_sum = x_sum - x_firstcol;
  int64_t z_sum = x_sum - x_firstrow;
  int64_t x2hor_sum = x2_sum - x2_finalcol;
  int64_t x2ver_sum = x2_sum - x2_finalrow;
  int64_t y2_sum = x2_sum - x2_firstcol;
  int64_t z2_sum = x2_sum - x2_firstrow;

  const float num_hor = (float)(height * (width - 1));
  const float num_ver = (float)((height - 1) * width);

  const float xhor_var_n = x2hor_sum - (xhor_sum * xhor_sum) / num_hor;
  const float xver_var_n = x2ver_sum - (xver_sum * xver_sum) / num_ver;

  const float y_var_n = y2_sum - (y_sum * y_sum) / num_hor;
  const float z_var_n = z2_sum - (z_sum * z_sum) / num_ver;

  const float xy_var_n = xy_sum - (xhor_sum * y_sum) / num_hor;
  const float xz_var_n = xz_sum - (xver_sum * z_sum) / num_ver;

  if (xhor_var_n > 0 && y_var_n > 0) {
    *hcorr = xy_var_n / sqrtf(xhor_var_n * y_var_n);
    *hcorr = *hcorr < 0 ? 0 : *hcorr;
  } else {
    *hcorr = 1.0;
  }
  if (xver_var_n > 0 && z_var_n > 0) {
    *vcorr = xz_var_n / sqrtf(xver_var_n * z_var_n);
    *vcorr = *vcorr < 0 ? 0 : *vcorr;
  } else {
    *vcorr = 1.0;
  }
}

// Transforms raw scores into a probability distribution across 16 TX types
static void score_2D_transform_pow8(float *scores_2D, float shift) {
  float sum = 0.0f;
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    const float v = AOMMIN(AOMMAX(scores_2D[i] + shift, 0.0f), 100.0f);
    const float v2 = v * v;
    const float v4 = v2 * v2;
    scores_2D[i] = v4 * v4;
    sum += scores_2D[i];
  }
  for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    if (scores_2D[i] < sum * 1e-4)
      scores_2D[i] = 0.0f;
    else
      scores_2D[i] /= sum;
  }
}

// These thresholds were calibrated to provide a certain number of TX types
// pruned by the model on average, i.e. selecting a threshold with index i
// will lead to pruning i+1 TX types on average
static const float *prune_2D_adaptive_thresholds[] = {
  // TX_4X4
  (float[]){ 0.00549f, 0.01306f, 0.02039f, 0.02747f, 0.03406f, 0.04065f,
             0.04724f, 0.05383f, 0.06067f, 0.06799f, 0.07605f, 0.08533f,
             0.09778f, 0.11780f },
  // TX_8X8
  (float[]){ 0.00037f, 0.00183f, 0.00525f, 0.01038f, 0.01697f, 0.02502f,
             0.03381f, 0.04333f, 0.05286f, 0.06287f, 0.07434f, 0.08850f,
             0.10803f, 0.14124f },
  // TX_16X16
  (float[]){ 0.01404f, 0.02820f, 0.04211f, 0.05164f, 0.05798f, 0.06335f,
             0.06897f, 0.07629f, 0.08875f, 0.11169f },
  // TX_32X32
  NULL,
  // TX_64X64
  NULL,
  // TX_4X8
  (float[]){ 0.00183f, 0.00745f, 0.01428f, 0.02185f, 0.02966f, 0.03723f,
             0.04456f, 0.05188f, 0.05920f, 0.06702f, 0.07605f, 0.08704f,
             0.10168f, 0.12585f },
  // TX_8X4
  (float[]){ 0.00085f, 0.00476f, 0.01135f, 0.01892f, 0.02698f, 0.03528f,
             0.04358f, 0.05164f, 0.05994f, 0.06848f, 0.07849f, 0.09021f,
             0.10583f, 0.13123f },
  // TX_8X16
  (float[]){ 0.00037f, 0.00232f, 0.00671f, 0.01257f, 0.01965f, 0.02722f,
             0.03552f, 0.04382f, 0.05237f, 0.06189f, 0.07336f, 0.08728f,
             0.10730f, 0.14221f },
  // TX_16X8
  (float[]){ 0.00061f, 0.00330f, 0.00818f, 0.01453f, 0.02185f, 0.02966f,
             0.03772f, 0.04578f, 0.05383f, 0.06262f, 0.07288f, 0.08582f,
             0.10339f, 0.13464f },
  // TX_16X32
  NULL,
  // TX_32X16
  NULL,
  // TX_32X64
  NULL,
  // TX_64X32
  NULL,
  // TX_4X16
  (float[]){ 0.00232f, 0.00671f, 0.01257f, 0.01941f, 0.02673f, 0.03430f,
             0.04211f, 0.04968f, 0.05750f, 0.06580f, 0.07507f, 0.08655f,
             0.10242f, 0.12878f },
  // TX_16X4
  (float[]){ 0.00110f, 0.00525f, 0.01208f, 0.01990f, 0.02795f, 0.03601f,
             0.04358f, 0.05115f, 0.05896f, 0.06702f, 0.07629f, 0.08752f,
             0.10217f, 0.12610f },
  // TX_8X32
  NULL,
  // TX_32X8
  NULL,
  // TX_16X64
  NULL,
  // TX_64X16
  NULL,
};

static uint16_t prune_tx_2D(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                            int blk_row, int blk_col, TxSetType tx_set_type,
                            TX_TYPE_PRUNE_MODE prune_mode) {
  static const int tx_type_table_2D[16] = {
    DCT_DCT,      DCT_ADST,      DCT_FLIPADST,      V_DCT,
    ADST_DCT,     ADST_ADST,     ADST_FLIPADST,     V_ADST,
    FLIPADST_DCT, FLIPADST_ADST, FLIPADST_FLIPADST, V_FLIPADST,
    H_DCT,        H_ADST,        H_FLIPADST,        IDTX
  };
  if (tx_set_type != EXT_TX_SET_ALL16 &&
      tx_set_type != EXT_TX_SET_DTT9_IDTX_1DDCT)
    return 0;
  const NN_CONFIG *nn_config_hor = av1_tx_type_nnconfig_map_hor[tx_size];
  const NN_CONFIG *nn_config_ver = av1_tx_type_nnconfig_map_ver[tx_size];
  if (!nn_config_hor || !nn_config_ver) return 0;  // Model not established yet.

  aom_clear_system_state();
  float hfeatures[16], vfeatures[16];
  float hscores[4], vscores[4];
  float scores_2D[16];
  const int bw = tx_size_wide[tx_size];
  const int bh = tx_size_high[tx_size];
  const int hfeatures_num = bw <= 8 ? bw : bw / 2;
  const int vfeatures_num = bh <= 8 ? bh : bh / 2;
  assert(hfeatures_num <= 16);
  assert(vfeatures_num <= 16);

  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int16_t *diff = p->src_diff + 4 * blk_row * diff_stride + 4 * blk_col;
  get_energy_distribution_finer(diff, diff_stride, bw, bh, hfeatures,
                                vfeatures);
  av1_get_horver_correlation_full(diff, diff_stride, bw, bh,
                                  &hfeatures[hfeatures_num - 1],
                                  &vfeatures[vfeatures_num - 1]);
  av1_nn_predict(hfeatures, nn_config_hor, hscores);
  av1_nn_predict(vfeatures, nn_config_ver, vscores);
  aom_clear_system_state();

  float score_2D_average = 0.0f;
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    float *cur_scores_2D = scores_2D + i * 4;
    cur_scores_2D[0] = vscores[i] * hscores[0];
    cur_scores_2D[1] = vscores[i] * hscores[1];
    cur_scores_2D[2] = vscores[i] * hscores[2];
    cur_scores_2D[3] = vscores[i] * hscores[3];
    score_2D_average += cur_scores_2D[0] + cur_scores_2D[1] + cur_scores_2D[2] +
                        cur_scores_2D[3];
  }
  score_2D_average /= 16;

  const int prune_aggr_table[2][2] = { { 6, 4 }, { 10, 7 } };
  int pruning_aggressiveness = 1;
  if (tx_set_type == EXT_TX_SET_ALL16) {
    score_2D_transform_pow8(scores_2D, (10 - score_2D_average));
    pruning_aggressiveness =
        prune_aggr_table[prune_mode - PRUNE_2D_ACCURATE][0];
  } else if (tx_set_type == EXT_TX_SET_DTT9_IDTX_1DDCT) {
    score_2D_transform_pow8(scores_2D, (20 - score_2D_average));
    pruning_aggressiveness =
        prune_aggr_table[prune_mode - PRUNE_2D_ACCURATE][1];
  }

  // Always keep the TX type with the highest score, prune all others with
  // score below score_thresh.
  int max_score_i = 0;
  float max_score = 0.0f;
  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    if (scores_2D[i] > max_score &&
        av1_ext_tx_used[tx_set_type][tx_type_table_2D[i]]) {
      max_score = scores_2D[i];
      max_score_i = i;
    }
  }

  const float score_thresh =
      prune_2D_adaptive_thresholds[tx_size][pruning_aggressiveness - 1];

  uint16_t prune_bitmask = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
    if (scores_2D[i] < score_thresh && i != max_score_i)
      prune_bitmask |= (1 << tx_type_table_2D[i]);
  }
  return prune_bitmask;
}

// ((prune >> vtx_tab[tx_type]) & 1)
static const uint16_t prune_v_mask[] = {
  0x0000, 0x0425, 0x108a, 0x14af, 0x4150, 0x4575, 0x51da, 0x55ff,
  0xaa00, 0xae25, 0xba8a, 0xbeaf, 0xeb50, 0xef75, 0xfbda, 0xffff,
};

// ((prune >> (htx_tab[tx_type] + 8)) & 1)
static const uint16_t prune_h_mask[] = {
  0x0000, 0x0813, 0x210c, 0x291f, 0x80e0, 0x88f3, 0xa1ec, 0xa9ff,
  0x5600, 0x5e13, 0x770c, 0x7f1f, 0xd6e0, 0xdef3, 0xf7ec, 0xffff,
};

static INLINE uint16_t gen_tx_search_prune_mask(int tx_search_prune) {
  uint8_t prune_v = tx_search_prune & 0x0F;
  uint8_t prune_h = (tx_search_prune >> 8) & 0x0F;
  return (prune_v_mask[prune_v] & prune_h_mask[prune_h]);
}

static void prune_tx(const AV1_COMP *cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x,
                     const MACROBLOCKD *const xd, int tx_set_type) {
  x->tx_search_prune[tx_set_type] = 0;
  x->tx_split_prune_flag = 0;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  if (!is_inter_block(mbmi) || cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode == NO_PRUNE ||
      x->use_default_inter_tx_type || xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] ||
      x->cb_partition_scan)
    return;
  int tx_set = ext_tx_set_index[1][tx_set_type];
  assert(tx_set >= 0);
  const int *tx_set_1D = ext_tx_used_inter_1D[tx_set];
  int prune = 0;
  switch (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode) {
    case NO_PRUNE: return;
    case PRUNE_ONE:
      if (!(tx_set_1D[FLIPADST_1D] & tx_set_1D[ADST_1D])) return;
      prune = prune_one_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd);
      x->tx_search_prune[tx_set_type] = gen_tx_search_prune_mask(prune);
      break;
    case PRUNE_TWO:
      if (!(tx_set_1D[FLIPADST_1D] & tx_set_1D[ADST_1D])) {
        if (!(tx_set_1D[DCT_1D] & tx_set_1D[IDTX_1D])) return;
        prune = prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 1);
      } else if (!(tx_set_1D[DCT_1D] & tx_set_1D[IDTX_1D])) {
        prune = prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 1, 0);
      } else {
        prune = prune_two_for_sby(cpi, bsize, x, xd, 1, 1);
      }
      x->tx_search_prune[tx_set_type] = gen_tx_search_prune_mask(prune);
      break;
    case PRUNE_2D_ACCURATE:
    case PRUNE_2D_FAST: break;
    default: assert(0);
  }
}

static void model_rd_from_sse(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                              const MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                              int plane, int64_t sse, int num_samples,
                              int *rate, int64_t *dist) {
  (void)num_samples;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;

  // Fast approximate the modelling function.
  if (cpi->sf.simple_model_rd_from_var) {
    const int64_t square_error = sse;
    int quantizer = pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift;
    if (quantizer < 120)
      *rate = (int)AOMMIN(
          (square_error * (280 - quantizer)) >> (16 - AV1_PROB_COST_SHIFT),
          INT_MAX);
    else
      *rate = 0;
    assert(*rate >= 0);
    *dist = (square_error * quantizer) >> 8;
  } else {
    av1_model_rd_from_var_lapndz(sse, num_pels_log2_lookup[plane_bsize],
                                 pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift, rate,
                                 dist);
  }
  *dist <<= 4;
}

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
static int64_t get_sse(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int64_t total_sse = 0;
  for (int plane = 0; plane < num_planes; ++plane) {
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE bs = get_plane_block_size(mbmi->sb_type, pd->subsampling_x,
                                               pd->subsampling_y);
    unsigned int sse;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    cpi->fn_ptr[bs].vf(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride,
                       &sse);
    total_sse += sse;
  }
  total_sse <<= 4;
  return total_sse;
}
#endif

static void model_rd_for_sb(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd, int plane_from,
                            int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                            int *out_rate_sum, int64_t *out_dist_sum,
                            int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
                            int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse,
                            int64_t *plane_dist) {
  // Note our transform coeffs are 8 times an orthogonal transform.
  // Hence quantizer step is also 8 times. To get effective quantizer
  // we need to divide by 8 before sending to modeling function.
  int plane;
  (void)mi_row;
  (void)mi_col;
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  for (plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
    const int bh = block_size_high[plane_bsize];
    int64_t sse;
    int rate;
    int64_t dist;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      sse = aom_highbd_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                           pd->dst.stride, bw, bh);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, bw,
                    bh);
    }
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);

    model_rd_from_sse(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, bw * bh, &rate, &dist);

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = (unsigned int)AOMMIN(sse, UINT_MAX);

    total_sse += sse;
    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;
    if (plane_rate) plane_rate[plane] = rate;
    if (plane_sse) plane_sse[plane] = sse;
    if (plane_dist) plane_dist[plane] = dist;
    assert(rate_sum >= 0);
  }

  if (skip_txfm_sb) *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  if (skip_sse_sb) *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  rate_sum = AOMMIN(rate_sum, INT_MAX);
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

int64_t av1_block_error_c(const tran_low_t *coeff, const tran_low_t *dqcoeff,
                          intptr_t block_size, int64_t *ssz) {
  int i;
  int64_t error = 0, sqcoeff = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    const int diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += diff * diff;
    sqcoeff += coeff[i] * coeff[i];
  }

  *ssz = sqcoeff;
  return error;
}

int64_t av1_highbd_block_error_c(const tran_low_t *coeff,
                                 const tran_low_t *dqcoeff, intptr_t block_size,
                                 int64_t *ssz, int bd) {
  int i;
  int64_t error = 0, sqcoeff = 0;
  int shift = 2 * (bd - 8);
  int rounding = shift > 0 ? 1 << (shift - 1) : 0;

  for (i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
    const int64_t diff = coeff[i] - dqcoeff[i];
    error += diff * diff;
    sqcoeff += (int64_t)coeff[i] * (int64_t)coeff[i];
  }
  assert(error >= 0 && sqcoeff >= 0);
  error = (error + rounding) >> shift;
  sqcoeff = (sqcoeff + rounding) >> shift;

  *ssz = sqcoeff;
  return error;
}

// Get transform block visible dimensions cropped to the MI units.
static void get_txb_dimensions(const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int plane,
                               BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                               BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize, int *width, int *height,
                               int *visible_width, int *visible_height) {
  assert(tx_bsize <= plane_bsize);
  int txb_height = block_size_high[tx_bsize];
  int txb_width = block_size_wide[tx_bsize];
  const int block_height = block_size_high[plane_bsize];
  const int block_width = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  // TODO(aconverse@google.com): Investigate using crop_width/height here rather
  // than the MI size
  const int block_rows =
      (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >= 0)
          ? block_height
          : (xd->mb_to_bottom_edge >> (3 + pd->subsampling_y)) + block_height;
  const int block_cols =
      (xd->mb_to_right_edge >= 0)
          ? block_width
          : (xd->mb_to_right_edge >> (3 + pd->subsampling_x)) + block_width;
  const int tx_unit_size = tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  if (width) *width = txb_width;
  if (height) *height = txb_height;
  *visible_width = clamp(block_cols - (blk_col << tx_unit_size), 0, txb_width);
  *visible_height =
      clamp(block_rows - (blk_row << tx_unit_size), 0, txb_height);
}

// Compute the pixel domain distortion from src and dst on all visible 4x4s in
// the
// transform block.
static unsigned pixel_dist(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                           int plane, const uint8_t *src, const int src_stride,
                           const uint8_t *dst, const int dst_stride,
                           int blk_row, int blk_col,
                           const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                           const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize) {
  int txb_rows, txb_cols, visible_rows, visible_cols;
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_bsize,
                     &txb_cols, &txb_rows, &visible_cols, &visible_rows);
  assert(visible_rows > 0);
  assert(visible_cols > 0);

#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
  if (x->using_dist_8x8 && plane == 0)
    return (unsigned)av1_dist_8x8(cpi, x, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride,
                                  tx_bsize, txb_cols, txb_rows, visible_cols,
                                  visible_rows, x->qindex);
#endif  // CONFIG_DIST_8X8

  unsigned sse = pixel_dist_visible_only(cpi, x, src, src_stride, dst,
                                         dst_stride, tx_bsize, txb_rows,
                                         txb_cols, visible_rows, visible_cols);

  return sse;
}

// Compute the pixel domain distortion from diff on all visible 4x4s in the
// transform block.
static INLINE int64_t pixel_diff_dist(const MACROBLOCK *x, int plane,
                                      int blk_row, int blk_col,
                                      const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                                      const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize,
                                      unsigned int *block_mse_q8) {
  int visible_rows, visible_cols;
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_bsize, NULL,
                     NULL, &visible_cols, &visible_rows);
  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int16_t *diff = x->plane[plane].src_diff;
#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
  int txb_height = block_size_high[tx_bsize];
  int txb_width = block_size_wide[tx_bsize];
  if (x->using_dist_8x8 && plane == 0) {
    const int src_stride = x->plane[plane].src.stride;
    const int src_idx = (blk_row * src_stride + blk_col)
                        << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
    const int diff_idx = (blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col)
                         << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
    const uint8_t *src = &x->plane[plane].src.buf[src_idx];
    return dist_8x8_diff(x, src, src_stride, diff + diff_idx, diff_stride,
                         txb_width, txb_height, visible_cols, visible_rows,
                         x->qindex);
  }
#endif
  diff += ((blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0]);
  uint64_t sse =
      aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(diff, diff_stride, visible_cols, visible_rows);
  if (block_mse_q8 != NULL)
    *block_mse_q8 = (unsigned int)((256 * sse) / (visible_cols * visible_rows));
  return sse;
}

int av1_count_colors(const uint8_t *src, int stride, int rows, int cols,
                     int *val_count) {
  const int max_pix_val = 1 << 8;
  memset(val_count, 0, max_pix_val * sizeof(val_count[0]));
  for (int r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (int c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
      const int this_val = src[r * stride + c];
      assert(this_val < max_pix_val);
      ++val_count[this_val];
    }
  }
  int n = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < max_pix_val; ++i) {
    if (val_count[i]) ++n;
  }
  return n;
}

int av1_count_colors_highbd(const uint8_t *src8, int stride, int rows, int cols,
                            int bit_depth, int *val_count) {
  assert(bit_depth <= 12);
  const int max_pix_val = 1 << bit_depth;
  const uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src8);
  memset(val_count, 0, max_pix_val * sizeof(val_count[0]));
  for (int r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (int c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
      const int this_val = src[r * stride + c];
      assert(this_val < max_pix_val);
      if (this_val >= max_pix_val) return 0;
      ++val_count[this_val];
    }
  }
  int n = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < max_pix_val; ++i) {
    if (val_count[i]) ++n;
  }
  return n;
}

static void inverse_transform_block_facade(MACROBLOCKD *xd, int plane,
                                           int block, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                                           int eob, int reduced_tx_set) {
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  tran_low_t *dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);
  const PLANE_TYPE plane_type = get_plane_type(plane);
  const TX_SIZE tx_size = av1_get_tx_size(plane, xd);
  const TX_TYPE tx_type = av1_get_tx_type(plane_type, xd, blk_row, blk_col,
                                          tx_size, reduced_tx_set);
  const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
  uint8_t *dst =
      &pd->dst.buf[(blk_row * dst_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0]];
  av1_inverse_transform_block(xd, dqcoeff, plane, tx_type, tx_size, dst,
                              dst_stride, eob, reduced_tx_set);
}

static int find_tx_size_rd_info(TXB_RD_RECORD *cur_record, const uint32_t hash);

static uint32_t get_intra_txb_hash(MACROBLOCK *x, int plane, int blk_row,
                                   int blk_col, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                                   TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  int16_t tmp_data[64 * 64];
  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int16_t *diff = x->plane[plane].src_diff;
  const int16_t *cur_diff_row = diff + 4 * blk_row * diff_stride + 4 * blk_col;
  const int txb_w = tx_size_wide[tx_size];
  const int txb_h = tx_size_high[tx_size];
  uint8_t *hash_data = (uint8_t *)cur_diff_row;
  if (txb_w != diff_stride) {
    int16_t *cur_hash_row = tmp_data;
    for (int i = 0; i < txb_h; i++) {
      memcpy(cur_hash_row, cur_diff_row, sizeof(*diff) * txb_w);
      cur_hash_row += txb_w;
      cur_diff_row += diff_stride;
    }
    hash_data = (uint8_t *)tmp_data;
  }
  CRC32C *crc = &x->mb_rd_record.crc_calculator;
  const uint32_t hash = av1_get_crc32c_value(crc, hash_data, 2 * txb_w * txb_h);
  return (hash << 5) + tx_size;
}

static INLINE void dist_block_tx_domain(MACROBLOCK *x, int plane, int block,
                                        TX_SIZE tx_size, int64_t *out_dist,
                                        int64_t *out_sse) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  // Transform domain distortion computation is more efficient as it does
  // not involve an inverse transform, but it is less accurate.
  const int buffer_length = av1_get_max_eob(tx_size);
  int64_t this_sse;
  // TX-domain results need to shift down to Q2/D10 to match pixel
  // domain distortion values which are in Q2^2
  int shift = (MAX_TX_SCALE - av1_get_tx_scale(tx_size)) * 2;
  tran_low_t *const coeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(p->coeff, block);
  tran_low_t *const dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);

  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    *out_dist = av1_highbd_block_error(coeff, dqcoeff, buffer_length, &this_sse,
                                       xd->bd);
  else
    *out_dist = av1_block_error(coeff, dqcoeff, buffer_length, &this_sse);

  *out_dist = RIGHT_SIGNED_SHIFT(*out_dist, shift);
  *out_sse = RIGHT_SIGNED_SHIFT(this_sse, shift);
}

static INLINE int64_t dist_block_px_domain(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                           int plane, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                                           int block, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                                           TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const uint16_t eob = p->eobs[block];
  const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
  const int bsw = block_size_wide[tx_bsize];
  const int bsh = block_size_high[tx_bsize];
  const int src_stride = x->plane[plane].src.stride;
  const int dst_stride = xd->plane[plane].dst.stride;
  // Scale the transform block index to pixel unit.
  const int src_idx = (blk_row * src_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  const int dst_idx = (blk_row * dst_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  const uint8_t *src = &x->plane[plane].src.buf[src_idx];
  const uint8_t *dst = &xd->plane[plane].dst.buf[dst_idx];
  const tran_low_t *dqcoeff = BLOCK_OFFSET(pd->dqcoeff, block);

  assert(cpi != NULL);
  assert(tx_size_wide_log2[0] == tx_size_high_log2[0]);

  uint8_t *recon;
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, recon16[MAX_TX_SQUARE]);

  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    recon = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(recon16);
    av1_highbd_convolve_2d_copy_sr(CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst), dst_stride,
                                   CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(recon), MAX_TX_SIZE, bsw,
                                   bsh, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, xd->bd);
  } else {
    recon = (uint8_t *)recon16;
    av1_convolve_2d_copy_sr(dst, dst_stride, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE, bsw, bsh, NULL,
                            NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
  }

  const PLANE_TYPE plane_type = get_plane_type(plane);
  TX_TYPE tx_type = av1_get_tx_type(plane_type, xd, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                                    cpi->common.reduced_tx_set_used);
  av1_inverse_transform_block(xd, dqcoeff, plane, tx_type, tx_size, recon,
                              MAX_TX_SIZE, eob,
                              cpi->common.reduced_tx_set_used);

  return 16 * pixel_dist(cpi, x, plane, src, src_stride, recon, MAX_TX_SIZE,
                         blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_bsize);
}

static double get_mean(const int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h) {
  double sum = 0.0;
  for (int j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
      sum += diff[j * stride + i];
    }
  }
  assert(w > 0 && h > 0);
  return sum / (w * h);
}

static double get_sse_norm(const int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h) {
  double sum = 0.0;
  for (int j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
      const int err = diff[j * stride + i];
      sum += err * err;
    }
  }
  assert(w > 0 && h > 0);
  return sum / (w * h);
}

static double get_sad_norm(const int16_t *diff, int stride, int w, int h) {
  double sum = 0.0;
  for (int j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
    for (int i = 0; i < w; ++i) {
      sum += abs(diff[j * stride + i]);
    }
  }
  assert(w > 0 && h > 0);
  return sum / (w * h);
}

static void get_2x2_normalized_sses_and_sads(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize, const uint8_t *const src,
    int src_stride, const uint8_t *const dst, int dst_stride,
    const int16_t *const src_diff, int diff_stride, double *const sse_norm_arr,
    double *const sad_norm_arr) {
  const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize_half =
      get_partition_subsize(tx_bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
  if (tx_bsize_half == BLOCK_INVALID) {  // manually calculate stats
    const int half_width = block_size_wide[tx_bsize] / 2;
    const int half_height = block_size_high[tx_bsize] / 2;
    for (int row = 0; row < 2; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < 2; ++col) {
        const int16_t *const this_src_diff =
            src_diff + row * half_height * diff_stride + col * half_width;
        if (sse_norm_arr) {
          sse_norm_arr[row * 2 + col] =
              get_sse_norm(this_src_diff, diff_stride, half_width, half_height);
        }
        if (sad_norm_arr) {
          sad_norm_arr[row * 2 + col] =
              get_sad_norm(this_src_diff, diff_stride, half_width, half_height);
        }
      }
    }
  } else {  // use function pointers to calculate stats
    const int half_width = block_size_wide[tx_bsize_half];
    const int half_height = block_size_high[tx_bsize_half];
    const int num_samples_half = half_width * half_height;
    for (int row = 0; row < 2; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < 2; ++col) {
        const uint8_t *const this_src =
            src + row * half_height * src_stride + col * half_width;
        const uint8_t *const this_dst =
            dst + row * half_height * dst_stride + col * half_width;

        if (sse_norm_arr) {
          unsigned int this_sse;
          cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize_half].vf(this_src, src_stride, this_dst,
                                        dst_stride, &this_sse);
          sse_norm_arr[row * 2 + col] = (double)this_sse / num_samples_half;
        }

        if (sad_norm_arr) {
          const unsigned int this_sad = cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize_half].sdf(
              this_src, src_stride, this_dst, dst_stride);
          sad_norm_arr[row * 2 + col] = (double)this_sad / num_samples_half;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// NOTE: CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS has 3 possible values
// 0: Do not collect any RD stats
// 1: Collect RD stats for transform units
// 2: Collect RD stats for partition units
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 1
static void PrintTransformUnitStats(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    const RD_STATS *const rd_stats, int blk_row,
                                    int blk_col, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                                    TX_SIZE tx_size, TX_TYPE tx_type,
                                    int64_t rd) {
  if (rd_stats->rate == INT_MAX || rd_stats->dist == INT64_MAX) return;

  // Generate small sample to restrict output size.
  static unsigned int seed = 21743;
  if (lcg_rand16(&seed) % 256 > 0) return;

  const char output_file[] = "tu_stats.txt";
  FILE *fout = fopen(output_file, "a");
  if (!fout) return;

  const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int plane = 0;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int txw = tx_size_wide[tx_size];
  const int txh = tx_size_high[tx_size];
  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;
  const int q_step = pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift;
  const int num_samples = txw * txh;

  const double rate_norm = (double)rd_stats->rate / num_samples;
  const double dist_norm = (double)rd_stats->dist / num_samples;

  fprintf(fout, "%g %g", rate_norm, dist_norm);

  const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src =
      &p->src.buf[(blk_row * src_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0]];
  const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
  const uint8_t *const dst =
      &pd->dst.buf[(blk_row * dst_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0]];
  unsigned int sse;
  cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].vf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride, &sse);
  const double sse_norm = (double)sse / num_samples;

  const unsigned int sad =
      cpi->fn_ptr[tx_bsize].sdf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride);
  const double sad_norm = (double)sad / num_samples;

  fprintf(fout, " %g %g", sse_norm, sad_norm);

  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int16_t *const src_diff =
      &p->src_diff[(blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col) << tx_size_wide_log2[0]];

  double sse_norm_arr[4], sad_norm_arr[4];
  get_2x2_normalized_sses_and_sads(cpi, tx_bsize, src, src_stride, dst,
                                   dst_stride, src_diff, diff_stride,
                                   sse_norm_arr, sad_norm_arr);
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    fprintf(fout, " %g", sse_norm_arr[i]);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    fprintf(fout, " %g", sad_norm_arr[i]);
  }

  const TX_TYPE_1D tx_type_1d_row = htx_tab[tx_type];
  const TX_TYPE_1D tx_type_1d_col = vtx_tab[tx_type];

  fprintf(fout, " %d %d %d %d %d", q_step, tx_size_wide[tx_size],
          tx_size_high[tx_size], tx_type_1d_row, tx_type_1d_col);

  int model_rate;
  int64_t model_dist;
  model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_CURVFIT](cpi, x, tx_bsize, plane, sse, num_samples,
                                   &model_rate, &model_dist);
  const double model_rate_norm = (double)model_rate / num_samples;
  const double model_dist_norm = (double)model_dist / num_samples;
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g", model_rate_norm, model_dist_norm);

  const double mean = get_mean(src_diff, diff_stride, txw, txh);
  float hor_corr, vert_corr;
  av1_get_horver_correlation_full(src_diff, diff_stride, txw, txh, &hor_corr,
                                  &vert_corr);
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g", mean, hor_corr, vert_corr);

  double hdist[4] = { 0 }, vdist[4] = { 0 };
  get_energy_distribution_fine(cpi, tx_bsize, src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride,
                               1, hdist, vdist);
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g %g %g %g %g %g", hdist[0], hdist[1], hdist[2],
          hdist[3], vdist[0], vdist[1], vdist[2], vdist[3]);

  fprintf(fout, " %d %" PRId64, x->rdmult, rd);

  fprintf(fout, "\n");
  fclose(fout);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 1

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS >= 2
static void PrintPredictionUnitStats(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                     const TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                                     MACROBLOCK *x,
                                     const RD_STATS *const rd_stats,
                                     BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize) {
  if (rd_stats->invalid_rate) return;
  if (rd_stats->rate == INT_MAX || rd_stats->dist == INT64_MAX) return;

#if 0  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
  if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1 &&
      !tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[plane_bsize].ready)
    return;
#endif
  (void)tile_data;
  // Generate small sample to restrict output size.
  static unsigned int seed = 95014;

  if ((lcg_rand16(&seed) % (1 << (14 - num_pels_log2_lookup[plane_bsize]))) !=
      1)
    return;

  const char output_file[] = "pu_stats.txt";
  FILE *fout = fopen(output_file, "a");
  if (!fout) return;

  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int plane = 0;
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  int bw, bh;
  get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, 0, 0, plane_bsize, NULL, NULL, &bw,
                     &bh);
  const int num_samples = bw * bh;
  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;
  const int q_step = pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift;

  const double rate_norm = (double)rd_stats->rate / num_samples;
  const double dist_norm = (double)rd_stats->dist / num_samples;
  const double rdcost_norm =
      (double)RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist) / num_samples;

  fprintf(fout, "%g %g %g", rate_norm, dist_norm, rdcost_norm);

  const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src = p->src.buf;
  const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
  const uint8_t *const dst = pd->dst.buf;
  const int16_t *const src_diff = p->src_diff;
  const int shift = (xd->bd - 8);

  int64_t sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(src_diff, diff_stride, bw, bh);
  sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, shift * 2);
  const double sse_norm = (double)sse / num_samples;

  const unsigned int sad =
      cpi->fn_ptr[plane_bsize].sdf(src, src_stride, dst, dst_stride);
  const double sad_norm =
      (double)sad / (1 << num_pels_log2_lookup[plane_bsize]);

  fprintf(fout, " %g %g", sse_norm, sad_norm);

  double sse_norm_arr[4], sad_norm_arr[4];
  get_2x2_normalized_sses_and_sads(cpi, plane_bsize, src, src_stride, dst,
                                   dst_stride, src_diff, diff_stride,
                                   sse_norm_arr, sad_norm_arr);
  if (shift) {
    for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) sse_norm_arr[k] /= (1 << (2 * shift));
    for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) sad_norm_arr[k] /= (1 << shift);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    fprintf(fout, " %g", sse_norm_arr[i]);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    fprintf(fout, " %g", sad_norm_arr[i]);
  }

  fprintf(fout, " %d %d %d %d", q_step, x->rdmult, bw, bh);

  int model_rate;
  int64_t model_dist;
  model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_CURVFIT](cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, num_samples,
                                   &model_rate, &model_dist);
  const double model_rdcost_norm =
      (double)RDCOST(x->rdmult, model_rate, model_dist) / num_samples;
  const double model_rate_norm = (double)model_rate / num_samples;
  const double model_dist_norm = (double)model_dist / num_samples;
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g", model_rate_norm, model_dist_norm,
          model_rdcost_norm);

#if 0  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
  if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1) {
    assert(tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[plane_bsize].ready);
    const int64_t overall_sse = get_sse(cpi, x);
    int est_residue_cost = 0;
    int64_t est_dist = 0;
    get_est_rate_dist(tile_data, plane_bsize, overall_sse, &est_residue_cost,
                      &est_dist);
    const double est_residue_cost_norm = (double)est_residue_cost / num_samples;
    const double est_dist_norm = (double)est_dist / num_samples;
    const double est_rdcost_norm =
        (double)RDCOST(x->rdmult, est_residue_cost, est_dist) / num_samples;
    fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g", est_residue_cost_norm, est_dist_norm,
            est_rdcost_norm);
  }
#endif

  double mean = get_mean(src_diff, diff_stride, bw, bh);
  mean /= (1 << shift);
  float hor_corr, vert_corr;
  av1_get_horver_correlation_full(src_diff, diff_stride, bw, bh, &hor_corr,
                                  &vert_corr);
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g", mean, hor_corr, vert_corr);

  double hdist[4] = { 0 }, vdist[4] = { 0 };
  get_energy_distribution_fine(cpi, plane_bsize, src, src_stride, dst,
                               dst_stride, 1, hdist, vdist);
  fprintf(fout, " %g %g %g %g %g %g %g %g", hdist[0], hdist[1], hdist[2],
          hdist[3], vdist[0], vdist[1], vdist[2], vdist[3]);

  fprintf(fout, "\n");
  fclose(fout);
}
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS >= 2
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS

static void model_rd_with_dnn(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                              const MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
                              int plane, int64_t sse, int num_samples,
                              int *rate, int64_t *dist) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int log_numpels = num_pels_log2_lookup[plane_bsize];

  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;
  const int q_step = AOMMAX(pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift, 1);

  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  int bw, bh;
  get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, 0, 0, plane_bsize, NULL, NULL, &bw,
                     &bh);
  const int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src = p->src.buf;
  const int dst_stride = pd->dst.stride;
  const uint8_t *const dst = pd->dst.buf;
  const int16_t *const src_diff = p->src_diff;
  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int shift = (xd->bd - 8);

  if (sse == 0) {
    if (rate) *rate = 0;
    if (dist) *dist = 0;
    return;
  }
  if (plane) {
    int model_rate;
    int64_t model_dist;
    model_rd_with_curvfit(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, num_samples,
                          &model_rate, &model_dist);
    if (rate) *rate = model_rate;
    if (dist) *dist = model_dist;
    return;
  }

  aom_clear_system_state();
  const double sse_norm = (double)sse / num_samples;

  double sse_norm_arr[4];
  get_2x2_normalized_sses_and_sads(cpi, plane_bsize, src, src_stride, dst,
                                   dst_stride, src_diff, diff_stride,
                                   sse_norm_arr, NULL);
  double mean = get_mean(src_diff, bw, bw, bh);
  if (shift) {
    for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) sse_norm_arr[k] /= (1 << (2 * shift));
    mean /= (1 << shift);
  }
  double sse_norm_sum = 0.0, sse_frac_arr[3];
  for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) sse_norm_sum += sse_norm_arr[k];
  for (int k = 0; k < 3; ++k)
    sse_frac_arr[k] =
        sse_norm_sum > 0.0 ? sse_norm_arr[k] / sse_norm_sum : 0.25;
  const double q_sqr = (double)(q_step * q_step);
  const double q_sqr_by_sse_norm = q_sqr / (sse_norm + 1.0);
  const double mean_sqr_by_sse_norm = mean * mean / (sse_norm + 1.0);
  float hor_corr, vert_corr;
  av1_get_horver_correlation_full(src_diff, diff_stride, bw, bh, &hor_corr,
                                  &vert_corr);

  float features[NUM_FEATURES_PUSTATS];
  features[0] = (float)hor_corr;
  features[1] = (float)log_numpels;
  features[2] = (float)mean_sqr_by_sse_norm;
  features[3] = (float)q_sqr_by_sse_norm;
  features[4] = (float)sse_frac_arr[0];
  features[5] = (float)sse_frac_arr[1];
  features[6] = (float)sse_frac_arr[2];
  features[7] = (float)vert_corr;

  float rate_f, dist_by_sse_norm_f;
  av1_nn_predict(features, &av1_pustats_dist_nnconfig, &dist_by_sse_norm_f);
  av1_nn_predict(features, &av1_pustats_rate_nnconfig, &rate_f);
  aom_clear_system_state();
  const float dist_f = (float)((double)dist_by_sse_norm_f * (1.0 + sse_norm));
  int rate_i = (int)(AOMMAX(0.0, rate_f * num_samples) + 0.5);
  int64_t dist_i = (int64_t)(AOMMAX(0.0, dist_f * num_samples) + 0.5);

  // Check if skip is better
  if (rate_i == 0) {
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  } else if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate_i, dist_i) >=
             RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, sse << 4)) {
    rate_i = 0;
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  }

  if (rate) *rate = rate_i;
  if (dist) *dist = dist_i;
  return;
}

static void model_rd_for_sb_with_dnn(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist) {
  (void)mi_row;
  (void)mi_col;
  // Note our transform coeffs are 8 times an orthogonal transform.
  // Hence quantizer step is also 8 times. To get effective quantizer
  // we need to divide by 8 before sending to modeling function.
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  for (int plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    int64_t dist, sse;
    int rate;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    const int shift = (xd->bd - 8);
    int bw, bh;
    get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, 0, 0, plane_bsize, NULL, NULL,
                       &bw, &bh);
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      sse = aom_highbd_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                           pd->dst.stride, bw, bh);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, bw,
                    bh);
    }
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, shift * 2);

    model_rd_with_dnn(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, bw * bh, &rate, &dist);

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = (unsigned int)AOMMIN(sse, UINT_MAX);

    total_sse += sse;
    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;

    if (plane_rate) plane_rate[plane] = rate;
    if (plane_sse) plane_sse[plane] = sse;
    if (plane_dist) plane_dist[plane] = dist;
  }

  if (skip_txfm_sb) *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  if (skip_sse_sb) *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

// Fits a surface for rate and distortion using as features:
// log2(sse_norm + 1) and log2(sse_norm/qstep^2)
static void model_rd_with_surffit(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                  const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int plane,
                                  int64_t sse, int num_samples, int *rate,
                                  int64_t *dist) {
  (void)cpi;
  (void)plane_bsize;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;
  const int qstep = AOMMAX(pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift, 1);
  if (sse == 0) {
    if (rate) *rate = 0;
    if (dist) *dist = 0;
    return;
  }
  aom_clear_system_state();
  const double sse_norm = (double)sse / num_samples;
  const double qstepsqr = (double)qstep * qstep;
  const double xm = log(sse_norm + 1.0) / log(2.0);
  const double yl = log(sse_norm / qstepsqr) / log(2.0);
  double rate_f, dist_by_sse_norm_f;

  av1_model_rd_surffit(plane_bsize, xm, yl, &rate_f, &dist_by_sse_norm_f);

  const double dist_f = dist_by_sse_norm_f * sse_norm;
  int rate_i = (int)(AOMMAX(0.0, rate_f * num_samples) + 0.5);
  int64_t dist_i = (int64_t)(AOMMAX(0.0, dist_f * num_samples) + 0.5);
  aom_clear_system_state();

  // Check if skip is better
  if (rate_i == 0) {
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  } else if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate_i, dist_i) >=
             RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, sse << 4)) {
    rate_i = 0;
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  }

  if (rate) *rate = rate_i;
  if (dist) *dist = dist_i;
}

static void model_rd_for_sb_with_surffit(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist) {
  (void)mi_row;
  (void)mi_col;
  // Note our transform coeffs are 8 times an orthogonal transform.
  // Hence quantizer step is also 8 times. To get effective quantizer
  // we need to divide by 8 before sending to modeling function.
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  for (int plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    int64_t dist, sse;
    int rate;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    int bw, bh;
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    const int shift = (xd->bd - 8);
    get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, 0, 0, plane_bsize, NULL, NULL,
                       &bw, &bh);
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      sse = aom_highbd_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                           pd->dst.stride, bw, bh);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, bw,
                    bh);
    }
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, shift * 2);

    model_rd_with_surffit(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, bw * bh, &rate,
                          &dist);

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = (unsigned int)AOMMIN(sse, UINT_MAX);

    total_sse += sse;
    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;

    if (plane_rate) plane_rate[plane] = rate;
    if (plane_sse) plane_sse[plane] = sse;
    if (plane_dist) plane_dist[plane] = dist;
  }

  if (skip_txfm_sb) *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  if (skip_sse_sb) *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

// Fits a curve for rate and distortion using as feature:
// log2(sse_norm/qstep^2)
static void model_rd_with_curvfit(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                  const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                  BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int plane,
                                  int64_t sse, int num_samples, int *rate,
                                  int64_t *dist) {
  (void)cpi;
  (void)plane_bsize;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  const int dequant_shift =
      (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? xd->bd - 5 : 3;
  const int qstep = AOMMAX(pd->dequant_Q3[1] >> dequant_shift, 1);

  if (sse == 0) {
    if (rate) *rate = 0;
    if (dist) *dist = 0;
    return;
  }
  aom_clear_system_state();
  const double sse_norm = (double)sse / num_samples;
  const double qstepsqr = (double)qstep * qstep;
  const double xqr = log(sse_norm / qstepsqr) / log(2.0);

  double rate_f, dist_by_sse_norm_f;
  av1_model_rd_curvfit(plane_bsize, xqr, &rate_f, &dist_by_sse_norm_f);

  const double dist_f = dist_by_sse_norm_f * sse_norm;
  int rate_i = (int)(AOMMAX(0.0, rate_f * num_samples) + 0.5);
  int64_t dist_i = (int64_t)(AOMMAX(0.0, dist_f * num_samples) + 0.5);
  aom_clear_system_state();

  // Check if skip is better
  if (rate_i == 0) {
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  } else if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate_i, dist_i) >=
             RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, sse << 4)) {
    rate_i = 0;
    dist_i = sse << 4;
  }

  if (rate) *rate = rate_i;
  if (dist) *dist = dist_i;
}

static void model_rd_for_sb_with_curvfit(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist) {
  (void)mi_row;
  (void)mi_col;
  // Note our transform coeffs are 8 times an orthogonal transform.
  // Hence quantizer step is also 8 times. To get effective quantizer
  // we need to divide by 8 before sending to modeling function.
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  for (int plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    int64_t dist, sse;
    int rate;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    int bw, bh;
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    const int shift = (xd->bd - 8);
    get_txb_dimensions(xd, plane, plane_bsize, 0, 0, plane_bsize, NULL, NULL,
                       &bw, &bh);

    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      sse = aom_highbd_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                           pd->dst.stride, bw, bh);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, bw,
                    bh);
    }

    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, shift * 2);
    model_rd_with_curvfit(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, bw * bh, &rate,
                          &dist);

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = (unsigned int)AOMMIN(sse, UINT_MAX);

    total_sse += sse;
    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;

    if (plane_rate) plane_rate[plane] = rate;
    if (plane_sse) plane_sse[plane] = sse;
    if (plane_dist) plane_dist[plane] = dist;
  }

  if (skip_txfm_sb) *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  if (skip_sse_sb) *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

static int64_t search_txk_type(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int plane,
                               int block, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                               BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                               const TXB_CTX *const txb_ctx,
                               FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode,
                               int use_fast_coef_costing, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                               RD_STATS *best_rd_stats) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  uint16_t best_eob = 0;
  TX_TYPE best_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  TX_TYPE last_tx_type = TX_TYPES;
  const int fast_tx_search = ftxs_mode & FTXS_DCT_AND_1D_DCT_ONLY;
  // The buffer used to swap dqcoeff in macroblockd_plane so we can keep dqcoeff
  // of the best tx_type
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, tran_low_t, this_dqcoeff[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  tran_low_t *orig_dqcoeff = pd->dqcoeff;
  tran_low_t *best_dqcoeff = this_dqcoeff;
  const int txk_type_idx =
      av1_get_txk_type_index(plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col);
  int perform_block_coeff_opt;
  av1_invalid_rd_stats(best_rd_stats);

  TXB_RD_INFO *intra_txb_rd_info = NULL;
  uint16_t cur_joint_ctx = 0;
  const int mi_row = -xd->mb_to_top_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2);
  const int mi_col = -xd->mb_to_left_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2);
  const int within_border =
      mi_row >= xd->tile.mi_row_start &&
      (mi_row + mi_size_high[plane_bsize] < xd->tile.mi_row_end) &&
      mi_col >= xd->tile.mi_col_start &&
      (mi_col + mi_size_wide[plane_bsize] < xd->tile.mi_col_end);
  if (within_border && cpi->sf.use_intra_txb_hash && frame_is_intra_only(cm) &&
      !is_inter && plane == 0 &&
      tx_size_wide[tx_size] == tx_size_high[tx_size]) {
    const uint32_t intra_hash =
        get_intra_txb_hash(x, plane, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size);
    const int intra_hash_idx =
        find_tx_size_rd_info(&x->txb_rd_record_intra, intra_hash);
    intra_txb_rd_info = &x->txb_rd_record_intra.tx_rd_info[intra_hash_idx];

    cur_joint_ctx = (txb_ctx->dc_sign_ctx << 8) + txb_ctx->txb_skip_ctx;
    if (intra_txb_rd_info->entropy_context == cur_joint_ctx &&
        x->txb_rd_record_intra.tx_rd_info[intra_hash_idx].valid) {
      mbmi->txk_type[txk_type_idx] = intra_txb_rd_info->tx_type;
      const TX_TYPE ref_tx_type =
          av1_get_tx_type(get_plane_type(plane), &x->e_mbd, blk_row, blk_col,
                          tx_size, cpi->common.reduced_tx_set_used);
      if (ref_tx_type == intra_txb_rd_info->tx_type) {
        best_rd_stats->rate = intra_txb_rd_info->rate;
        best_rd_stats->dist = intra_txb_rd_info->dist;
        best_rd_stats->sse = intra_txb_rd_info->sse;
        best_rd_stats->skip = intra_txb_rd_info->eob == 0;
        x->plane[plane].eobs[block] = intra_txb_rd_info->eob;
        x->plane[plane].txb_entropy_ctx[block] =
            intra_txb_rd_info->txb_entropy_ctx;
        best_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, best_rd_stats->rate, best_rd_stats->dist);
        best_eob = intra_txb_rd_info->eob;
        best_tx_type = intra_txb_rd_info->tx_type;
        update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                         best_tx_type);
        goto RECON_INTRA;
      }
    }
  }

  int rate_cost = 0;
  TX_TYPE txk_start = DCT_DCT;
  TX_TYPE txk_end = TX_TYPES - 1;
  if ((!is_inter && x->use_default_intra_tx_type) ||
      (is_inter && x->use_default_inter_tx_type)) {
    txk_start = txk_end =
        get_default_tx_type(0, xd, tx_size, cpi->is_screen_content_type);
  } else if (x->rd_model == LOW_TXFM_RD || x->cb_partition_scan) {
    if (plane == 0) txk_end = DCT_DCT;
  }

  uint8_t best_txb_ctx = 0;
  const TxSetType tx_set_type =
      av1_get_ext_tx_set_type(tx_size, is_inter, cm->reduced_tx_set_used);

  TX_TYPE uv_tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  if (plane) {
    // tx_type of PLANE_TYPE_UV should be the same as PLANE_TYPE_Y
    uv_tx_type = txk_start = txk_end =
        av1_get_tx_type(get_plane_type(plane), xd, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                        cm->reduced_tx_set_used);
  }
  const uint16_t ext_tx_used_flag = av1_ext_tx_used_flag[tx_set_type];
  if (xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] || txsize_sqr_up_map[tx_size] > TX_32X32 ||
      ext_tx_used_flag == 0x0001) {
    txk_start = txk_end = DCT_DCT;
  }
  uint16_t allowed_tx_mask = 0;  // 1: allow; 0: skip.
  if (txk_start == txk_end) {
    allowed_tx_mask = 1 << txk_start;
    allowed_tx_mask &= ext_tx_used_flag;
  } else if (fast_tx_search) {
    allowed_tx_mask = 0x0c01;  // V_DCT, H_DCT, DCT_DCT
    allowed_tx_mask &= ext_tx_used_flag;
  } else {
    assert(plane == 0);
    allowed_tx_mask = ext_tx_used_flag;
    // !fast_tx_search && txk_end != txk_start && plane == 0
    const int do_prune = cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode > NO_PRUNE;
    if (do_prune && is_inter) {
      if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode >= PRUNE_2D_ACCURATE) {
        const uint16_t prune =
            prune_tx_2D(x, plane_bsize, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col, tx_set_type,
                        cpi->sf.tx_type_search.prune_mode);
        allowed_tx_mask &= (~prune);
      } else {
        allowed_tx_mask &= (~x->tx_search_prune[tx_set_type]);
      }
    }
  }
  // Need to have at least one transform type allowed.
  if (allowed_tx_mask == 0) {
    txk_start = txk_end = (plane ? uv_tx_type : DCT_DCT);
    allowed_tx_mask = (1 << txk_start);
  }

  const BLOCK_SIZE tx_bsize = txsize_to_bsize[tx_size];
  int64_t block_sse = 0;
  unsigned int block_mse_q8 = UINT_MAX;
  block_sse = pixel_diff_dist(x, plane, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_bsize,
                              &block_mse_q8);
  assert(block_mse_q8 != UINT_MAX);
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    block_sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(block_sse, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
    block_mse_q8 = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(block_mse_q8, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
  }
  block_sse *= 16;
  // Tranform domain distortion is accurate for higher residuals.
  // TODO(any): Experiment with variance and mean based thresholds
  int use_transform_domain_distortion =
      (cpi->sf.use_transform_domain_distortion > 0) &&
      (block_mse_q8 >= cpi->tx_domain_dist_threshold) &&
      // Any 64-pt transforms only preserves half the coefficients.
      // Therefore transform domain distortion is not valid for these
      // transform sizes.
      txsize_sqr_up_map[tx_size] != TX_64X64;
#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
  if (x->using_dist_8x8) use_transform_domain_distortion = 0;
#endif
  int calc_pixel_domain_distortion_final =
      cpi->sf.use_transform_domain_distortion == 1 &&
      use_transform_domain_distortion && x->rd_model != LOW_TXFM_RD &&
      !x->cb_partition_scan;
  if (calc_pixel_domain_distortion_final &&
      (txk_start == txk_end || allowed_tx_mask == 0x0001))
    calc_pixel_domain_distortion_final = use_transform_domain_distortion = 0;

  const uint16_t *eobs_ptr = x->plane[plane].eobs;

  // Used mse based threshold logic to take decision of R-D of optimization of
  // coeffs. For snaller residuals, coeff optimization would be helpful. For
  // larger residuals, R-D optimization may not be effective.
  // TODO(any): Experiment with variance and mean based thresholds
  perform_block_coeff_opt = (block_mse_q8 <= cpi->coeff_opt_dist_threshold);

  for (TX_TYPE tx_type = txk_start; tx_type <= txk_end; ++tx_type) {
    if (!(allowed_tx_mask & (1 << tx_type))) continue;
    if (plane == 0) mbmi->txk_type[txk_type_idx] = tx_type;
    RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(&this_rd_stats);
    if ((cpi->optimize_seg_arr[mbmi->segment_id] != FULL_TRELLIS_OPT) ||
        (!perform_block_coeff_opt)) {
      av1_xform_quant(
          cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size, tx_type,
          USE_B_QUANT_NO_TRELLIS ? AV1_XFORM_QUANT_B : AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
      rate_cost = av1_cost_coeffs(cm, x, plane, block, tx_size, tx_type,
                                  txb_ctx, use_fast_coef_costing);
    } else {
      av1_xform_quant(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                      tx_size, tx_type, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
      if (cpi->sf.optimize_b_precheck && best_rd < INT64_MAX &&
          eobs_ptr[block] >= 4) {
        // Calculate distortion quickly in transform domain.
        dist_block_tx_domain(x, plane, block, tx_size, &this_rd_stats.dist,
                             &this_rd_stats.sse);

        const int64_t best_rd_ = AOMMIN(best_rd, ref_best_rd);
        const int64_t dist_cost_estimate =
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, AOMMIN(this_rd_stats.dist, this_rd_stats.sse));
        if (dist_cost_estimate - (dist_cost_estimate >> 3) > best_rd_) continue;
      }
      av1_optimize_b(cpi, x, plane, block, tx_size, tx_type, txb_ctx, 1,
                     &rate_cost);
    }
    if (eobs_ptr[block] == 0) {
      // When eob is 0, pixel domain distortion is more efficient and accurate.
      this_rd_stats.dist = this_rd_stats.sse = block_sse;
    } else if (use_transform_domain_distortion) {
      dist_block_tx_domain(x, plane, block, tx_size, &this_rd_stats.dist,
                           &this_rd_stats.sse);
    } else {
      this_rd_stats.dist = dist_block_px_domain(
          cpi, x, plane, plane_bsize, block, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size);
      this_rd_stats.sse = block_sse;
    }

    this_rd_stats.rate = rate_cost;

    const int64_t rd =
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rd_stats.rate, this_rd_stats.dist);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      best_rd = rd;
      *best_rd_stats = this_rd_stats;
      best_tx_type = tx_type;
      best_txb_ctx = x->plane[plane].txb_entropy_ctx[block];
      best_eob = x->plane[plane].eobs[block];
      last_tx_type = best_tx_type;

      // Swap qcoeff and dqcoeff buffers
      tran_low_t *const tmp_dqcoeff = best_dqcoeff;
      best_dqcoeff = pd->dqcoeff;
      pd->dqcoeff = tmp_dqcoeff;
    }

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 1
    if (plane == 0) {
      PrintTransformUnitStats(cpi, x, &this_rd_stats, blk_row, blk_col,
                              plane_bsize, tx_size, tx_type, rd);
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 1

#if COLLECT_TX_SIZE_DATA
    // Generate small sample to restrict output size.
    static unsigned int seed = 21743;
    if (lcg_rand16(&seed) % 200 == 0) {
      FILE *fp = NULL;

      if (within_border) {
        fp = fopen(av1_tx_size_data_output_file, "a");
      }

      if (fp) {
        // Transform info and RD
        const int txb_w = tx_size_wide[tx_size];
        const int txb_h = tx_size_high[tx_size];

        // Residue signal.
        const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
        struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
        const int16_t *src_diff =
            &p->src_diff[(blk_row * diff_stride + blk_col) * 4];

        for (int r = 0; r < txb_h; ++r) {
          for (int c = 0; c < txb_w; ++c) {
            fprintf(fp, "%d,", src_diff[c]);
          }
          src_diff += diff_stride;
        }

        fprintf(fp, "%d,%d,%d,%" PRId64, txb_w, txb_h, tx_type, rd);
        fprintf(fp, "\n");
        fclose(fp);
      }
    }
#endif  // COLLECT_TX_SIZE_DATA

    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level) {
      if ((best_rd - (best_rd >> cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level)) >
          ref_best_rd) {
        break;
      }
    }

    // Skip transform type search when we found the block has been quantized to
    // all zero and at the same time, it has better rdcost than doing transform.
    if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.skip_tx_search && !best_eob) break;
  }

  assert(best_rd != INT64_MAX);

  best_rd_stats->skip = best_eob == 0;
  if (plane == 0) {
    update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                     best_tx_type);
  }
  x->plane[plane].txb_entropy_ctx[block] = best_txb_ctx;
  x->plane[plane].eobs[block] = best_eob;

  pd->dqcoeff = best_dqcoeff;

  if (calc_pixel_domain_distortion_final && best_eob) {
    best_rd_stats->dist = dist_block_px_domain(
        cpi, x, plane, plane_bsize, block, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size);
    best_rd_stats->sse = block_sse;
  }

  if (intra_txb_rd_info != NULL) {
    intra_txb_rd_info->valid = 1;
    intra_txb_rd_info->entropy_context = cur_joint_ctx;
    intra_txb_rd_info->rate = best_rd_stats->rate;
    intra_txb_rd_info->dist = best_rd_stats->dist;
    intra_txb_rd_info->sse = best_rd_stats->sse;
    intra_txb_rd_info->eob = best_eob;
    intra_txb_rd_info->txb_entropy_ctx = best_txb_ctx;
    if (plane == 0) intra_txb_rd_info->tx_type = best_tx_type;
  }

RECON_INTRA:
  if (!is_inter && best_eob &&
      (blk_row + tx_size_high_unit[tx_size] < mi_size_high[plane_bsize] ||
       blk_col + tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size] < mi_size_wide[plane_bsize])) {
    // intra mode needs decoded result such that the next transform block
    // can use it for prediction.
    // if the last search tx_type is the best tx_type, we don't need to
    // do this again
    if (best_tx_type != last_tx_type) {
      if (cpi->optimize_seg_arr[mbmi->segment_id] != FULL_TRELLIS_OPT) {
        av1_xform_quant(
            cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
            best_tx_type,
            USE_B_QUANT_NO_TRELLIS ? AV1_XFORM_QUANT_B : AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
      } else {
        av1_xform_quant(cm, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                        tx_size, best_tx_type, AV1_XFORM_QUANT_FP);
        av1_optimize_b(cpi, x, plane, block, tx_size, best_tx_type, txb_ctx, 1,
                       &rate_cost);
      }
    }

    inverse_transform_block_facade(xd, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col,
                                   x->plane[plane].eobs[block],
                                   cm->reduced_tx_set_used);

    // This may happen because of hash collision. The eob stored in the hash
    // table is non-zero, but the real eob is zero. We need to make sure tx_type
    // is DCT_DCT in this case.
    if (plane == 0 && x->plane[plane].eobs[block] == 0 &&
        best_tx_type != DCT_DCT) {
      update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                       DCT_DCT);
    }
  }
  pd->dqcoeff = orig_dqcoeff;

  return best_rd;
}

static void block_rd_txfm(int plane, int block, int blk_row, int blk_col,
                          BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size, void *arg) {
  struct rdcost_block_args *args = arg;
  MACROBLOCK *const x = args->x;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(xd->mi[0]);
  const AV1_COMP *cpi = args->cpi;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *a = args->t_above + blk_col;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *l = args->t_left + blk_row;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  RD_STATS this_rd_stats;

  av1_init_rd_stats(&this_rd_stats);

  if (args->exit_early) {
    args->incomplete_exit = 1;
    return;
  }

  if (!is_inter) {
    av1_predict_intra_block_facade(cm, xd, plane, blk_col, blk_row, tx_size);
    av1_subtract_txb(x, plane, plane_bsize, blk_col, blk_row, tx_size);
  }
  TXB_CTX txb_ctx;
  get_txb_ctx(plane_bsize, tx_size, plane, a, l, &txb_ctx);
  search_txk_type(cpi, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
                  &txb_ctx, args->ftxs_mode, args->use_fast_coef_costing,
                  args->best_rd - args->this_rd, &this_rd_stats);

  if (plane == AOM_PLANE_Y && xd->cfl.store_y) {
    assert(!is_inter || plane_bsize < BLOCK_8X8);
    cfl_store_tx(xd, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size, plane_bsize);
  }

#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
  av1_update_txb_coeff_cost(&this_rd_stats, plane, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col,
                            this_rd_stats.rate);
#endif  // CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
  av1_set_txb_context(x, plane, block, tx_size, a, l);

  const int blk_idx =
      blk_row * (block_size_wide[plane_bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[0]) +
      blk_col;

  if (plane == 0)
    set_blk_skip(x, plane, blk_idx, x->plane[plane].eobs[block] == 0);
  else
    set_blk_skip(x, plane, blk_idx, 0);

  const int64_t rd1 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rd_stats.rate, this_rd_stats.dist);
  const int64_t rd2 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, this_rd_stats.sse);

  // TODO(jingning): temporarily enabled only for luma component
  const int64_t rd = AOMMIN(rd1, rd2);

  this_rd_stats.skip &= !x->plane[plane].eobs[block];

#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
  if (plane == AOM_PLANE_Y && plane_bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    const int eob = x->plane[plane].eobs[block];
    av1_add_reg_stat(&this_rd_stats, eob, rd, this_rd_stats.sse, blk_row,
                     blk_col, plane_bsize, txsize_to_bsize[tx_size]);
  }
#endif

  av1_merge_rd_stats(&args->rd_stats, &this_rd_stats);

  args->this_rd += rd;

  if (args->this_rd > args->best_rd) args->exit_early = 1;
}

static void txfm_rd_in_plane(MACROBLOCK *x, const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                             RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                             int64_t this_rd, int plane, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                             TX_SIZE tx_size, int use_fast_coef_casting,
                             FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
  struct rdcost_block_args args;
  av1_zero(args);
  args.x = x;
  args.cpi = cpi;
  args.best_rd = ref_best_rd;
  args.use_fast_coef_costing = use_fast_coef_casting;
  args.ftxs_mode = ftxs_mode;
  args.this_rd = this_rd;
  av1_init_rd_stats(&args.rd_stats);

  if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_tx64 && txsize_sqr_up_map[tx_size] == TX_64X64) {
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
    return;
  }

  if (plane == 0) xd->mi[0]->tx_size = tx_size;

  av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, pd, args.t_above, args.t_left);

  if (args.this_rd > args.best_rd) {
    args.exit_early = 1;
  }

  av1_foreach_transformed_block_in_plane(xd, bsize, plane, block_rd_txfm,
                                         &args);

  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  const int invalid_rd = is_inter ? args.incomplete_exit : args.exit_early;

  if (invalid_rd) {
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  } else {
    *rd_stats = args.rd_stats;
  }
}

static int tx_size_cost(const AV1_COMMON *const cm, const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                        BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  assert(bsize == x->e_mbd.mi[0]->sb_type);
  if (cm->tx_mode != TX_MODE_SELECT || !block_signals_txsize(bsize)) return 0;

  const int32_t tx_size_cat = bsize_to_tx_size_cat(bsize);
  const int depth = tx_size_to_depth(tx_size, bsize);
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int tx_size_ctx = get_tx_size_context(xd);
  return x->tx_size_cost[tx_size_cat][tx_size_ctx][depth];
}

static int64_t txfm_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                        RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd, BLOCK_SIZE bs,
                        TX_SIZE tx_size, FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
  int s0, s1;
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  const int tx_select =
      cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && block_signals_txsize(mbmi->sb_type);
  int ctx = txfm_partition_context(
      xd->above_txfm_context, xd->left_txfm_context, mbmi->sb_type, tx_size);
  const int r_tx_size = is_inter ? x->txfm_partition_cost[ctx][0]
                                 : tx_size_cost(cm, x, bs, tx_size);

  assert(IMPLIES(is_rect_tx(tx_size), is_rect_tx_allowed_bsize(bs)));

  s0 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
  s1 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];

  int64_t skip_rd;
  int64_t this_rd;

  if (is_inter) {
    skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, 0);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s0 + r_tx_size * tx_select, 0);
  } else {
    skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1 + r_tx_size * tx_select, 0);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s0 + r_tx_size * tx_select, 0);
  }

  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
  txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, AOMMIN(this_rd, skip_rd),
                   AOM_PLANE_Y, bs, tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing,
                   ftxs_mode);
  if (rd_stats->rate == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;

  // rdstats->rate should include all the rate except skip/non-skip cost as the
  // same is accounted in the caller functions after rd evaluation of all
  // planes. However the decisions should be done after considering the
  // skip/non-skip header cost
  if (rd_stats->skip) {
    if (is_inter) {
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
      // TODO(chiyotsai@google.com): Investigate if these updates are really
      // needed.
      av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
#endif
    } else {
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1 + r_tx_size * tx_select, rd_stats->sse);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
      av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
#endif
      rd_stats->rate += r_tx_size * tx_select;
    }
  } else {
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + s0 + r_tx_size * tx_select,
                rd_stats->dist);
    rd_stats->rate += r_tx_size * tx_select;
  }
  if (is_inter && !xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->segment_id]) {
    int64_t temp_skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse);
    if (temp_skip_rd <= rd) {
      rd = temp_skip_rd;
      rd_stats->rate = 0;
      rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
      rd_stats->skip = 1;
    }
  }

  return rd;
}

static int64_t estimate_yrd_for_sb(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bs,
                                   MACROBLOCK *x, int *r, int64_t *d, int *s,
                                   int64_t *sse, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  RD_STATS rd_stats;
  av1_subtract_plane(x, bs, 0);
  x->rd_model = LOW_TXFM_RD;
  int64_t rd = txfm_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats, ref_best_rd, bs,
                        max_txsize_rect_lookup[bs], FTXS_NONE);
  x->rd_model = FULL_TXFM_RD;
  *r = rd_stats.rate;
  *d = rd_stats.dist;
  *s = rd_stats.skip;
  *sse = rd_stats.sse;
  if (rd != INT64_MAX) {
    MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
    const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
    int s0, s1;
    s0 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
    s1 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];
    if (rd_stats.skip) {
      *r = s1;
    } else {
      *r += s0;
    }
  }
  return rd;
}

static void choose_largest_tx_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                   RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                   BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_inter = is_inter_block(mbmi);
  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size_from_tx_mode(bs, cm->tx_mode);
  const TxSetType tx_set_type =
      av1_get_ext_tx_set_type(mbmi->tx_size, is_inter, cm->reduced_tx_set_used);
  prune_tx(cpi, bs, x, xd, tx_set_type);
  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
  int s0, s1;

  s0 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
  s1 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];

  int64_t skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, 0);
  int64_t this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s0, 0);

  txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, AOMMIN(this_rd, skip_rd),
                   AOM_PLANE_Y, bs, mbmi->tx_size,
                   cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing, FTXS_NONE);
  // Reset the pruning flags.
  av1_zero(x->tx_search_prune);
  x->tx_split_prune_flag = 0;
}

static void choose_smallest_tx_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];

  mbmi->tx_size = TX_4X4;
  // TODO(any) : Pass this_rd based on skip/non-skip cost
  txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, 0, 0, bs, mbmi->tx_size,
                   cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing, FTXS_NONE);
}

static INLINE int bsize_to_num_blk(BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  int num_blk = 1 << (num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize] - 2 * tx_size_wide_log2[0]);
  return num_blk;
}

static int get_search_init_depth(int mi_width, int mi_height, int is_inter,
                                 const SPEED_FEATURES *sf) {
  if (sf->tx_size_search_method == USE_LARGESTALL) return MAX_VARTX_DEPTH;

  if (sf->tx_size_search_lgr_block) {
    if (mi_width > mi_size_wide[BLOCK_64X64] ||
        mi_height > mi_size_high[BLOCK_64X64])
      return MAX_VARTX_DEPTH;
  }

  if (is_inter) {
    return (mi_height != mi_width) ? sf->inter_tx_size_search_init_depth_rect
                                   : sf->inter_tx_size_search_init_depth_sqr;
  } else {
    return (mi_height != mi_width) ? sf->intra_tx_size_search_init_depth_rect
                                   : sf->intra_tx_size_search_init_depth_sqr;
  }
}

static void choose_tx_size_type_from_rd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                        MACROBLOCK *x, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                                        int64_t ref_best_rd, BLOCK_SIZE bs) {
  av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const TX_SIZE max_rect_tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bs];
  const int tx_select = cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT;
  int start_tx;
  int depth;

  if (tx_select) {
    start_tx = max_rect_tx_size;
    depth = get_search_init_depth(mi_size_wide[bs], mi_size_high[bs],
                                  is_inter_block(mbmi), &cpi->sf);
  } else {
    const TX_SIZE chosen_tx_size = tx_size_from_tx_mode(bs, cm->tx_mode);
    start_tx = chosen_tx_size;
    depth = MAX_TX_DEPTH;
  }

  prune_tx(cpi, bs, x, xd, EXT_TX_SET_ALL16);

  TX_TYPE best_txk_type[TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN];
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = max_rect_tx_size;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  const int n4 = bsize_to_num_blk(bs);
  x->rd_model = FULL_TXFM_RD;
  for (int n = start_tx; depth <= MAX_TX_DEPTH;
       depth++, n = sub_tx_size_map[n]) {
#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
    if (x->using_dist_8x8) {
      if (tx_size_wide[n] < 8 || tx_size_high[n] < 8) continue;
    }
#endif
    if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_tx64 && txsize_sqr_up_map[n] == TX_64X64) continue;

    RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
    const int64_t rd =
        txfm_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rd_stats, ref_best_rd, bs, n, FTXS_NONE);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      memcpy(best_txk_type, mbmi->txk_type,
             sizeof(best_txk_type[0]) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
      memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip, sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * n4);
      best_tx_size = n;
      best_rd = rd;
      *rd_stats = this_rd_stats;
    }
    if (n == TX_4X4) break;
  }

  if (rd_stats->rate != INT_MAX) {
    mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
    memcpy(mbmi->txk_type, best_txk_type,
           sizeof(best_txk_type[0]) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip, sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * n4);
  }

  // Reset the pruning flags.
  av1_zero(x->tx_search_prune);
  x->tx_split_prune_flag = 0;
}

static void super_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bs,
                            int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  assert(bs == xd->mi[0]->sb_type);

  if (xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->segment_id]) {
    choose_smallest_tx_size(cpi, x, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, bs);
  } else if (cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method == USE_LARGESTALL) {
    choose_largest_tx_size(cpi, x, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, bs);
  } else {
    choose_tx_size_type_from_rd(cpi, x, rd_stats, ref_best_rd, bs);
  }
}

// Return the rate cost for luma prediction mode info. of intra blocks.
static int intra_mode_info_cost_y(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                  const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                  int mode_cost) {
  int total_rate = mode_cost;
  const int use_palette = mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0;
  const int use_filter_intra = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra;
  const int use_intrabc = mbmi->use_intrabc;
  // Can only activate one mode.
  assert(((mbmi->mode != DC_PRED) + use_palette + use_intrabc +
          use_filter_intra) <= 1);
  const int try_palette =
      av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  if (try_palette && mbmi->mode == DC_PRED) {
    const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
    const int bsize_ctx = av1_get_palette_bsize_ctx(bsize);
    const int mode_ctx = av1_get_palette_mode_ctx(xd);
    total_rate += x->palette_y_mode_cost[bsize_ctx][mode_ctx][use_palette];
    if (use_palette) {
      const uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;
      int block_width, block_height, rows, cols;
      av1_get_block_dimensions(bsize, 0, xd, &block_width, &block_height, &rows,
                               &cols);
      const int plt_size = mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0];
      int palette_mode_cost =
          x->palette_y_size_cost[bsize_ctx][plt_size - PALETTE_MIN_SIZE] +
          write_uniform_cost(plt_size, color_map[0]);
      uint16_t color_cache[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
      const int n_cache = av1_get_palette_cache(xd, 0, color_cache);
      palette_mode_cost +=
          av1_palette_color_cost_y(&mbmi->palette_mode_info, color_cache,
                                   n_cache, cpi->common.seq_params.bit_depth);
      palette_mode_cost +=
          av1_cost_color_map(x, 0, bsize, mbmi->tx_size, PALETTE_MAP);
      total_rate += palette_mode_cost;
    }
  }
  if (av1_filter_intra_allowed(&cpi->common, mbmi)) {
    total_rate += x->filter_intra_cost[mbmi->sb_type][use_filter_intra];
    if (use_filter_intra) {
      total_rate += x->filter_intra_mode_cost[mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info
                                                  .filter_intra_mode];
    }
  }
  if (av1_is_directional_mode(mbmi->mode)) {
    if (av1_use_angle_delta(bsize)) {
      total_rate += x->angle_delta_cost[mbmi->mode - V_PRED]
                                       [MAX_ANGLE_DELTA +
                                        mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y]];
    }
  }
  if (av1_allow_intrabc(&cpi->common))
    total_rate += x->intrabc_cost[use_intrabc];
  return total_rate;
}

// Return the rate cost for chroma prediction mode info. of intra blocks.
static int intra_mode_info_cost_uv(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                   const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                   int mode_cost) {
  int total_rate = mode_cost;
  const int use_palette = mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] > 0;
  const UV_PREDICTION_MODE mode = mbmi->uv_mode;
  // Can only activate one mode.
  assert(((mode != UV_DC_PRED) + use_palette + mbmi->use_intrabc) <= 1);

  const int try_palette =
      av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  if (try_palette && mode == UV_DC_PRED) {
    const PALETTE_MODE_INFO *pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
    total_rate +=
        x->palette_uv_mode_cost[pmi->palette_size[0] > 0][use_palette];
    if (use_palette) {
      const int bsize_ctx = av1_get_palette_bsize_ctx(bsize);
      const int plt_size = pmi->palette_size[1];
      const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
      const uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[1].color_index_map;
      int palette_mode_cost =
          x->palette_uv_size_cost[bsize_ctx][plt_size - PALETTE_MIN_SIZE] +
          write_uniform_cost(plt_size, color_map[0]);
      uint16_t color_cache[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
      const int n_cache = av1_get_palette_cache(xd, 1, color_cache);
      palette_mode_cost += av1_palette_color_cost_uv(
          pmi, color_cache, n_cache, cpi->common.seq_params.bit_depth);
      palette_mode_cost +=
          av1_cost_color_map(x, 1, bsize, mbmi->tx_size, PALETTE_MAP);
      total_rate += palette_mode_cost;
    }
  }
  if (av1_is_directional_mode(get_uv_mode(mode))) {
    if (av1_use_angle_delta(bsize)) {
      total_rate +=
          x->angle_delta_cost[mode - V_PRED][mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] +
                                             MAX_ANGLE_DELTA];
    }
  }
  return total_rate;
}

static int conditional_skipintra(PREDICTION_MODE mode,
                                 PREDICTION_MODE best_intra_mode) {
  if (mode == D113_PRED && best_intra_mode != V_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D135_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D67_PRED && best_intra_mode != V_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D45_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D203_PRED && best_intra_mode != H_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D45_PRED)
    return 1;
  if (mode == D157_PRED && best_intra_mode != H_PRED &&
      best_intra_mode != D135_PRED)
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

// Model based RD estimation for luma intra blocks.
static int64_t intra_model_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                               BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mode_cost, int mi_row,
                               int mi_col) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
  int row, col;
  int64_t temp_sse, this_rd;
  TX_SIZE tx_size = tx_size_from_tx_mode(bsize, cm->tx_mode);
  const int stepr = tx_size_high_unit[tx_size];
  const int stepc = tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size];
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, bsize, 0);
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, bsize, 0);
  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
  // Prediction.
  for (row = 0; row < max_blocks_high; row += stepr) {
    for (col = 0; col < max_blocks_wide; col += stepc) {
      av1_predict_intra_block_facade(cm, xd, 0, col, row, tx_size);
    }
  }
  // RD estimation.
  model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTRA](
      cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &this_rd_stats.rate,
      &this_rd_stats.dist, &this_rd_stats.skip, &temp_sse, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  if (av1_is_directional_mode(mbmi->mode) && av1_use_angle_delta(bsize)) {
    mode_cost +=
        x->angle_delta_cost[mbmi->mode - V_PRED]
                           [MAX_ANGLE_DELTA + mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y]];
  }
  if (mbmi->mode == DC_PRED &&
      av1_filter_intra_allowed_bsize(cm, mbmi->sb_type)) {
    if (mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra) {
      const int mode = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode;
      mode_cost += x->filter_intra_cost[mbmi->sb_type][1] +
                   x->filter_intra_mode_cost[mode];
    } else {
      mode_cost += x->filter_intra_cost[mbmi->sb_type][0];
    }
  }
  this_rd =
      RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rd_stats.rate + mode_cost, this_rd_stats.dist);
  return this_rd;
}

// Extends 'color_map' array from 'orig_width x orig_height' to 'new_width x
// new_height'. Extra rows and columns are filled in by copying last valid
// row/column.
static void extend_palette_color_map(uint8_t *const color_map, int orig_width,
                                     int orig_height, int new_width,
                                     int new_height) {
  int j;
  assert(new_width >= orig_width);
  assert(new_height >= orig_height);
  if (new_width == orig_width && new_height == orig_height) return;

  for (j = orig_height - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
    memmove(color_map + j * new_width, color_map + j * orig_width, orig_width);
    // Copy last column to extra columns.
    memset(color_map + j * new_width + orig_width,
           color_map[j * new_width + orig_width - 1], new_width - orig_width);
  }
  // Copy last row to extra rows.
  for (j = orig_height; j < new_height; ++j) {
    memcpy(color_map + j * new_width, color_map + (orig_height - 1) * new_width,
           new_width);
  }
}

// Bias toward using colors in the cache.
// TODO(huisu): Try other schemes to improve compression.
static void optimize_palette_colors(uint16_t *color_cache, int n_cache,
                                    int n_colors, int stride, int *centroids) {
  if (n_cache <= 0) return;
  for (int i = 0; i < n_colors * stride; i += stride) {
    int min_diff = abs(centroids[i] - (int)color_cache[0]);
    int idx = 0;
    for (int j = 1; j < n_cache; ++j) {
      const int this_diff = abs(centroids[i] - color_cache[j]);
      if (this_diff < min_diff) {
        min_diff = this_diff;
        idx = j;
      }
    }
    if (min_diff <= 1) centroids[i] = color_cache[idx];
  }
}

// Given the base colors as specified in centroids[], calculate the RD cost
// of palette mode.
static void palette_rd_y(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                         MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
                         int mi_col, int dc_mode_cost, const int *data,
                         int *centroids, int n, uint16_t *color_cache,
                         int n_cache, MB_MODE_INFO *best_mbmi,
                         uint8_t *best_palette_color_map, int64_t *best_rd,
                         int64_t *best_model_rd, int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                         int *rate_overhead, int64_t *distortion,
                         int *skippable, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                         uint8_t *blk_skip) {
  optimize_palette_colors(color_cache, n_cache, n, 1, centroids);
  int k = av1_remove_duplicates(centroids, n);
  if (k < PALETTE_MIN_SIZE) {
    // Too few unique colors to create a palette. And DC_PRED will work
    // well for that case anyway. So skip.
    return;
  }
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  if (cpi->common.seq_params.use_highbitdepth)
    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
      pmi->palette_colors[i] = clip_pixel_highbd(
          (int)centroids[i], cpi->common.seq_params.bit_depth);
  else
    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
      pmi->palette_colors[i] = clip_pixel(centroids[i]);
  pmi->palette_size[0] = k;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;
  int block_width, block_height, rows, cols;
  av1_get_block_dimensions(bsize, 0, xd, &block_width, &block_height, &rows,
                           &cols);
  av1_calc_indices(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, k, 1);
  extend_palette_color_map(color_map, cols, rows, block_width, block_height);
  const int palette_mode_cost =
      intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, dc_mode_cost);
  int64_t this_model_rd =
      intra_model_yrd(cpi, x, bsize, palette_mode_cost, mi_row, mi_col);
  if (*best_model_rd != INT64_MAX &&
      this_model_rd > *best_model_rd + (*best_model_rd >> 1))
    return;
  if (this_model_rd < *best_model_rd) *best_model_rd = this_model_rd;
  RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;
  super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, *best_rd);
  if (tokenonly_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) return;
  int this_rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate + palette_mode_cost;
  int64_t this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);
  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] && block_signals_txsize(mbmi->sb_type)) {
    tokenonly_rd_stats.rate -=
        tx_size_cost(&cpi->common, x, bsize, mbmi->tx_size);
  }
  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    memcpy(best_palette_color_map, color_map,
           block_width * block_height * sizeof(color_map[0]));
    *best_mbmi = *mbmi;
    memcpy(blk_skip, x->blk_skip, sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
    *rate_overhead = this_rate - tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
    if (rate) *rate = this_rate;
    if (rate_tokenonly) *rate_tokenonly = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
    if (distortion) *distortion = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
    if (skippable) *skippable = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
  }
}

static int rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
    int mi_col, int dc_mode_cost, MB_MODE_INFO *best_mbmi,
    uint8_t *best_palette_color_map, int64_t *best_rd, int64_t *best_model_rd,
    int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly, int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
    PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, uint8_t *best_blk_skip) {
  int rate_overhead = 0;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  assert(av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, bsize));
  const SequenceHeader *const seq_params = &cpi->common.seq_params;
  int colors, n;
  const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src = x->plane[0].src.buf;
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;
  int block_width, block_height, rows, cols;
  av1_get_block_dimensions(bsize, 0, xd, &block_width, &block_height, &rows,
                           &cols);

  int count_buf[1 << 12];  // Maximum (1 << 12) color levels.
  if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth)
    colors = av1_count_colors_highbd(src, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                     seq_params->bit_depth, count_buf);
  else
    colors = av1_count_colors(src, src_stride, rows, cols, count_buf);
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;

  if (colors > 1 && colors <= 64) {
    int r, c, i;
    const int max_itr = 50;
    int *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
    int centroids[PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    int lb, ub, val;
    uint16_t *src16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src);
    if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth)
      lb = ub = src16[0];
    else
      lb = ub = src[0];

    if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth) {
      for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
        for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
          val = src16[r * src_stride + c];
          data[r * cols + c] = val;
          if (val < lb)
            lb = val;
          else if (val > ub)
            ub = val;
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
        for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
          val = src[r * src_stride + c];
          data[r * cols + c] = val;
          if (val < lb)
            lb = val;
          else if (val > ub)
            ub = val;
        }
      }
    }

    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;

    uint16_t color_cache[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
    const int n_cache = av1_get_palette_cache(xd, 0, color_cache);

    // Find the dominant colors, stored in top_colors[].
    int top_colors[PALETTE_MAX_SIZE] = { 0 };
    for (i = 0; i < AOMMIN(colors, PALETTE_MAX_SIZE); ++i) {
      int max_count = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < (1 << seq_params->bit_depth); ++j) {
        if (count_buf[j] > max_count) {
          max_count = count_buf[j];
          top_colors[i] = j;
        }
      }
      assert(max_count > 0);
      count_buf[top_colors[i]] = 0;
    }

    // Try the dominant colors directly.
    // TODO(huisu@google.com): Try to avoid duplicate computation in cases
    // where the dominant colors and the k-means results are similar.
    for (n = AOMMIN(colors, PALETTE_MAX_SIZE); n >= 2; --n) {
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) centroids[i] = top_colors[i];
      palette_rd_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, dc_mode_cost, data,
                   centroids, n, color_cache, n_cache, best_mbmi,
                   best_palette_color_map, best_rd, best_model_rd, rate,
                   rate_tokenonly, &rate_overhead, distortion, skippable, ctx,
                   best_blk_skip);
    }

    // K-means clustering.
    for (n = AOMMIN(colors, PALETTE_MAX_SIZE); n >= 2; --n) {
      if (colors == PALETTE_MIN_SIZE) {
        // Special case: These colors automatically become the centroids.
        assert(colors == n);
        assert(colors == 2);
        centroids[0] = lb;
        centroids[1] = ub;
      } else {
        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
          centroids[i] = lb + (2 * i + 1) * (ub - lb) / n / 2;
        }
        av1_k_means(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, n, 1, max_itr);
      }
      palette_rd_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, dc_mode_cost, data,
                   centroids, n, color_cache, n_cache, best_mbmi,
                   best_palette_color_map, best_rd, best_model_rd, rate,
                   rate_tokenonly, &rate_overhead, distortion, skippable, ctx,
                   best_blk_skip);
    }
  }

  if (best_mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] > 0) {
    memcpy(color_map, best_palette_color_map,
           block_width * block_height * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
  }
  *mbmi = *best_mbmi;
  return rate_overhead;
}

// Return 1 if an filter intra mode is selected; return 0 otherwise.
static int rd_pick_filter_intra_sby(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    int mi_row, int mi_col, int *rate,
                                    int *rate_tokenonly, int64_t *distortion,
                                    int *skippable, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                    int mode_cost, int64_t *best_rd,
                                    int64_t *best_model_rd,
                                    PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int filter_intra_selected_flag = 0;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE mode;
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = TX_8X8;
  FILTER_INTRA_MODE_INFO filter_intra_mode_info;
  TX_TYPE best_txk_type[TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN];
  (void)ctx;
  av1_zero(filter_intra_mode_info);
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 1;
  mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;

  for (mode = 0; mode < FILTER_INTRA_MODES; ++mode) {
    int64_t this_rd, this_model_rd;
    RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode = mode;
    this_model_rd = intra_model_yrd(cpi, x, bsize, mode_cost, mi_row, mi_col);
    if (*best_model_rd != INT64_MAX &&
        this_model_rd > *best_model_rd + (*best_model_rd >> 1))
      continue;
    if (this_model_rd < *best_model_rd) *best_model_rd = this_model_rd;
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, *best_rd);
    if (tokenonly_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) continue;
    const int this_rate =
        tokenonly_rd_stats.rate +
        intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, mode_cost);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);

    if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
      *best_rd = this_rd;
      best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
      filter_intra_mode_info = mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info;
      memcpy(best_txk_type, mbmi->txk_type,
             sizeof(best_txk_type[0]) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
      memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
      *distortion = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
      *skippable = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
      filter_intra_selected_flag = 1;
    }
  }

  if (filter_intra_selected_flag) {
    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info = filter_intra_mode_info;
    memcpy(mbmi->txk_type, best_txk_type,
           sizeof(best_txk_type[0]) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    return 1;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}

// Run RD calculation with given luma intra prediction angle., and return
// the RD cost. Update the best mode info. if the RD cost is the best so far.
static int64_t calc_rd_given_intra_angle(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
    int mi_col, int mode_cost, int64_t best_rd_in, int8_t angle_delta,
    int max_angle_delta, int *rate, RD_STATS *rd_stats, int *best_angle_delta,
    TX_SIZE *best_tx_size, int64_t *best_rd, int64_t *best_model_rd,
    TX_TYPE *best_txk_type, uint8_t *best_blk_skip) {
  RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;
  int64_t this_rd, this_model_rd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = x->e_mbd.mi[0];
  const int n4 = bsize_to_num_blk(bsize);
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = angle_delta;
  this_model_rd = intra_model_yrd(cpi, x, bsize, mode_cost, mi_row, mi_col);
  if (*best_model_rd != INT64_MAX &&
      this_model_rd > *best_model_rd + (*best_model_rd >> 1))
    return INT64_MAX;
  if (this_model_rd < *best_model_rd) *best_model_rd = this_model_rd;
  super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, best_rd_in);
  if (tokenonly_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;

  int this_rate =
      mode_cost + tokenonly_rd_stats.rate +
      x->angle_delta_cost[mbmi->mode - V_PRED][max_angle_delta + angle_delta];
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);

  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    memcpy(best_txk_type, mbmi->txk_type,
           sizeof(*best_txk_type) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip, sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * n4);
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y];
    *best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
    *rate = this_rate;
    rd_stats->rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
    rd_stats->dist = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
    rd_stats->skip = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
  }
  return this_rd;
}

// With given luma directional intra prediction mode, pick the best angle delta
// Return the RD cost corresponding to the best angle delta.
static int64_t rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int mi_row, int mi_col, int *rate,
                                       RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                       int mode_cost, int64_t best_rd,
                                       int64_t *best_model_rd) {
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = x->e_mbd.mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));

  int best_angle_delta = 0;
  int64_t rd_cost[2 * (MAX_ANGLE_DELTA + 2)];
  TX_SIZE best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
  TX_TYPE best_txk_type[TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN];
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];

  for (int i = 0; i < 2 * (MAX_ANGLE_DELTA + 2); ++i) rd_cost[i] = INT64_MAX;

  int first_try = 1;
  for (int angle_delta = 0; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTA; angle_delta += 2) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      const int64_t best_rd_in =
          (best_rd == INT64_MAX) ? INT64_MAX
                                 : (best_rd + (best_rd >> (first_try ? 3 : 5)));
      const int64_t this_rd = calc_rd_given_intra_angle(
          cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, mode_cost, best_rd_in,
          (1 - 2 * i) * angle_delta, MAX_ANGLE_DELTA, rate, rd_stats,
          &best_angle_delta, &best_tx_size, &best_rd, best_model_rd,
          best_txk_type, best_blk_skip);
      rd_cost[2 * angle_delta + i] = this_rd;
      if (first_try && this_rd == INT64_MAX) return best_rd;
      first_try = 0;
      if (angle_delta == 0) {
        rd_cost[1] = this_rd;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  assert(best_rd != INT64_MAX);
  for (int angle_delta = 1; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTA; angle_delta += 2) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      int skip_search = 0;
      const int64_t rd_thresh = best_rd + (best_rd >> 5);
      if (rd_cost[2 * (angle_delta + 1) + i] > rd_thresh &&
          rd_cost[2 * (angle_delta - 1) + i] > rd_thresh)
        skip_search = 1;
      if (!skip_search) {
        calc_rd_given_intra_angle(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, mode_cost,
                                  best_rd, (1 - 2 * i) * angle_delta,
                                  MAX_ANGLE_DELTA, rate, rd_stats,
                                  &best_angle_delta, &best_tx_size, &best_rd,
                                  best_model_rd, best_txk_type, best_blk_skip);
      }
    }
  }

  if (rd_stats->rate != INT_MAX) {
    mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = best_angle_delta;
    memcpy(mbmi->txk_type, best_txk_type,
           sizeof(*best_txk_type) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
           sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * bsize_to_num_blk(bsize));
  }
  return best_rd;
}

// Indices are sign, integer, and fractional part of the gradient value
static const uint8_t gradient_to_angle_bin[2][7][16] = {
  {
      { 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
      { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
  },
  {
      { 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4 },
      { 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 },
      { 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
      { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 },
  },
};

/* clang-format off */
static const uint8_t mode_to_angle_bin[INTRA_MODES] = {
  0, 2, 6, 0, 4, 3, 5, 7, 1, 0,
  0,
};
/* clang-format on */

static void get_gradient_hist(const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, int rows,
                              int cols, uint64_t *hist) {
  src += src_stride;
  for (int r = 1; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (int c = 1; c < cols; ++c) {
      int dx = src[c] - src[c - 1];
      int dy = src[c] - src[c - src_stride];
      int index;
      const int temp = dx * dx + dy * dy;
      if (dy == 0) {
        index = 2;
      } else {
        const int sn = (dx > 0) ^ (dy > 0);
        dx = abs(dx);
        dy = abs(dy);
        const int remd = (dx % dy) * 16 / dy;
        const int quot = dx / dy;
        index = gradient_to_angle_bin[sn][AOMMIN(quot, 6)][AOMMIN(remd, 15)];
      }
      hist[index] += temp;
    }
    src += src_stride;
  }
}

static void get_highbd_gradient_hist(const uint8_t *src8, int src_stride,
                                     int rows, int cols, uint64_t *hist) {
  uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src8);
  src += src_stride;
  for (int r = 1; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (int c = 1; c < cols; ++c) {
      int dx = src[c] - src[c - 1];
      int dy = src[c] - src[c - src_stride];
      int index;
      const int temp = dx * dx + dy * dy;
      if (dy == 0) {
        index = 2;
      } else {
        const int sn = (dx > 0) ^ (dy > 0);
        dx = abs(dx);
        dy = abs(dy);
        const int remd = (dx % dy) * 16 / dy;
        const int quot = dx / dy;
        index = gradient_to_angle_bin[sn][AOMMIN(quot, 6)][AOMMIN(remd, 15)];
      }
      hist[index] += temp;
    }
    src += src_stride;
  }
}

static void angle_estimation(const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, int rows,
                             int cols, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int is_hbd,
                             uint8_t *directional_mode_skip_mask) {
  // Check if angle_delta is used
  if (!av1_use_angle_delta(bsize)) return;

  uint64_t hist[DIRECTIONAL_MODES] = { 0 };
  if (is_hbd)
    get_highbd_gradient_hist(src, src_stride, rows, cols, hist);
  else
    get_gradient_hist(src, src_stride, rows, cols, hist);

  int i;
  uint64_t hist_sum = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < DIRECTIONAL_MODES; ++i) hist_sum += hist[i];
  for (i = 0; i < INTRA_MODES; ++i) {
    if (av1_is_directional_mode(i)) {
      const uint8_t angle_bin = mode_to_angle_bin[i];
      uint64_t score = 2 * hist[angle_bin];
      int weight = 2;
      if (angle_bin > 0) {
        score += hist[angle_bin - 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      if (angle_bin < DIRECTIONAL_MODES - 1) {
        score += hist[angle_bin + 1];
        ++weight;
      }
      const int thresh = 10;
      if (score * thresh < hist_sum * weight) directional_mode_skip_mask[i] = 1;
    }
  }
}

// Given selected prediction mode, search for the best tx type and size.
static void intra_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const int *bmode_costs,
                            int64_t *best_rd, int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                            int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                            MB_MODE_INFO *best_mbmi, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  RD_STATS rd_stats;
  super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats, bsize, *best_rd);
  if (rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) return;
  int this_rate_tokenonly = rd_stats.rate;
  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] && block_signals_txsize(mbmi->sb_type)) {
    // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
    // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
    // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
    // not the tokenonly rate.
    this_rate_tokenonly -= tx_size_cost(&cpi->common, x, bsize, mbmi->tx_size);
  }
  const int this_rate =
      rd_stats.rate +
      intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, bmode_costs[mbmi->mode]);
  const int64_t this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, rd_stats.dist);
  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_mbmi = *mbmi;
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *rate = this_rate;
    *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
    *distortion = rd_stats.dist;
    *skippable = rd_stats.skip;
    memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
           sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
  }
}

// This function is used only for intra_only frames
static int64_t rd_pick_intra_sby_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      int mi_row, int mi_col, int *rate,
                                      int *rate_tokenonly, int64_t *distortion,
                                      int *skippable, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                      int64_t best_rd, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  int64_t best_model_rd = INT64_MAX;
  const int rows = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int cols = block_size_wide[bsize];
  int is_directional_mode;
  uint8_t directional_mode_skip_mask[INTRA_MODES] = { 0 };
  int beat_best_rd = 0;
  const int *bmode_costs;
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const int try_palette =
      cpi->oxcf.enable_palette &&
      av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  uint8_t *best_palette_color_map =
      try_palette ? x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map : NULL;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *above_mi = xd->above_mbmi;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *left_mi = xd->left_mbmi;
  const PREDICTION_MODE A = av1_above_block_mode(above_mi);
  const PREDICTION_MODE L = av1_left_block_mode(left_mi);
  const int above_ctx = intra_mode_context[A];
  const int left_ctx = intra_mode_context[L];
  bmode_costs = x->y_mode_costs[above_ctx][left_ctx];

  mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = 0;
  if (cpi->sf.intra_angle_estimation) {
    const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
    const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;
    angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols, bsize,
                     xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH,
                     directional_mode_skip_mask);
  }
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
  pmi->palette_size[0] = 0;

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi = *mbmi;
  /* Y Search for intra prediction mode */
  for (int mode_idx = INTRA_MODE_START; mode_idx < INTRA_MODE_END; ++mode_idx) {
    RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
    int this_rate, this_rate_tokenonly, s;
    int64_t this_distortion, this_rd, this_model_rd;
    mbmi->mode = intra_rd_search_mode_order[mode_idx];
    if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_intra &&
        (mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_PRED || mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_H_PRED ||
         mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_V_PRED))
      continue;
    if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_paeth_intra && mbmi->mode == PAETH_PRED) continue;
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = 0;
    this_model_rd =
        intra_model_yrd(cpi, x, bsize, bmode_costs[mbmi->mode], mi_row, mi_col);
    if (best_model_rd != INT64_MAX &&
        this_model_rd > best_model_rd + (best_model_rd >> 1))
      continue;
    if (this_model_rd < best_model_rd) best_model_rd = this_model_rd;
    is_directional_mode = av1_is_directional_mode(mbmi->mode);
    if (is_directional_mode && directional_mode_skip_mask[mbmi->mode]) continue;
    if (is_directional_mode && av1_use_angle_delta(bsize) &&
        cpi->oxcf.enable_angle_delta) {
      this_rd_stats.rate = INT_MAX;
      rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, &this_rate,
                              &this_rd_stats, bsize, bmode_costs[mbmi->mode],
                              best_rd, &best_model_rd);
    } else {
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &this_rd_stats, bsize, best_rd);
    }
    this_rate_tokenonly = this_rd_stats.rate;
    this_distortion = this_rd_stats.dist;
    s = this_rd_stats.skip;

    if (this_rate_tokenonly == INT_MAX) continue;

    if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] &&
        block_signals_txsize(mbmi->sb_type)) {
      // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
      // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
      // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
      // not the tokenonly rate.
      this_rate_tokenonly -=
          tx_size_cost(&cpi->common, x, bsize, mbmi->tx_size);
    }
    this_rate =
        this_rd_stats.rate +
        intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, bmode_costs[mbmi->mode]);
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, this_distortion);
    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
      best_rd = this_rd;
      beat_best_rd = 1;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = this_rate_tokenonly;
      *distortion = this_distortion;
      *skippable = s;
      memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
    }
  }

  if (try_palette) {
    rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(
        cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, bmode_costs[DC_PRED], &best_mbmi,
        best_palette_color_map, &best_rd, &best_model_rd, rate, rate_tokenonly,
        distortion, skippable, ctx, ctx->blk_skip);
  }

  if (beat_best_rd && av1_filter_intra_allowed_bsize(&cpi->common, bsize)) {
    if (rd_pick_filter_intra_sby(
            cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, rate, rate_tokenonly, distortion, skippable,
            bsize, bmode_costs[DC_PRED], &best_rd, &best_model_rd, ctx)) {
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
    }
  }

  // If previous searches use only the default tx type, do an extra search for
  // the best tx type.
  if (x->use_default_intra_tx_type) {
    *mbmi = best_mbmi;
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;
    intra_block_yrd(cpi, x, bsize, bmode_costs, &best_rd, rate, rate_tokenonly,
                    distortion, skippable, &best_mbmi, ctx);
  }

  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  return best_rd;
}

// Return value 0: early termination triggered, no valid rd cost available;
//              1: rd cost values are valid.
static int super_block_uvrd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                            int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U];
  const TX_SIZE uv_tx_size = av1_get_tx_size(AOM_PLANE_U, xd);
  int plane;
  int is_cost_valid = 1;
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) is_cost_valid = 0;

  if (x->skip_chroma_rd) return is_cost_valid;

  bsize = scale_chroma_bsize(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);

  if (is_inter_block(mbmi) && is_cost_valid) {
    for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane)
      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, plane);
  }

  if (is_cost_valid) {
    for (plane = 1; plane < MAX_MB_PLANE; ++plane) {
      RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;
      txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &pn_rd_stats, ref_best_rd, 0, plane, bsize,
                       uv_tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing, FTXS_NONE);
      if (pn_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) {
        is_cost_valid = 0;
        break;
      }
      av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);
      if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist) > ref_best_rd &&
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, rd_stats->sse) > ref_best_rd) {
        is_cost_valid = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!is_cost_valid) {
    // reset cost value
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  }

  return is_cost_valid;
}

// Pick transform type for a transform block of tx_size.
static void tx_type_rd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                       int blk_row, int blk_col, int plane, int block,
                       int plane_bsize, TXB_CTX *txb_ctx, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                       FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode, int64_t ref_rdcost,
                       TXB_RD_INFO *rd_info_array) {
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
  const uint16_t cur_joint_ctx =
      (txb_ctx->dc_sign_ctx << 8) + txb_ctx->txb_skip_ctx;
  const int txk_type_idx =
      av1_get_txk_type_index(plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col);
  // Look up RD and terminate early in case when we've already processed exactly
  // the same residual with exactly the same entropy context.
  if (rd_info_array != NULL && rd_info_array->valid &&
      rd_info_array->entropy_context == cur_joint_ctx) {
    if (plane == 0)
      x->e_mbd.mi[0]->txk_type[txk_type_idx] = rd_info_array->tx_type;
    const TX_TYPE ref_tx_type =
        av1_get_tx_type(get_plane_type(plane), &x->e_mbd, blk_row, blk_col,
                        tx_size, cpi->common.reduced_tx_set_used);
    if (ref_tx_type == rd_info_array->tx_type) {
      rd_stats->rate += rd_info_array->rate;
      rd_stats->dist += rd_info_array->dist;
      rd_stats->sse += rd_info_array->sse;
      rd_stats->skip &= rd_info_array->eob == 0;
      p->eobs[block] = rd_info_array->eob;
      p->txb_entropy_ctx[block] = rd_info_array->txb_entropy_ctx;
      return;
    }
  }

  RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
  search_txk_type(cpi, x, plane, block, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, tx_size,
                  txb_ctx, ftxs_mode, 0, ref_rdcost, &this_rd_stats);

  av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &this_rd_stats);

  // Save RD results for possible reuse in future.
  if (rd_info_array != NULL) {
    rd_info_array->valid = 1;
    rd_info_array->entropy_context = cur_joint_ctx;
    rd_info_array->rate = this_rd_stats.rate;
    rd_info_array->dist = this_rd_stats.dist;
    rd_info_array->sse = this_rd_stats.sse;
    rd_info_array->eob = p->eobs[block];
    rd_info_array->txb_entropy_ctx = p->txb_entropy_ctx[block];
    if (plane == 0) {
      rd_info_array->tx_type = x->e_mbd.mi[0]->txk_type[txk_type_idx];
    }
  }
}

static void get_mean_and_dev(const int16_t *data, int stride, int bw, int bh,
                             float *mean, float *dev) {
  int x_sum = 0;
  uint64_t x2_sum = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < bh; ++i) {
    for (int j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
      const int val = data[j];
      x_sum += val;
      x2_sum += val * val;
    }
    data += stride;
  }

  const int num = bw * bh;
  const float e_x = (float)x_sum / num;
  const float e_x2 = (float)((double)x2_sum / num);
  const float diff = e_x2 - e_x * e_x;
  *dev = (diff > 0) ? sqrtf(diff) : 0;
  *mean = e_x;
}

static void get_mean_and_dev_float(const float *data, int stride, int bw,
                                   int bh, float *mean, float *dev) {
  float x_sum = 0;
  float x2_sum = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < bh; ++i) {
    for (int j = 0; j < bw; ++j) {
      const float val = data[j];
      x_sum += val;
      x2_sum += val * val;
    }
    data += stride;
  }

  const int num = bw * bh;
  const float e_x = x_sum / num;
  const float e_x2 = x2_sum / num;
  const float diff = e_x2 - e_x * e_x;
  *dev = (diff > 0) ? sqrtf(diff) : 0;
  *mean = e_x;
}

// Feature used by the model to predict tx split: the mean and standard
// deviation values of the block and sub-blocks.
static void get_mean_dev_features(const int16_t *data, int stride, int bw,
                                  int bh, int levels, float *feature) {
  int feature_idx = 0;
  int width = bw;
  int height = bh;
  const int16_t *const data_ptr = &data[0];
  for (int lv = 0; lv < levels; ++lv) {
    if (width < 2 || height < 2) break;
    float mean_buf[16];
    float dev_buf[16];
    int blk_idx = 0;
    for (int row = 0; row < bh; row += height) {
      for (int col = 0; col < bw; col += width) {
        float mean, dev;
        get_mean_and_dev(data_ptr + row * stride + col, stride, width, height,
                         &mean, &dev);
        feature[feature_idx++] = mean;
        feature[feature_idx++] = dev;
        mean_buf[blk_idx] = mean;
        dev_buf[blk_idx++] = dev;
      }
    }
    if (blk_idx > 1) {
      float mean, dev;
      // Deviation of means.
      get_mean_and_dev_float(mean_buf, 1, 1, blk_idx, &mean, &dev);
      feature[feature_idx++] = dev;
      // Mean of deviations.
      get_mean_and_dev_float(dev_buf, 1, 1, blk_idx, &mean, &dev);
      feature[feature_idx++] = mean;
    }
    // Reduce the block size when proceeding to the next level.
    if (height == width) {
      height = height >> 1;
      width = width >> 1;
    } else if (height > width) {
      height = height >> 1;
    } else {
      width = width >> 1;
    }
  }
}

static int ml_predict_tx_split(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int blk_row,
                               int blk_col, TX_SIZE tx_size) {
  const NN_CONFIG *nn_config = av1_tx_split_nnconfig_map[tx_size];
  if (!nn_config) return -1;

  const int diff_stride = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int16_t *diff =
      x->plane[0].src_diff + 4 * blk_row * diff_stride + 4 * blk_col;
  const int bw = tx_size_wide[tx_size];
  const int bh = tx_size_high[tx_size];
  aom_clear_system_state();

  float features[64] = { 0.0f };
  get_mean_dev_features(diff, diff_stride, bw, bh, 2, features);

  float score = 0.0f;
  av1_nn_predict(features, nn_config, &score);
  aom_clear_system_state();
  if (score > 8.0f) return 100;
  if (score < -8.0f) return 0;
  score = 1.0f / (1.0f + (float)exp(-score));
  return (int)(score * 100);
}

typedef struct {
  int64_t rd;
  int txb_entropy_ctx;
  TX_TYPE tx_type;
} TxCandidateInfo;

static void try_tx_block_no_split(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row, int blk_col, int block,
    TX_SIZE tx_size, int depth, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize,
    const ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta, const ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl,
    int txfm_partition_ctx, RD_STATS *rd_stats, int64_t ref_best_rd,
    FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode, TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *rd_info_node,
    TxCandidateInfo *no_split) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[0];

  no_split->rd = INT64_MAX;
  no_split->txb_entropy_ctx = 0;
  no_split->tx_type = TX_TYPES;

  const ENTROPY_CONTEXT *const pta = ta + blk_col;
  const ENTROPY_CONTEXT *const ptl = tl + blk_row;

  const TX_SIZE txs_ctx = get_txsize_entropy_ctx(tx_size);
  TXB_CTX txb_ctx;
  get_txb_ctx(plane_bsize, tx_size, 0, pta, ptl, &txb_ctx);
  const int zero_blk_rate = x->coeff_costs[txs_ctx][PLANE_TYPE_Y]
                                .txb_skip_cost[txb_ctx.txb_skip_ctx][1];

  rd_stats->ref_rdcost = ref_best_rd;
  rd_stats->zero_rate = zero_blk_rate;
  const int index = av1_get_txb_size_index(plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col);
  mbmi->inter_tx_size[index] = tx_size;
  tx_type_rd(cpi, x, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col, 0, block, plane_bsize, &txb_ctx,
             rd_stats, ftxs_mode, ref_best_rd,
             rd_info_node != NULL ? rd_info_node->rd_info_array : NULL);
  assert(rd_stats->rate < INT_MAX);

  if ((RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist) >=
           RDCOST(x->rdmult, zero_blk_rate, rd_stats->sse) ||
       rd_stats->skip == 1) &&
      !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
    av1_update_txb_coeff_cost(rd_stats, 0, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col,
                              zero_blk_rate - rd_stats->rate);
#endif  // CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
    rd_stats->rate = zero_blk_rate;
    rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
    rd_stats->skip = 1;
    set_blk_skip(x, 0, blk_row * bw + blk_col, 1);
    p->eobs[block] = 0;
    update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                     DCT_DCT);
  } else {
    set_blk_skip(x, 0, blk_row * bw + blk_col, 0);
    rd_stats->skip = 0;
  }

  if (tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH)
    rd_stats->rate += x->txfm_partition_cost[txfm_partition_ctx][0];

  no_split->rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
  no_split->txb_entropy_ctx = p->txb_entropy_ctx[block];
  const int txk_type_idx =
      av1_get_txk_type_index(plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col);
  no_split->tx_type = mbmi->txk_type[txk_type_idx];

#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
  if (plane_bsize >= BLOCK_8X8) {
    av1_add_reg_stat(rd_stats, p->eobs[block], no_split->rd, rd_stats->sse,
                     blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize, txsize_to_bsize[tx_size]);
  }
#endif
}

static void select_tx_block(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row,
                            int blk_col, int block, TX_SIZE tx_size, int depth,
                            BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta,
                            ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_above,
                            TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_left, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                            int64_t prev_level_rd, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                            int *is_cost_valid, FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode,
                            TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *rd_info_node);

static void try_tx_block_split(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row, int blk_col, int block,
    TX_SIZE tx_size, int depth, BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta,
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_above, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_left,
    int txfm_partition_ctx, int64_t no_split_rd, int64_t ref_best_rd,
    FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode, TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *rd_info_node,
    RD_STATS *split_rd_stats, int64_t *split_rd) {
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES_ALL);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
  const TX_SIZE sub_txs = sub_tx_size_map[tx_size];
  const int bsw = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs];
  const int bsh = tx_size_high_unit[sub_txs];
  const int sub_step = bsw * bsh;
  const int nblks =
      (tx_size_high_unit[tx_size] / bsh) * (tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size] / bsw);
  assert(nblks > 0);
  int blk_idx = 0;
  int64_t tmp_rd = 0;
  *split_rd = INT64_MAX;
  split_rd_stats->rate = x->txfm_partition_cost[txfm_partition_ctx][1];

  for (int r = 0; r < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size]; r += bsh) {
    for (int c = 0; c < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size]; c += bsw, ++blk_idx) {
      assert(blk_idx < 4);
      const int offsetr = blk_row + r;
      const int offsetc = blk_col + c;
      if (offsetr >= max_blocks_high || offsetc >= max_blocks_wide) continue;

      RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
      int this_cost_valid = 1;
      select_tx_block(
          cpi, x, offsetr, offsetc, block, sub_txs, depth + 1, plane_bsize, ta,
          tl, tx_above, tx_left, &this_rd_stats, no_split_rd / nblks,
          ref_best_rd - tmp_rd, &this_cost_valid, ftxs_mode,
          (rd_info_node != NULL) ? rd_info_node->children[blk_idx] : NULL);
      if (!this_cost_valid) return;
      av1_merge_rd_stats(split_rd_stats, &this_rd_stats);
      tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, split_rd_stats->rate, split_rd_stats->dist);
      if (no_split_rd < tmp_rd) return;
      block += sub_step;
    }
  }

  *split_rd = tmp_rd;
}

// Search for the best tx partition/type for a given luma block.
static void select_tx_block(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row,
                            int blk_col, int block, TX_SIZE tx_size, int depth,
                            BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta,
                            ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_above,
                            TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_left, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                            int64_t prev_level_rd, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                            int *is_cost_valid, FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode,
                            TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *rd_info_node) {
  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES_ALL);
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  if (ref_best_rd < 0) {
    *is_cost_valid = 0;
    return;
  }

  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
  if (blk_row >= max_blocks_high || blk_col >= max_blocks_wide) return;

  const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int ctx = txfm_partition_context(tx_above + blk_col, tx_left + blk_row,
                                         mbmi->sb_type, tx_size);
  struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];

  const int try_no_split =
      cpi->oxcf.enable_tx64 || txsize_sqr_up_map[tx_size] != TX_64X64;
  int try_split = tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH;
#if CONFIG_DIST_8X8
  if (x->using_dist_8x8)
    try_split &= tx_size_wide[tx_size] >= 16 && tx_size_high[tx_size] >= 16;
#endif
  TxCandidateInfo no_split = { INT64_MAX, 0, TX_TYPES };

  // TX no split
  if (try_no_split) {
    try_tx_block_no_split(cpi, x, blk_row, blk_col, block, tx_size, depth,
                          plane_bsize, ta, tl, ctx, rd_stats, ref_best_rd,
                          ftxs_mode, rd_info_node, &no_split);

    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level &&
        (no_split.rd -
         (no_split.rd >> (1 + cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level))) >
            ref_best_rd) {
      *is_cost_valid = 0;
      return;
    }

    if (cpi->sf.txb_split_cap) {
      if (p->eobs[block] == 0) try_split = 0;
    }

    if (cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level &&
        (no_split.rd -
         (no_split.rd >> (2 + cpi->sf.adaptive_txb_search_level))) >
            prev_level_rd) {
      try_split = 0;
    }
  }

  if (x->e_mbd.bd == 8 && !x->cb_partition_scan && try_split) {
    const int threshold = cpi->sf.tx_type_search.ml_tx_split_thresh;
    if (threshold >= 0) {
      const int split_score =
          ml_predict_tx_split(x, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size);
      if (split_score >= 0 && split_score < threshold) try_split = 0;
    }
  }

  // TX split
  int64_t split_rd = INT64_MAX;
  RD_STATS split_rd_stats;
  av1_init_rd_stats(&split_rd_stats);
  if (try_split) {
    try_tx_block_split(cpi, x, blk_row, blk_col, block, tx_size, depth,
                       plane_bsize, ta, tl, tx_above, tx_left, ctx, no_split.rd,
                       AOMMIN(no_split.rd, ref_best_rd), ftxs_mode,
                       rd_info_node, &split_rd_stats, &split_rd);
  }

  if (no_split.rd < split_rd) {
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *pta = ta + blk_col;
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ptl = tl + blk_row;
    const TX_SIZE tx_size_selected = tx_size;
    p->txb_entropy_ctx[block] = no_split.txb_entropy_ctx;
    av1_set_txb_context(x, 0, block, tx_size_selected, pta, ptl);
    txfm_partition_update(tx_above + blk_col, tx_left + blk_row, tx_size,
                          tx_size);
    for (int idy = 0; idy < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size]; ++idy) {
      for (int idx = 0; idx < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size]; ++idx) {
        const int index =
            av1_get_txb_size_index(plane_bsize, blk_row + idy, blk_col + idx);
        mbmi->inter_tx_size[index] = tx_size_selected;
      }
    }
    mbmi->tx_size = tx_size_selected;
    update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                     no_split.tx_type);
    set_blk_skip(x, 0, blk_row * bw + blk_col, rd_stats->skip);
  } else {
    *rd_stats = split_rd_stats;
    if (split_rd == INT64_MAX) *is_cost_valid = 0;
  }
}

static int64_t select_tx_size_and_type(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                       int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                       TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *rd_info_tree) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  assert(is_inter_block(xd->mi[0]));

  // TODO(debargha): enable this as a speed feature where the
  // select_inter_block_yrd() function above will use a simplified search
  // such as not using full optimize, but the inter_block_yrd() function
  // will use more complex search given that the transform partitions have
  // already been decided.

  const int fast_tx_search = cpi->sf.tx_size_search_method > USE_FULL_RD;
  int64_t rd_thresh = ref_best_rd;
  if (fast_tx_search && rd_thresh < INT64_MAX) {
    if (INT64_MAX - rd_thresh > (rd_thresh >> 3)) rd_thresh += (rd_thresh >> 3);
  }
  assert(rd_thresh > 0);

  const FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode =
      fast_tx_search ? FTXS_DCT_AND_1D_DCT_ONLY : FTXS_NONE;
  const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
      get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
  const int mi_width = mi_size_wide[plane_bsize];
  const int mi_height = mi_size_high[plane_bsize];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxa[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxl[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  TXFM_CONTEXT tx_above[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  TXFM_CONTEXT tx_left[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, pd, ctxa, ctxl);
  memcpy(tx_above, xd->above_txfm_context, sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * mi_width);
  memcpy(tx_left, xd->left_txfm_context, sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * mi_height);

  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
  const int s0 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
  const int s1 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];
  const int init_depth =
      get_search_init_depth(mi_width, mi_height, 1, &cpi->sf);
  const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[plane_bsize];
  const int bh = tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
  const int bw = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size];
  const int step = bw * bh;
  int64_t skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, 0);
  int64_t this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s0, 0);
  int block = 0;

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  for (int idy = 0; idy < mi_height; idy += bh) {
    for (int idx = 0; idx < mi_width; idx += bw) {
      const int64_t best_rd_sofar =
          (rd_thresh == INT64_MAX) ? INT64_MAX
                                   : (rd_thresh - (AOMMIN(skip_rd, this_rd)));
      int is_cost_valid = 1;
      RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;
      select_tx_block(cpi, x, idy, idx, block, max_tx_size, init_depth,
                      plane_bsize, ctxa, ctxl, tx_above, tx_left, &pn_rd_stats,
                      INT64_MAX, best_rd_sofar, &is_cost_valid, ftxs_mode,
                      rd_info_tree);
      if (!is_cost_valid || pn_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) {
        av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
      av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);
      skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse);
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + s0, rd_stats->dist);
      block += step;
      if (rd_info_tree != NULL) rd_info_tree += 1;
    }
  }

  if (skip_rd <= this_rd) {
    rd_stats->skip = 1;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
#endif
  } else {
    rd_stats->skip = 0;
  }

  if (rd_stats->rate == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;

  // If fast_tx_search is true, only DCT and 1D DCT were tested in
  // select_inter_block_yrd() above. Do a better search for tx type with
  // tx sizes already decided.
  if (fast_tx_search) {
    if (!inter_block_yrd(cpi, x, rd_stats, bsize, ref_best_rd, FTXS_NONE))
      return INT64_MAX;
  }

  int64_t rd;
  if (rd_stats->skip) {
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    // TODO(chiyotsai@google.com): Investigate if these updates are really
    // needed.
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
#endif
  } else {
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + s0, rd_stats->dist);
    if (!xd->lossless[xd->mi[0]->segment_id])
      rd = AOMMIN(rd, RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse));
  }

  return rd;
}

// Finds rd cost for a y block, given the transform size partitions
static void tx_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int blk_row,
                         int blk_col, int block, TX_SIZE tx_size,
                         BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize, int depth,
                         ENTROPY_CONTEXT *above_ctx, ENTROPY_CONTEXT *left_ctx,
                         TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_above, TXFM_CONTEXT *tx_left,
                         int64_t ref_best_rd, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                         FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int max_blocks_high = max_block_high(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
  const int max_blocks_wide = max_block_wide(xd, plane_bsize, 0);

  assert(tx_size < TX_SIZES_ALL);

  if (blk_row >= max_blocks_high || blk_col >= max_blocks_wide) return;

  const TX_SIZE plane_tx_size = mbmi->inter_tx_size[av1_get_txb_size_index(
      plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col)];

  int ctx = txfm_partition_context(tx_above + blk_col, tx_left + blk_row,
                                   mbmi->sb_type, tx_size);

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  if (tx_size == plane_tx_size) {
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta = above_ctx + blk_col;
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl = left_ctx + blk_row;
    const TX_SIZE txs_ctx = get_txsize_entropy_ctx(tx_size);
    TXB_CTX txb_ctx;
    get_txb_ctx(plane_bsize, tx_size, 0, ta, tl, &txb_ctx);

    const int zero_blk_rate = x->coeff_costs[txs_ctx][get_plane_type(0)]
                                  .txb_skip_cost[txb_ctx.txb_skip_ctx][1];
    rd_stats->zero_rate = zero_blk_rate;
    rd_stats->ref_rdcost = ref_best_rd;
    tx_type_rd(cpi, x, tx_size, blk_row, blk_col, 0, block, plane_bsize,
               &txb_ctx, rd_stats, ftxs_mode, ref_best_rd, NULL);
    const int mi_width = block_size_wide[plane_bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[0];
    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist) >=
            RDCOST(x->rdmult, zero_blk_rate, rd_stats->sse) ||
        rd_stats->skip == 1) {
      rd_stats->rate = zero_blk_rate;
      rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
      rd_stats->skip = 1;
      set_blk_skip(x, 0, blk_row * mi_width + blk_col, 1);
      x->plane[0].eobs[block] = 0;
      x->plane[0].txb_entropy_ctx[block] = 0;
      update_txk_array(mbmi->txk_type, plane_bsize, blk_row, blk_col, tx_size,
                       DCT_DCT);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
      av1_add_reg_stat(rd_stats, 0, RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, rd_stats->sse),
                       rd_stats->sse, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                       txsize_to_bsize[tx_size]);
#endif
    } else {
      rd_stats->skip = 0;
      set_blk_skip(x, 0, blk_row * mi_width + blk_col, 0);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
      av1_add_reg_stat(rd_stats, x->plane[0].eobs[block],
                       RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist),
                       rd_stats->sse, blk_row, blk_col, plane_bsize,
                       txsize_to_bsize[tx_size]);
#endif
    }
    if (tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH)
      rd_stats->rate += x->txfm_partition_cost[ctx][0];
    av1_set_txb_context(x, 0, block, tx_size, ta, tl);
    txfm_partition_update(tx_above + blk_col, tx_left + blk_row, tx_size,
                          tx_size);
  } else {
    const TX_SIZE sub_txs = sub_tx_size_map[tx_size];
    const int bsw = tx_size_wide_unit[sub_txs];
    const int bsh = tx_size_high_unit[sub_txs];
    const int step = bsh * bsw;
    RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;
    int64_t this_rd = 0;
    assert(bsw > 0 && bsh > 0);

    for (int row = 0; row < tx_size_high_unit[tx_size]; row += bsh) {
      for (int col = 0; col < tx_size_wide_unit[tx_size]; col += bsw) {
        const int offsetr = blk_row + row;
        const int offsetc = blk_col + col;

        if (offsetr >= max_blocks_high || offsetc >= max_blocks_wide) continue;

        av1_init_rd_stats(&pn_rd_stats);
        tx_block_yrd(cpi, x, offsetr, offsetc, block, sub_txs, plane_bsize,
                     depth + 1, above_ctx, left_ctx, tx_above, tx_left,
                     ref_best_rd - this_rd, &pn_rd_stats, ftxs_mode);
        if (pn_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) {
          av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
          return;
        }
        av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);
        this_rd += RDCOST(x->rdmult, pn_rd_stats.rate, pn_rd_stats.dist);
        block += step;
      }
    }

    if (tx_size > TX_4X4 && depth < MAX_VARTX_DEPTH)
      rd_stats->rate += x->txfm_partition_cost[ctx][1];
  }
}

// Return value 0: early termination triggered, no valid rd cost available;
//              1: rd cost values are valid.
static int inter_block_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                           RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                           int64_t ref_best_rd, FAST_TX_SEARCH_MODE ftxs_mode) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int is_cost_valid = 1;
  int64_t this_rd = 0;

  if (ref_best_rd < 0) is_cost_valid = 0;

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  if (is_cost_valid) {
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    const int mi_width = mi_size_wide[plane_bsize];
    const int mi_height = mi_size_high[plane_bsize];
    const TX_SIZE max_tx_size = get_vartx_max_txsize(xd, plane_bsize, 0);
    const int bh = tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
    const int bw = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size];
    const int init_depth =
        get_search_init_depth(mi_width, mi_height, 1, &cpi->sf);
    int idx, idy;
    int block = 0;
    int step = tx_size_wide_unit[max_tx_size] * tx_size_high_unit[max_tx_size];
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxa[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxl[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    TXFM_CONTEXT tx_above[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    TXFM_CONTEXT tx_left[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
    RD_STATS pn_rd_stats;

    av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, pd, ctxa, ctxl);
    memcpy(tx_above, xd->above_txfm_context, sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * mi_width);
    memcpy(tx_left, xd->left_txfm_context, sizeof(TXFM_CONTEXT) * mi_height);

    for (idy = 0; idy < mi_height; idy += bh) {
      for (idx = 0; idx < mi_width; idx += bw) {
        av1_init_rd_stats(&pn_rd_stats);
        tx_block_yrd(cpi, x, idy, idx, block, max_tx_size, plane_bsize,
                     init_depth, ctxa, ctxl, tx_above, tx_left,
                     ref_best_rd - this_rd, &pn_rd_stats, ftxs_mode);
        if (pn_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) {
          av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
          return 0;
        }
        av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, &pn_rd_stats);
        this_rd +=
            AOMMIN(RDCOST(x->rdmult, pn_rd_stats.rate, pn_rd_stats.dist),
                   RDCOST(x->rdmult, pn_rd_stats.zero_rate, pn_rd_stats.sse));
        block += step;
      }
    }
  }

  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
  const int s0 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
  const int s1 = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];
  int64_t skip_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, s1, rd_stats->sse);
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + s0, rd_stats->dist);
  if (skip_rd < this_rd) {
    this_rd = skip_rd;
    rd_stats->rate = 0;
    rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
    rd_stats->skip = 1;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    // TODO(chiyotasi@google.com): Investigate if these updates are really
    // needed.
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
#endif
  }
  if (this_rd > ref_best_rd) is_cost_valid = 0;

  if (!is_cost_valid) {
    // reset cost value
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  }
  return is_cost_valid;
}

static INLINE uint32_t get_block_residue_hash(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const int rows = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int cols = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int16_t *diff = x->plane[0].src_diff;
  const uint32_t hash = av1_get_crc32c_value(&x->mb_rd_record.crc_calculator,
                                             (uint8_t *)diff, 2 * rows * cols);
  return (hash << 5) + bsize;
}

static void save_tx_rd_info(int n4, uint32_t hash, const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                            const RD_STATS *const rd_stats,
                            MB_RD_RECORD *tx_rd_record) {
  int index;
  if (tx_rd_record->num < RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN) {
    index =
        (tx_rd_record->index_start + tx_rd_record->num) % RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN;
    ++tx_rd_record->num;
  } else {
    index = tx_rd_record->index_start;
    tx_rd_record->index_start =
        (tx_rd_record->index_start + 1) % RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN;
  }
  MB_RD_INFO *const tx_rd_info = &tx_rd_record->tx_rd_info[index];
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  tx_rd_info->hash_value = hash;
  tx_rd_info->tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
  memcpy(tx_rd_info->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
         sizeof(tx_rd_info->blk_skip[0]) * n4);
  av1_copy(tx_rd_info->inter_tx_size, mbmi->inter_tx_size);
  av1_copy(tx_rd_info->txk_type, mbmi->txk_type);
  tx_rd_info->rd_stats = *rd_stats;
}

static void fetch_tx_rd_info(int n4, const MB_RD_INFO *const tx_rd_info,
                             RD_STATS *const rd_stats, MACROBLOCK *const x) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  mbmi->tx_size = tx_rd_info->tx_size;
  memcpy(x->blk_skip, tx_rd_info->blk_skip,
         sizeof(tx_rd_info->blk_skip[0]) * n4);
  av1_copy(mbmi->inter_tx_size, tx_rd_info->inter_tx_size);
  av1_copy(mbmi->txk_type, tx_rd_info->txk_type);
  *rd_stats = tx_rd_info->rd_stats;
}

static int find_tx_size_rd_info(TXB_RD_RECORD *cur_record,
                                const uint32_t hash) {
  // Linear search through the circular buffer to find matching hash.
  for (int i = cur_record->index_start - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    if (cur_record->hash_vals[i] == hash) return i;
  }
  for (int i = cur_record->num - 1; i >= cur_record->index_start; i--) {
    if (cur_record->hash_vals[i] == hash) return i;
  }
  int index;
  // If not found - add new RD info into the buffer and return its index
  if (cur_record->num < TX_SIZE_RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN) {
    index = (cur_record->index_start + cur_record->num) %
            TX_SIZE_RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN;
    cur_record->num++;
  } else {
    index = cur_record->index_start;
    cur_record->index_start =
        (cur_record->index_start + 1) % TX_SIZE_RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN;
  }

  cur_record->hash_vals[index] = hash;
  av1_zero(cur_record->tx_rd_info[index]);
  return index;
}

typedef struct {
  int leaf;
  int8_t children[4];
} RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE;

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_8x8[] = {
  { 1, { 0 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_8x16[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, -1, -1 } },
  { 1, { 0, 0, 0, 0 } },
  { 1, { 0, 0, 0, 0 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_16x8[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, -1, -1 } },
  { 1, { 0 } },
  { 1, { 0 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_16x16[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, 3, 4 } }, { 1, { 0 } }, { 1, { 0 } }, { 1, { 0 } }, { 1, { 0 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_1_2[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, -1, -1 } },
  { 0, { 3, 4, 5, 6 } },
  { 0, { 7, 8, 9, 10 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_2_1[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, -1, -1 } },
  { 0, { 3, 4, 7, 8 } },
  { 0, { 5, 6, 9, 10 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_sqr[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, 3, 4 } },     { 0, { 5, 6, 9, 10 } },    { 0, { 7, 8, 11, 12 } },
  { 0, { 13, 14, 17, 18 } }, { 0, { 15, 16, 19, 20 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_64x128[] = {
  { 0, { 2, 3, 4, 5 } },     { 0, { 6, 7, 8, 9 } },
  { 0, { 10, 11, 14, 15 } }, { 0, { 12, 13, 16, 17 } },
  { 0, { 18, 19, 22, 23 } }, { 0, { 20, 21, 24, 25 } },
  { 0, { 26, 27, 30, 31 } }, { 0, { 28, 29, 32, 33 } },
  { 0, { 34, 35, 38, 39 } }, { 0, { 36, 37, 40, 41 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_128x64[] = {
  { 0, { 2, 3, 6, 7 } },     { 0, { 4, 5, 8, 9 } },
  { 0, { 10, 11, 18, 19 } }, { 0, { 12, 13, 20, 21 } },
  { 0, { 14, 15, 22, 23 } }, { 0, { 16, 17, 24, 25 } },
  { 0, { 26, 27, 34, 35 } }, { 0, { 28, 29, 36, 37 } },
  { 0, { 30, 31, 38, 39 } }, { 0, { 32, 33, 40, 41 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_128x128[] = {
  { 0, { 4, 5, 8, 9 } },     { 0, { 6, 7, 10, 11 } },
  { 0, { 12, 13, 16, 17 } }, { 0, { 14, 15, 18, 19 } },
  { 0, { 20, 21, 28, 29 } }, { 0, { 22, 23, 30, 31 } },
  { 0, { 24, 25, 32, 33 } }, { 0, { 26, 27, 34, 35 } },
  { 0, { 36, 37, 44, 45 } }, { 0, { 38, 39, 46, 47 } },
  { 0, { 40, 41, 48, 49 } }, { 0, { 42, 43, 50, 51 } },
  { 0, { 52, 53, 60, 61 } }, { 0, { 54, 55, 62, 63 } },
  { 0, { 56, 57, 64, 65 } }, { 0, { 58, 59, 66, 67 } },
  { 0, { 68, 69, 76, 77 } }, { 0, { 70, 71, 78, 79 } },
  { 0, { 72, 73, 80, 81 } }, { 0, { 74, 75, 82, 83 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_1_4[] = {
  { 0, { 1, -1, 2, -1 } },
  { 0, { 3, 4, -1, -1 } },
  { 0, { 5, 6, -1, -1 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE rd_record_tree_4_1[] = {
  { 0, { 1, 2, -1, -1 } },
  { 0, { 3, 4, -1, -1 } },
  { 0, { 5, 6, -1, -1 } },
};

static const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE *rd_record_tree[BLOCK_SIZES_ALL] = {
  NULL,                    // BLOCK_4X4
  NULL,                    // BLOCK_4X8
  NULL,                    // BLOCK_8X4
  rd_record_tree_8x8,      // BLOCK_8X8
  rd_record_tree_8x16,     // BLOCK_8X16
  rd_record_tree_16x8,     // BLOCK_16X8
  rd_record_tree_16x16,    // BLOCK_16X16
  rd_record_tree_1_2,      // BLOCK_16X32
  rd_record_tree_2_1,      // BLOCK_32X16
  rd_record_tree_sqr,      // BLOCK_32X32
  rd_record_tree_1_2,      // BLOCK_32X64
  rd_record_tree_2_1,      // BLOCK_64X32
  rd_record_tree_sqr,      // BLOCK_64X64
  rd_record_tree_64x128,   // BLOCK_64X128
  rd_record_tree_128x64,   // BLOCK_128X64
  rd_record_tree_128x128,  // BLOCK_128X128
  NULL,                    // BLOCK_4X16
  NULL,                    // BLOCK_16X4
  rd_record_tree_1_4,      // BLOCK_8X32
  rd_record_tree_4_1,      // BLOCK_32X8
  rd_record_tree_1_4,      // BLOCK_16X64
  rd_record_tree_4_1,      // BLOCK_64X16
};

static const int rd_record_tree_size[BLOCK_SIZES_ALL] = {
  0,                                                            // BLOCK_4X4
  0,                                                            // BLOCK_4X8
  0,                                                            // BLOCK_8X4
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_8x8) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_8X8
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_8x16) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),     // BLOCK_8X16
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_16x8) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),     // BLOCK_16X8
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_16x16) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),    // BLOCK_16X16
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_1_2) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_16X32
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_2_1) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_32X16
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_sqr) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_32X32
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_1_2) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_32X64
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_2_1) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_64X32
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_sqr) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_64X64
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_64x128) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),   // BLOCK_64X128
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_128x64) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),   // BLOCK_128X64
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_128x128) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),  // BLOCK_128X128
  0,                                                            // BLOCK_4X16
  0,                                                            // BLOCK_16X4
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_1_4) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_8X32
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_4_1) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_32X8
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_1_4) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_16X64
  sizeof(rd_record_tree_4_1) / sizeof(RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE),      // BLOCK_64X16
};

static INLINE void init_rd_record_tree(TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *tree,
                                       BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const RD_RECORD_IDX_NODE *rd_record = rd_record_tree[bsize];
  const int size = rd_record_tree_size[bsize];
  for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
    if (rd_record[i].leaf) {
      av1_zero(tree[i].children);
    } else {
      for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
        const int8_t idx = rd_record[i].children[j];
        tree[i].children[j] = idx > 0 ? &tree[idx] : NULL;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Go through all TX blocks that could be used in TX size search, compute
// residual hash values for them and find matching RD info that stores previous
// RD search results for these TX blocks. The idea is to prevent repeated
// rate/distortion computations that happen because of the combination of
// partition and TX size search. The resulting RD info records are returned in
// the form of a quadtree for easier access in actual TX size search.
static int find_tx_size_rd_records(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
                                   int mi_col, TXB_RD_INFO_NODE *dst_rd_info) {
  TXB_RD_RECORD *rd_records_table[4] = { x->txb_rd_record_8X8,
                                         x->txb_rd_record_16X16,
                                         x->txb_rd_record_32X32,
                                         x->txb_rd_record_64X64 };
  const TX_SIZE max_square_tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];

  // Hashing is performed only for square TX sizes larger than TX_4X4
  if (max_square_tx_size < TX_8X8) return 0;
  const int diff_stride = bw;
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const int16_t *diff = &p->src_diff[0];
  init_rd_record_tree(dst_rd_info, bsize);
  // Coordinates of the top-left corner of current block within the superblock
  // measured in pixels:
  const int mi_row_in_sb = (mi_row % MAX_MIB_SIZE) << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  const int mi_col_in_sb = (mi_col % MAX_MIB_SIZE) << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  int cur_rd_info_idx = 0;
  int cur_tx_depth = 0;
  TX_SIZE cur_tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
  while (cur_tx_depth <= MAX_VARTX_DEPTH) {
    const int cur_tx_bw = tx_size_wide[cur_tx_size];
    const int cur_tx_bh = tx_size_high[cur_tx_size];
    if (cur_tx_bw < 8 || cur_tx_bh < 8) break;
    const TX_SIZE next_tx_size = sub_tx_size_map[cur_tx_size];
    const int tx_size_idx = cur_tx_size - TX_8X8;
    for (int row = 0; row < bh; row += cur_tx_bh) {
      for (int col = 0; col < bw; col += cur_tx_bw) {
        if (cur_tx_bw != cur_tx_bh) {
          // Use dummy nodes for all rectangular transforms within the
          // TX size search tree.
          dst_rd_info[cur_rd_info_idx].rd_info_array = NULL;
        } else {
          // Get spatial location of this TX block within the superblock
          // (measured in cur_tx_bsize units).
          const int row_in_sb = (mi_row_in_sb + row) / cur_tx_bh;
          const int col_in_sb = (mi_col_in_sb + col) / cur_tx_bw;

          int16_t hash_data[MAX_SB_SQUARE];
          int16_t *cur_hash_row = hash_data;
          const int16_t *cur_diff_row = diff + row * diff_stride + col;
          for (int i = 0; i < cur_tx_bh; i++) {
            memcpy(cur_hash_row, cur_diff_row, sizeof(*hash_data) * cur_tx_bw);
            cur_hash_row += cur_tx_bw;
            cur_diff_row += diff_stride;
          }
          const int hash = av1_get_crc32c_value(&x->mb_rd_record.crc_calculator,
                                                (uint8_t *)hash_data,
                                                2 * cur_tx_bw * cur_tx_bh);
          // Find corresponding RD info based on the hash value.
          const int record_idx =
              row_in_sb * (MAX_MIB_SIZE >> (tx_size_idx + 1)) + col_in_sb;
          TXB_RD_RECORD *records = &rd_records_table[tx_size_idx][record_idx];
          int idx = find_tx_size_rd_info(records, hash);
          dst_rd_info[cur_rd_info_idx].rd_info_array =
              &records->tx_rd_info[idx];
        }
        ++cur_rd_info_idx;
      }
    }
    cur_tx_size = next_tx_size;
    ++cur_tx_depth;
  }
  return 1;
}

// origin_threshold * 128 / 100
static const uint32_t skip_pred_threshold[3][BLOCK_SIZES_ALL] = {
  {
      64, 64, 64, 70, 60, 60, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68,
      68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 64, 64, 70, 70, 68, 68,
  },
  {
      88, 88, 88, 86, 87, 87, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68,
      68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 88, 88, 86, 86, 68, 68,
  },
  {
      90, 93, 93, 90, 93, 93, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74,
      74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 90, 90, 90, 90, 74, 74,
  },
};

// lookup table for predict_skip_flag
// int max_tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
// if (tx_size_high[max_tx_size] > 16 || tx_size_wide[max_tx_size] > 16)
//   max_tx_size = AOMMIN(max_txsize_lookup[bsize], TX_16X16);
static const TX_SIZE max_predict_sf_tx_size[BLOCK_SIZES_ALL] = {
  TX_4X4,   TX_4X8,   TX_8X4,   TX_8X8,   TX_8X16,  TX_16X8,
  TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16,
  TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_16X16, TX_4X16,  TX_16X4,
  TX_8X8,   TX_8X8,   TX_16X16, TX_16X16,
};

// Uses simple features on top of DCT coefficients to quickly predict
// whether optimal RD decision is to skip encoding the residual.
// The sse value is stored in dist.
static int predict_skip_flag(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int64_t *dist,
                             int reduced_tx_set) {
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int16_t dc_q = av1_dc_quant_QTX(x->qindex, 0, xd->bd);

  *dist = pixel_diff_dist(x, 0, 0, 0, bsize, bsize, NULL);

  const int64_t mse = *dist / bw / bh;
  // Normalized quantizer takes the transform upscaling factor (8 for tx size
  // smaller than 32) into account.
  const int16_t normalized_dc_q = dc_q >> 3;
  const int64_t mse_thresh = (int64_t)normalized_dc_q * normalized_dc_q / 8;
  // Predict not to skip when mse is larger than threshold.
  if (mse > mse_thresh) return 0;

  const int max_tx_size = max_predict_sf_tx_size[bsize];
  const int tx_h = tx_size_high[max_tx_size];
  const int tx_w = tx_size_wide[max_tx_size];
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, tran_low_t, coefs[32 * 32]);
  TxfmParam param;
  param.tx_type = DCT_DCT;
  param.tx_size = max_tx_size;
  param.bd = xd->bd;
  param.is_hbd = get_bitdepth_data_path_index(xd);
  param.lossless = 0;
  param.tx_set_type = av1_get_ext_tx_set_type(
      param.tx_size, is_inter_block(xd->mi[0]), reduced_tx_set);
  const int bd_idx = (xd->bd == 8) ? 0 : ((xd->bd == 10) ? 1 : 2);
  const uint32_t max_qcoef_thresh = skip_pred_threshold[bd_idx][bsize];
  const int16_t *src_diff = x->plane[0].src_diff;
  const int n_coeff = tx_w * tx_h;
  const int16_t ac_q = av1_ac_quant_QTX(x->qindex, 0, xd->bd);
  const uint32_t dc_thresh = max_qcoef_thresh * dc_q;
  const uint32_t ac_thresh = max_qcoef_thresh * ac_q;
  for (int row = 0; row < bh; row += tx_h) {
    for (int col = 0; col < bw; col += tx_w) {
      av1_fwd_txfm(src_diff + col, coefs, bw, &param);
      // Operating on TX domain, not pixels; we want the QTX quantizers
      const uint32_t dc_coef = (((uint32_t)abs(coefs[0])) << 7);
      if (dc_coef >= dc_thresh) return 0;
      for (int i = 1; i < n_coeff; ++i) {
        const uint32_t ac_coef = (((uint32_t)abs(coefs[i])) << 7);
        if (ac_coef >= ac_thresh) return 0;
      }
    }
    src_diff += tx_h * bw;
  }
  return 1;
}

#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
static void calc_regional_sse(MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int64_t dist,
                              RD_STATS *rd_stats) {
  // TODO(chiyotsai@google.com): Don't need regional sse's unless we are doing
  // none.
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bw_mi = bw >> tx_size_wide_log2[0];
  const int bh_mi = bw >> tx_size_high_log2[0];
  const BLOCK_SIZE split_size = get_partition_subsize(bsize, PARTITION_SPLIT);
  int64_t dist_0, dist_1, dist_2, dist_3;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  dist_0 = pixel_diff_dist(x, AOM_PLANE_Y, 0, 0, bsize, split_size, NULL);
  dist_1 =
      pixel_diff_dist(x, AOM_PLANE_Y, 0, bw_mi / 2, bsize, split_size, NULL);
  dist_2 =
      pixel_diff_dist(x, AOM_PLANE_Y, bh_mi / 2, 0, bsize, split_size, NULL);
  dist_3 = pixel_diff_dist(x, AOM_PLANE_Y, bh_mi / 2, bw_mi / 2, bsize,
                           split_size, NULL);

  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    dist = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
    dist_0 = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist_0, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
    dist_1 = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist_1, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
    dist_2 = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist_2, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
    dist_3 = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist_3, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
  }
  const int scaling_factor = MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE;
  rd_stats->y_sse = (dist << 4);
  rd_stats->sse_0 = (dist_0 << 4) * scaling_factor;
  rd_stats->sse_1 = (dist_1 << 4) * scaling_factor;
  rd_stats->sse_2 = (dist_2 << 4) * scaling_factor;
  rd_stats->sse_3 = (dist_3 << 4) * scaling_factor;
  av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
}
#endif

// Used to set proper context for early termination with skip = 1.
static void set_skip_flag(MACROBLOCK *x, RD_STATS *rd_stats, int bsize,
                          int64_t dist) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int n4 = bsize_to_num_blk(bsize);
  const TX_SIZE tx_size = max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
  memset(mbmi->txk_type, DCT_DCT, sizeof(mbmi->txk_type[0]) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
  memset(mbmi->inter_tx_size, tx_size, sizeof(mbmi->inter_tx_size));
  mbmi->tx_size = tx_size;
  for (int i = 0; i < n4; ++i) set_blk_skip(x, 0, i, 1);
  rd_stats->skip = 1;
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    dist = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(dist, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);
  rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse = (dist << 4);
  // Though decision is to make the block as skip based on luma stats,
  // it is possible that block becomes non skip after chroma rd. In addition
  // intermediate non skip costs calculated by caller function will be
  // incorrect, if rate is set as  zero (i.e., if zero_blk_rate is not
  // accounted). Hence intermediate rate is populated to code the luma tx blks
  // as skip, the caller function based on final rd decision (i.e., skip vs
  // non-skip) sets the final rate accordingly. Here the rate populated
  // corresponds to coding all the tx blocks with zero_blk_rate (based on max tx
  // size possible) in the current block. Eg: For 128*128 block, rate would be
  // 4 * zero_blk_rate where zero_blk_rate corresponds to coding of one 64x64 tx
  // block as 'all zeros'
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxa[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ctxl[MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  av1_get_entropy_contexts(bsize, &xd->plane[0], ctxa, ctxl);
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *ta = ctxa;
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT *tl = ctxl;
  const TX_SIZE txs_ctx = get_txsize_entropy_ctx(tx_size);
  TXB_CTX txb_ctx;
  get_txb_ctx(bsize, tx_size, 0, ta, tl, &txb_ctx);
  const int zero_blk_rate = x->coeff_costs[txs_ctx][PLANE_TYPE_Y]
                                .txb_skip_cost[txb_ctx.txb_skip_ctx][1];
  rd_stats->rate = zero_blk_rate *
                   (block_size_wide[bsize] >> tx_size_wide_log2[tx_size]) *
                   (block_size_high[bsize] >> tx_size_high_log2[tx_size]);
}

// Search for best transform size and type for luma inter blocks.
static void pick_tx_size_type_yrd(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                  RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                  int mi_row, int mi_col, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  assert(is_inter_block(xd->mi[0]));

  av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);

  if (cpi->sf.model_based_prune_tx_search_level && ref_best_rd != INT64_MAX) {
    int model_rate;
    int64_t model_dist;
    int model_skip;
    model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_TX_SEARCH_PRUNE](
        cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &model_rate, &model_dist,
        &model_skip, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    const int64_t model_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, model_rate, model_dist);
    // If the modeled rd is a lot worse than the best so far, breakout.
    // TODO(debargha, urvang): Improve the model and make the check below
    // tighter.
    assert(cpi->sf.model_based_prune_tx_search_level >= 0 &&
           cpi->sf.model_based_prune_tx_search_level <= 2);
    static const int prune_factor_by8[] = { 4, 6 };
    if (!model_skip &&
        ((model_rd *
          prune_factor_by8[cpi->sf.model_based_prune_tx_search_level - 1]) >>
         3) > ref_best_rd)
      return;
  }

  uint32_t hash = 0;
  MB_RD_RECORD *mb_rd_record = NULL;
  const int within_border =
      mi_row >= xd->tile.mi_row_start &&
      (mi_row + mi_size_high[bsize] < xd->tile.mi_row_end) &&
      mi_col >= xd->tile.mi_col_start &&
      (mi_col + mi_size_wide[bsize] < xd->tile.mi_col_end);
  const int is_mb_rd_hash_enabled = (within_border && cpi->sf.use_mb_rd_hash);
  const int n4 = bsize_to_num_blk(bsize);
  if (is_mb_rd_hash_enabled) {
    hash = get_block_residue_hash(x, bsize);
    mb_rd_record = &x->mb_rd_record;
    if (ref_best_rd != INT64_MAX) {
      for (int i = 0; i < mb_rd_record->num; ++i) {
        const int index =
            (mb_rd_record->index_start + i) % RD_RECORD_BUFFER_LEN;
        // If there is a match in the tx_rd_record, fetch the RD decision and
        // terminate early.
        if (mb_rd_record->tx_rd_info[index].hash_value == hash) {
          MB_RD_INFO *tx_rd_info = &mb_rd_record->tx_rd_info[index];
          fetch_tx_rd_info(n4, tx_rd_info, rd_stats, x);
          return;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // If we predict that skip is the optimal RD decision - set the respective
  // context and terminate early.
  int64_t dist;
  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.use_skip_flag_prediction &&
      predict_skip_flag(x, bsize, &dist, cm->reduced_tx_set_used)) {
    set_skip_flag(x, rd_stats, bsize, dist);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8 && mi_size_wide[bsize] == mi_size_high[bsize] &&
        xd->mi[0]->partition == PARTITION_NONE) {
      calc_regional_sse(x, bsize, dist, rd_stats);
    }
#endif
    // Save the RD search results into tx_rd_record.
    if (is_mb_rd_hash_enabled)
      save_tx_rd_info(n4, hash, x, rd_stats, mb_rd_record);
    return;
  }
#if CONFIG_SPEED_STATS
  ++x->tx_search_count;
#endif  // CONFIG_SPEED_STATS

  // Precompute residual hashes and find existing or add new RD records to
  // store and reuse rate and distortion values to speed up TX size search.
  TXB_RD_INFO_NODE matched_rd_info[4 + 16 + 64];
  int found_rd_info = 0;
  if (ref_best_rd != INT64_MAX && within_border && cpi->sf.use_inter_txb_hash) {
    found_rd_info =
        find_tx_size_rd_records(x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, matched_rd_info);
  }

  // Get the tx_size 1 level down
  const TX_SIZE min_tx_size = sub_tx_size_map[max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize]];
  const TxSetType tx_set_type =
      av1_get_ext_tx_set_type(min_tx_size, 1, cm->reduced_tx_set_used);
  prune_tx(cpi, bsize, x, xd, tx_set_type);

  int found = 0;
  RD_STATS this_rd_stats;
  av1_init_rd_stats(&this_rd_stats);
  const int64_t rd =
      select_tx_size_and_type(cpi, x, &this_rd_stats, bsize, ref_best_rd,
                              found_rd_info ? matched_rd_info : NULL);

  if (rd < INT64_MAX) {
    *rd_stats = this_rd_stats;
    found = 1;
  }

  // Reset the pruning flags.
  av1_zero(x->tx_search_prune);
  x->tx_split_prune_flag = 0;

  // We should always find at least one candidate unless ref_best_rd is less
  // than INT64_MAX (in which case, all the calls to select_tx_size_fix_type
  // might have failed to find something better)
  assert(IMPLIES(!found, ref_best_rd != INT64_MAX));
  if (!found) return;

  // Save the RD search results into tx_rd_record.
  if (is_mb_rd_hash_enabled) {
    assert(mb_rd_record != NULL);
    save_tx_rd_info(n4, hash, x, rd_stats, mb_rd_record);
  }
}

static void model_rd_for_sb_with_fullrdy(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MACROBLOCK *x, MACROBLOCKD *xd,
    int plane_from, int plane_to, int mi_row, int mi_col, int *out_rate_sum,
    int64_t *out_dist_sum, int *skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *skip_sse_sb,
    int *plane_rate, int64_t *plane_sse, int64_t *plane_dist) {
  const int ref = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  int64_t rate_sum = 0;
  int64_t dist_sum = 0;
  int64_t total_sse = 0;

  for (int plane = plane_from; plane <= plane_to; ++plane) {
    struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
    const int bh = block_size_high[plane_bsize];
    int64_t sse;
    int rate;
    int64_t dist;

    if (x->skip_chroma_rd && plane) continue;

    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
      sse = aom_highbd_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf,
                           pd->dst.stride, bw, bh);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sse(p->src.buf, p->src.stride, pd->dst.buf, pd->dst.stride, bw,
                    bh);
    }
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, (xd->bd - 8) * 2);

    RD_STATS rd_stats;
    if (plane == 0) {
      pick_tx_size_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                            INT64_MAX);
      if (rd_stats.invalid_rate) {
        rate = 0;
        dist = sse << 4;
      } else {
        rate = rd_stats.rate;
        dist = rd_stats.dist;
      }
    } else {
      model_rd_with_curvfit(cpi, x, plane_bsize, plane, sse, bw * bh, &rate,
                            &dist);
    }

    if (plane == 0) x->pred_sse[ref] = (unsigned int)AOMMIN(sse, UINT_MAX);

    total_sse += sse;
    rate_sum += rate;
    dist_sum += dist;

    if (plane_rate) plane_rate[plane] = rate;
    if (plane_sse) plane_sse[plane] = sse;
    if (plane_dist) plane_dist[plane] = dist;
  }

  if (skip_txfm_sb) *skip_txfm_sb = total_sse == 0;
  if (skip_sse_sb) *skip_sse_sb = total_sse << 4;
  *out_rate_sum = (int)rate_sum;
  *out_dist_sum = dist_sum;
}

static void rd_pick_palette_intra_sbuv(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int dc_mode_cost,
                                       uint8_t *best_palette_color_map,
                                       MB_MODE_INFO *const best_mbmi,
                                       int64_t *best_rd, int *rate,
                                       int *rate_tokenonly, int64_t *distortion,
                                       int *skippable) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  assert(
      av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type));
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
  const SequenceHeader *const seq_params = &cpi->common.seq_params;
  int this_rate;
  int64_t this_rd;
  int colors_u, colors_v, colors;
  const int src_stride = x->plane[1].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src_u = x->plane[1].src.buf;
  const uint8_t *const src_v = x->plane[2].src.buf;
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[1].color_index_map;
  RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;
  int plane_block_width, plane_block_height, rows, cols;
  av1_get_block_dimensions(bsize, 1, xd, &plane_block_width,
                           &plane_block_height, &rows, &cols);

  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;

  int count_buf[1 << 12];  // Maximum (1 << 12) color levels.
  if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth) {
    colors_u = av1_count_colors_highbd(src_u, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                       seq_params->bit_depth, count_buf);
    colors_v = av1_count_colors_highbd(src_v, src_stride, rows, cols,
                                       seq_params->bit_depth, count_buf);
  } else {
    colors_u = av1_count_colors(src_u, src_stride, rows, cols, count_buf);
    colors_v = av1_count_colors(src_v, src_stride, rows, cols, count_buf);
  }

  uint16_t color_cache[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
  const int n_cache = av1_get_palette_cache(xd, 1, color_cache);

  colors = colors_u > colors_v ? colors_u : colors_v;
  if (colors > 1 && colors <= 64) {
    int r, c, n, i, j;
    const int max_itr = 50;
    int lb_u, ub_u, val_u;
    int lb_v, ub_v, val_v;
    int *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
    int centroids[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];

    uint16_t *src_u16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_u);
    uint16_t *src_v16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_v);
    if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth) {
      lb_u = src_u16[0];
      ub_u = src_u16[0];
      lb_v = src_v16[0];
      ub_v = src_v16[0];
    } else {
      lb_u = src_u[0];
      ub_u = src_u[0];
      lb_v = src_v[0];
      ub_v = src_v[0];
    }

    for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
      for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
        if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth) {
          val_u = src_u16[r * src_stride + c];
          val_v = src_v16[r * src_stride + c];
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = val_u;
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = val_v;
        } else {
          val_u = src_u[r * src_stride + c];
          val_v = src_v[r * src_stride + c];
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = val_u;
          data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = val_v;
        }
        if (val_u < lb_u)
          lb_u = val_u;
        else if (val_u > ub_u)
          ub_u = val_u;
        if (val_v < lb_v)
          lb_v = val_v;
        else if (val_v > ub_v)
          ub_v = val_v;
      }
    }

    for (n = colors > PALETTE_MAX_SIZE ? PALETTE_MAX_SIZE : colors; n >= 2;
         --n) {
      for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        centroids[i * 2] = lb_u + (2 * i + 1) * (ub_u - lb_u) / n / 2;
        centroids[i * 2 + 1] = lb_v + (2 * i + 1) * (ub_v - lb_v) / n / 2;
      }
      av1_k_means(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, n, 2, max_itr);
      optimize_palette_colors(color_cache, n_cache, n, 2, centroids);
      // Sort the U channel colors in ascending order.
      for (i = 0; i < 2 * (n - 1); i += 2) {
        int min_idx = i;
        int min_val = centroids[i];
        for (j = i + 2; j < 2 * n; j += 2)
          if (centroids[j] < min_val) min_val = centroids[j], min_idx = j;
        if (min_idx != i) {
          int temp_u = centroids[i], temp_v = centroids[i + 1];
          centroids[i] = centroids[min_idx];
          centroids[i + 1] = centroids[min_idx + 1];
          centroids[min_idx] = temp_u, centroids[min_idx + 1] = temp_v;
        }
      }
      av1_calc_indices(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols, n, 2);
      extend_palette_color_map(color_map, cols, rows, plane_block_width,
                               plane_block_height);
      pmi->palette_size[1] = n;
      for (i = 1; i < 3; ++i) {
        for (j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
          if (seq_params->use_highbitdepth)
            pmi->palette_colors[i * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + j] = clip_pixel_highbd(
                (int)centroids[j * 2 + i - 1], seq_params->bit_depth);
          else
            pmi->palette_colors[i * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + j] =
                clip_pixel((int)centroids[j * 2 + i - 1]);
        }
      }

      super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, *best_rd);
      if (tokenonly_rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) continue;
      this_rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate +
                  intra_mode_info_cost_uv(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, dc_mode_cost);
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);
      if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
        *best_rd = this_rd;
        *best_mbmi = *mbmi;
        memcpy(best_palette_color_map, color_map,
               plane_block_width * plane_block_height *
                   sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
        *rate = this_rate;
        *distortion = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
        *rate_tokenonly = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
        *skippable = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
      }
    }
  }
  if (best_mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] > 0) {
    memcpy(color_map, best_palette_color_map,
           plane_block_width * plane_block_height *
               sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
  }
}

// Run RD calculation with given chroma intra prediction angle., and return
// the RD cost. Update the best mode info. if the RD cost is the best so far.
static int64_t pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
    int rate_overhead, int64_t best_rd_in, int *rate, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
    int *best_angle_delta, int64_t *best_rd) {
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = x->e_mbd.mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  int this_rate;
  int64_t this_rd;
  RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;

  if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, best_rd_in))
    return INT64_MAX;
  this_rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate +
              intra_mode_info_cost_uv(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, rate_overhead);
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);
  if (this_rd < *best_rd) {
    *best_rd = this_rd;
    *best_angle_delta = mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV];
    *rate = this_rate;
    rd_stats->rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
    rd_stats->dist = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
    rd_stats->skip = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
  }
  return this_rd;
}

// With given chroma directional intra prediction mode, pick the best angle
// delta. Return true if a RD cost that is smaller than the input one is found.
static int rd_pick_intra_angle_sbuv(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int rate_overhead,
                                    int64_t best_rd, int *rate,
                                    RD_STATS *rd_stats) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  int i, angle_delta, best_angle_delta = 0;
  int64_t this_rd, best_rd_in, rd_cost[2 * (MAX_ANGLE_DELTA + 2)];

  rd_stats->rate = INT_MAX;
  rd_stats->skip = 0;
  rd_stats->dist = INT64_MAX;
  for (i = 0; i < 2 * (MAX_ANGLE_DELTA + 2); ++i) rd_cost[i] = INT64_MAX;

  for (angle_delta = 0; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTA; angle_delta += 2) {
    for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      best_rd_in = (best_rd == INT64_MAX)
                       ? INT64_MAX
                       : (best_rd + (best_rd >> ((angle_delta == 0) ? 3 : 5)));
      mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = (1 - 2 * i) * angle_delta;
      this_rd = pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(cpi, x, bsize, rate_overhead,
                                              best_rd_in, rate, rd_stats,
                                              &best_angle_delta, &best_rd);
      rd_cost[2 * angle_delta + i] = this_rd;
      if (angle_delta == 0) {
        if (this_rd == INT64_MAX) return 0;
        rd_cost[1] = this_rd;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  assert(best_rd != INT64_MAX);
  for (angle_delta = 1; angle_delta <= MAX_ANGLE_DELTA; angle_delta += 2) {
    int64_t rd_thresh;
    for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      int skip_search = 0;
      rd_thresh = best_rd + (best_rd >> 5);
      if (rd_cost[2 * (angle_delta + 1) + i] > rd_thresh &&
          rd_cost[2 * (angle_delta - 1) + i] > rd_thresh)
        skip_search = 1;
      if (!skip_search) {
        mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = (1 - 2 * i) * angle_delta;
        pick_intra_angle_routine_sbuv(cpi, x, bsize, rate_overhead, best_rd,
                                      rate, rd_stats, &best_angle_delta,
                                      &best_rd);
      }
    }
  }

  mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = best_angle_delta;
  return rd_stats->rate != INT_MAX;
}

#define PLANE_SIGN_TO_JOINT_SIGN(plane, a, b) \
  (plane == CFL_PRED_U ? a * CFL_SIGNS + b - 1 : b * CFL_SIGNS + a - 1)
static int cfl_rd_pick_alpha(MACROBLOCK *const x, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                             TX_SIZE tx_size, int64_t best_rd) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];

  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
  assert(is_cfl_allowed(xd) && cpi->oxcf.enable_cfl_intra);
  const int ssx = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_x;
  const int ssy = xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_y;
  const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize = get_plane_block_size(mbmi->sb_type, ssx, ssy);
  (void)plane_bsize;
  assert(plane_bsize < BLOCK_SIZES_ALL);
  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
    assert(block_size_wide[plane_bsize] == tx_size_wide[tx_size]);
    assert(block_size_high[plane_bsize] == tx_size_high[tx_size]);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG

  xd->cfl.use_dc_pred_cache = 1;
  const int64_t mode_rd =
      RDCOST(x->rdmult,
             x->intra_uv_mode_cost[CFL_ALLOWED][mbmi->mode][UV_CFL_PRED], 0);
  int64_t best_rd_uv[CFL_JOINT_SIGNS][CFL_PRED_PLANES];
  int best_c[CFL_JOINT_SIGNS][CFL_PRED_PLANES];
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
  int best_rate_uv[CFL_JOINT_SIGNS][CFL_PRED_PLANES];
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG

  for (int plane = 0; plane < CFL_PRED_PLANES; plane++) {
    RD_STATS rd_stats;
    av1_init_rd_stats(&rd_stats);
    for (int joint_sign = 0; joint_sign < CFL_JOINT_SIGNS; joint_sign++) {
      best_rd_uv[joint_sign][plane] = INT64_MAX;
      best_c[joint_sign][plane] = 0;
    }
    // Collect RD stats for an alpha value of zero in this plane.
    // Skip i == CFL_SIGN_ZERO as (0, 0) is invalid.
    for (int i = CFL_SIGN_NEG; i < CFL_SIGNS; i++) {
      const int joint_sign = PLANE_SIGN_TO_JOINT_SIGN(plane, CFL_SIGN_ZERO, i);
      if (i == CFL_SIGN_NEG) {
        mbmi->cfl_alpha_idx = 0;
        mbmi->cfl_alpha_signs = joint_sign;
        txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &rd_stats, best_rd, 0, plane + 1, bsize,
                         tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing, FTXS_NONE);
        if (rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) break;
      }
      const int alpha_rate = x->cfl_cost[joint_sign][plane][0];
      best_rd_uv[joint_sign][plane] =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats.rate + alpha_rate, rd_stats.dist);
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
      best_rate_uv[joint_sign][plane] = rd_stats.rate;
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG
    }
  }

  int best_joint_sign = -1;

  for (int plane = 0; plane < CFL_PRED_PLANES; plane++) {
    for (int pn_sign = CFL_SIGN_NEG; pn_sign < CFL_SIGNS; pn_sign++) {
      int progress = 0;
      for (int c = 0; c < CFL_ALPHABET_SIZE; c++) {
        int flag = 0;
        RD_STATS rd_stats;
        if (c > 2 && progress < c) break;
        av1_init_rd_stats(&rd_stats);
        for (int i = 0; i < CFL_SIGNS; i++) {
          const int joint_sign = PLANE_SIGN_TO_JOINT_SIGN(plane, pn_sign, i);
          if (i == 0) {
            mbmi->cfl_alpha_idx = (c << CFL_ALPHABET_SIZE_LOG2) + c;
            mbmi->cfl_alpha_signs = joint_sign;
            txfm_rd_in_plane(x, cpi, &rd_stats, best_rd, 0, plane + 1, bsize,
                             tx_size, cpi->sf.use_fast_coef_costing, FTXS_NONE);
            if (rd_stats.rate == INT_MAX) break;
          }
          const int alpha_rate = x->cfl_cost[joint_sign][plane][c];
          int64_t this_rd =
              RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats.rate + alpha_rate, rd_stats.dist);
          if (this_rd >= best_rd_uv[joint_sign][plane]) continue;
          best_rd_uv[joint_sign][plane] = this_rd;
          best_c[joint_sign][plane] = c;
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
          best_rate_uv[joint_sign][plane] = rd_stats.rate;
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG
          flag = 2;
          if (best_rd_uv[joint_sign][!plane] == INT64_MAX) continue;
          this_rd += mode_rd + best_rd_uv[joint_sign][!plane];
          if (this_rd >= best_rd) continue;
          best_rd = this_rd;
          best_joint_sign = joint_sign;
        }
        progress += flag;
      }
    }
  }

  int best_rate_overhead = INT_MAX;
  int ind = 0;
  if (best_joint_sign >= 0) {
    const int u = best_c[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_U];
    const int v = best_c[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_V];
    ind = (u << CFL_ALPHABET_SIZE_LOG2) + v;
    best_rate_overhead = x->cfl_cost[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_U][u] +
                         x->cfl_cost[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_V][v];
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
    xd->cfl.rate = x->intra_uv_mode_cost[CFL_ALLOWED][mbmi->mode][UV_CFL_PRED] +
                   best_rate_overhead +
                   best_rate_uv[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_U] +
                   best_rate_uv[best_joint_sign][CFL_PRED_V];
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG
  } else {
    best_joint_sign = 0;
  }

  mbmi->cfl_alpha_idx = ind;
  mbmi->cfl_alpha_signs = best_joint_sign;
  xd->cfl.use_dc_pred_cache = 0;
  xd->cfl.dc_pred_is_cached[0] = 0;
  xd->cfl.dc_pred_is_cached[1] = 0;
  return best_rate_overhead;
}

static void init_sbuv_mode(MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi) {
  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
}

static int64_t rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       int *rate, int *rate_tokenonly,
                                       int64_t *distortion, int *skippable,
                                       BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE max_tx_size) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(!is_inter_block(mbmi));
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi = *mbmi;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX, this_rd;

  for (int mode_idx = 0; mode_idx < UV_INTRA_MODES; ++mode_idx) {
    int this_rate;
    RD_STATS tokenonly_rd_stats;
    UV_PREDICTION_MODE mode = uv_rd_search_mode_order[mode_idx];
    const int is_directional_mode = av1_is_directional_mode(get_uv_mode(mode));
    if (!(cpi->sf.intra_uv_mode_mask[txsize_sqr_up_map[max_tx_size]] &
          (1 << mode)))
      continue;

    mbmi->uv_mode = mode;
    int cfl_alpha_rate = 0;
    if (mode == UV_CFL_PRED) {
      if (!is_cfl_allowed(xd) || !cpi->oxcf.enable_cfl_intra) continue;
      assert(!is_directional_mode);
      const TX_SIZE uv_tx_size = av1_get_tx_size(AOM_PLANE_U, xd);
      cfl_alpha_rate = cfl_rd_pick_alpha(x, cpi, uv_tx_size, best_rd);
      if (cfl_alpha_rate == INT_MAX) continue;
    }
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = 0;
    if (is_directional_mode && av1_use_angle_delta(mbmi->sb_type) &&
        cpi->oxcf.enable_angle_delta) {
      const int rate_overhead =
          x->intra_uv_mode_cost[is_cfl_allowed(xd)][mbmi->mode][mode];
      if (!rd_pick_intra_angle_sbuv(cpi, x, bsize, rate_overhead, best_rd,
                                    &this_rate, &tokenonly_rd_stats))
        continue;
    } else {
      if (!super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &tokenonly_rd_stats, bsize, best_rd)) {
        continue;
      }
    }
    const int mode_cost =
        x->intra_uv_mode_cost[is_cfl_allowed(xd)][mbmi->mode][mode] +
        cfl_alpha_rate;
    this_rate = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate +
                intra_mode_info_cost_uv(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, mode_cost);
    if (mode == UV_CFL_PRED) {
      assert(is_cfl_allowed(xd) && cpi->oxcf.enable_cfl_intra);
#if CONFIG_DEBUG
      if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id])
        assert(xd->cfl.rate == tokenonly_rd_stats.rate + mode_cost);
#endif  // CONFIG_DEBUG
    }
    this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate, tokenonly_rd_stats.dist);

    if (this_rd < best_rd) {
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
      best_rd = this_rd;
      *rate = this_rate;
      *rate_tokenonly = tokenonly_rd_stats.rate;
      *distortion = tokenonly_rd_stats.dist;
      *skippable = tokenonly_rd_stats.skip;
    }
  }

  const int try_palette =
      cpi->oxcf.enable_palette &&
      av1_allow_palette(cpi->common.allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  if (try_palette) {
    uint8_t *best_palette_color_map = x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map;
    rd_pick_palette_intra_sbuv(
        cpi, x,
        x->intra_uv_mode_cost[is_cfl_allowed(xd)][mbmi->mode][UV_DC_PRED],
        best_palette_color_map, &best_mbmi, &best_rd, rate, rate_tokenonly,
        distortion, skippable);
  }

  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  // Make sure we actually chose a mode
  assert(best_rd < INT64_MAX);
  return best_rd;
}

static void choose_intra_uv_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                 BLOCK_SIZE bsize, TX_SIZE max_tx_size,
                                 int *rate_uv, int *rate_uv_tokenonly,
                                 int64_t *dist_uv, int *skip_uv,
                                 UV_PREDICTION_MODE *mode_uv) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int mi_row = -xd->mb_to_top_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2);
  const int mi_col = -xd->mb_to_left_edge >> (3 + MI_SIZE_LOG2);
  // Use an estimated rd for uv_intra based on DC_PRED if the
  // appropriate speed flag is set.
  init_sbuv_mode(mbmi);
  if (x->skip_chroma_rd) {
    *rate_uv = 0;
    *rate_uv_tokenonly = 0;
    *dist_uv = 0;
    *skip_uv = 1;
    *mode_uv = UV_DC_PRED;
    return;
  }
  xd->cfl.is_chroma_reference =
      is_chroma_reference(mi_row, mi_col, bsize, cm->seq_params.subsampling_x,
                          cm->seq_params.subsampling_y);
  bsize = scale_chroma_bsize(bsize, xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_x,
                             xd->plane[AOM_PLANE_U].subsampling_y);
  // Only store reconstructed luma when there's chroma RDO. When there's no
  // chroma RDO, the reconstructed luma will be stored in encode_superblock().
  xd->cfl.store_y = store_cfl_required_rdo(cm, x);
  if (xd->cfl.store_y) {
    // Restore reconstructed luma values.
    av1_encode_intra_block_plane(cpi, x, mbmi->sb_type, AOM_PLANE_Y,
                                 cpi->optimize_seg_arr[mbmi->segment_id],
                                 mi_row, mi_col);
    xd->cfl.store_y = 0;
  }
  rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(cpi, x, rate_uv, rate_uv_tokenonly, dist_uv, skip_uv,
                          bsize, max_tx_size);
  *mode_uv = mbmi->uv_mode;
}

static int cost_mv_ref(const MACROBLOCK *const x, PREDICTION_MODE mode,
                       int16_t mode_context) {
  if (is_inter_compound_mode(mode)) {
    return x
        ->inter_compound_mode_cost[mode_context][INTER_COMPOUND_OFFSET(mode)];
  }

  int mode_cost = 0;
  int16_t mode_ctx = mode_context & NEWMV_CTX_MASK;

  assert(is_inter_mode(mode));

  if (mode == NEWMV) {
    mode_cost = x->newmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][0];
    return mode_cost;
  } else {
    mode_cost = x->newmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][1];
    mode_ctx = (mode_context >> GLOBALMV_OFFSET) & GLOBALMV_CTX_MASK;

    if (mode == GLOBALMV) {
      mode_cost += x->zeromv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][0];
      return mode_cost;
    } else {
      mode_cost += x->zeromv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][1];
      mode_ctx = (mode_context >> REFMV_OFFSET) & REFMV_CTX_MASK;
      mode_cost += x->refmv_mode_cost[mode_ctx][mode != NEARESTMV];
      return mode_cost;
    }
  }
}

static int get_interinter_compound_mask_rate(const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                             const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi) {
  switch (mbmi->interinter_comp.type) {
    case COMPOUND_AVERAGE: return 0;
    case COMPOUND_WEDGE:
      return get_interinter_wedge_bits(mbmi->sb_type) > 0
                 ? av1_cost_literal(1) +
                       x->wedge_idx_cost[mbmi->sb_type]
                                        [mbmi->interinter_comp.wedge_index]
                 : 0;
    case COMPOUND_DIFFWTD: return av1_cost_literal(1);
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}

typedef struct {
  int eobs;
  int brate;
  int byrate;
  int64_t bdist;
  int64_t bsse;
  int64_t brdcost;
  int_mv mvs[2];
  int_mv pred_mv[2];
  int_mv ref_mv[2];

  ENTROPY_CONTEXT ta[2];
  ENTROPY_CONTEXT tl[2];
} SEG_RDSTAT;

typedef struct {
  int_mv *ref_mv[2];
  int_mv mvp;

  int64_t segment_rd;
  int r;
  int64_t d;
  int64_t sse;
  int segment_yrate;
  PREDICTION_MODE modes[4];
  SEG_RDSTAT rdstat[4][INTER_MODES + INTER_COMPOUND_MODES];
  int mvthresh;
} BEST_SEG_INFO;

static INLINE int mv_check_bounds(const MvLimits *mv_limits, const MV *mv) {
  return (mv->row >> 3) < mv_limits->row_min ||
         (mv->row >> 3) > mv_limits->row_max ||
         (mv->col >> 3) < mv_limits->col_min ||
         (mv->col >> 3) > mv_limits->col_max;
}

static INLINE PREDICTION_MODE get_single_mode(PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                                              int ref_idx, int is_comp_pred) {
  PREDICTION_MODE single_mode;
  if (is_comp_pred) {
    single_mode =
        ref_idx ? compound_ref1_mode(this_mode) : compound_ref0_mode(this_mode);
  } else {
    single_mode = this_mode;
  }
  return single_mode;
}

static void joint_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int_mv *cur_mv, int mi_row,
                                int mi_col, int_mv *ref_mv_sub8x8[2],
                                const uint8_t *mask, int mask_stride,
                                int *rate_mv, const int block) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const int pw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int ph = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int plane = 0;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  // This function should only ever be called for compound modes
  assert(has_second_ref(mbmi));
  const int_mv init_mv[2] = { cur_mv[0], cur_mv[1] };
  const int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1] };
  int_mv ref_mv[2];
  int ite, ref;
  // ic and ir are the 4x4 coordinates of the sub8x8 at index "block"
  const int ic = block & 1;
  const int ir = (block - ic) >> 1;
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  const int p_col = ((mi_col * MI_SIZE) >> pd->subsampling_x) + 4 * ic;
  const int p_row = ((mi_row * MI_SIZE) >> pd->subsampling_y) + 4 * ir;

  ConvolveParams conv_params = get_conv_params(0, plane, xd->bd);
  conv_params.use_dist_wtd_comp_avg = 0;
  WarpTypesAllowed warp_types[2];
  for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
    const WarpedMotionParams *const wm =
        &xd->global_motion[xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[ref]];
    const int is_global = is_global_mv_block(xd->mi[0], wm->wmtype);
    warp_types[ref].global_warp_allowed = is_global;
    warp_types[ref].local_warp_allowed = mbmi->motion_mode == WARPED_CAUSAL;
  }

  // Do joint motion search in compound mode to get more accurate mv.
  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[2][MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int last_besterr[2] = { INT_MAX, INT_MAX };
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *const scaled_ref_frame[2] = {
    av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, refs[0]),
    av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, refs[1])
  };

  // Prediction buffer from second frame.
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, second_pred16[MAX_SB_SQUARE * sizeof(uint16_t)]);
  uint8_t *second_pred = get_buf_by_bd(xd, second_pred16);
  (void)ref_mv_sub8x8;

  MV *const best_mv = &x->best_mv.as_mv;
  const int search_range = SEARCH_RANGE_8P;
  const int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
  // Allow joint search multiple times iteratively for each reference frame
  // and break out of the search loop if it couldn't find a better mv.
  for (ite = 0; ite < 4; ite++) {
    struct buf_2d ref_yv12[2];
    int bestsme = INT_MAX;
    MvLimits tmp_mv_limits = x->mv_limits;
    int id = ite % 2;  // Even iterations search in the first reference frame,
                       // odd iterations search in the second. The predictor
                       // found for the 'other' reference frame is factored in.
    if (ite >= 2 && cur_mv[!id].as_int == init_mv[!id].as_int) {
      if (cur_mv[id].as_int == init_mv[id].as_int) {
        break;
      } else {
        int_mv cur_int_mv, init_int_mv;
        cur_int_mv.as_mv.col = cur_mv[id].as_mv.col >> 3;
        cur_int_mv.as_mv.row = cur_mv[id].as_mv.row >> 3;
        init_int_mv.as_mv.row = init_mv[id].as_mv.row >> 3;
        init_int_mv.as_mv.col = init_mv[id].as_mv.col >> 3;
        if (cur_int_mv.as_int == init_int_mv.as_int) {
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
      ref_mv[ref] = av1_get_ref_mv(x, ref);
      // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
      // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
      // motion search code to be used without additional modifications.
      if (scaled_ref_frame[ref]) {
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++)
          backup_yv12[ref][i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref];
        av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref, scaled_ref_frame[ref], mi_row, mi_col,
                             NULL, num_planes);
      }
    }

    assert(IMPLIES(scaled_ref_frame[0] != NULL,
                   cm->width == scaled_ref_frame[0]->y_crop_width &&
                       cm->height == scaled_ref_frame[0]->y_crop_height));
    assert(IMPLIES(scaled_ref_frame[1] != NULL,
                   cm->width == scaled_ref_frame[1]->y_crop_width &&
                       cm->height == scaled_ref_frame[1]->y_crop_height));

    // Initialize based on (possibly scaled) prediction buffers.
    ref_yv12[0] = xd->plane[plane].pre[0];
    ref_yv12[1] = xd->plane[plane].pre[1];

    // Get the prediction block from the 'other' reference frame.
    const InterpFilters interp_filters = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;

    // Since we have scaled the reference frames to match the size of the
    // current frame we must use a unit scaling factor during mode selection.
    av1_build_inter_predictor(ref_yv12[!id].buf, ref_yv12[!id].stride,
                              second_pred, pw, &cur_mv[!id].as_mv,
                              &cm->sf_identity, pw, ph, &conv_params,
                              interp_filters, &warp_types[!id], p_col, p_row,
                              plane, !id, MV_PRECISION_Q3, mi_col * MI_SIZE,
                              mi_row * MI_SIZE, xd, cm->allow_warped_motion);

    const int order_idx = id != 0;
    av1_dist_wtd_comp_weight_assign(
        cm, mbmi, order_idx, &xd->jcp_param.fwd_offset,
        &xd->jcp_param.bck_offset, &xd->jcp_param.use_dist_wtd_comp_avg, 1);

    // Do full-pixel compound motion search on the current reference frame.
    if (id) xd->plane[plane].pre[0] = ref_yv12[id];
    av1_set_mv_search_range(&x->mv_limits, &ref_mv[id].as_mv);

    // Use the mv result from the single mode as mv predictor.
    *best_mv = cur_mv[id].as_mv;

    best_mv->col >>= 3;
    best_mv->row >>= 3;

    // Small-range full-pixel motion search.
    bestsme = av1_refining_search_8p_c(x, sadpb, search_range,
                                       &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], mask, mask_stride,
                                       id, &ref_mv[id].as_mv, second_pred);
    if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
      if (mask)
        bestsme = av1_get_mvpred_mask_var(x, best_mv, &ref_mv[id].as_mv,
                                          second_pred, mask, mask_stride, id,
                                          &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 1);
      else
        bestsme = av1_get_mvpred_av_var(x, best_mv, &ref_mv[id].as_mv,
                                        second_pred, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 1);
    }

    x->mv_limits = tmp_mv_limits;

    // Restore the pointer to the first (possibly scaled) prediction buffer.
    if (id) xd->plane[plane].pre[0] = ref_yv12[0];

    for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
      if (scaled_ref_frame[ref]) {
        // Swap back the original buffers for subpel motion search.
        for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
          xd->plane[i].pre[ref] = backup_yv12[ref][i];
        }
        // Re-initialize based on unscaled prediction buffers.
        ref_yv12[ref] = xd->plane[plane].pre[ref];
      }
    }

    // Do sub-pixel compound motion search on the current reference frame.
    if (id) xd->plane[plane].pre[0] = ref_yv12[id];

    if (cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv) {
      x->best_mv.as_mv.row *= 8;
      x->best_mv.as_mv.col *= 8;
    }
    if (bestsme < INT_MAX && cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv == 0) {
      int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
      unsigned int sse;
      bestsme = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
          x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &ref_mv[id].as_mv,
          cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit,
          &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 0, cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, NULL,
          x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &sse, second_pred, mask,
          mask_stride, id, pw, ph, cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search, 1);
    }

    // Restore the pointer to the first prediction buffer.
    if (id) xd->plane[plane].pre[0] = ref_yv12[0];
    if (bestsme < last_besterr[id]) {
      cur_mv[id].as_mv = *best_mv;
      last_besterr[id] = bestsme;
    } else {
      break;
    }
  }

  *rate_mv = 0;

  for (ref = 0; ref < 2; ++ref) {
    const int_mv curr_ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, ref);
    *rate_mv +=
        av1_mv_bit_cost(&cur_mv[ref].as_mv, &curr_ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                        x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
  }
}

static void estimate_ref_frame_costs(
    const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCKD *xd, const MACROBLOCK *x,
    int segment_id, unsigned int *ref_costs_single,
    unsigned int (*ref_costs_comp)[REF_FRAMES]) {
  int seg_ref_active =
      segfeature_active(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME);
  if (seg_ref_active) {
    memset(ref_costs_single, 0, REF_FRAMES * sizeof(*ref_costs_single));
    int ref_frame;
    for (ref_frame = 0; ref_frame < REF_FRAMES; ++ref_frame)
      memset(ref_costs_comp[ref_frame], 0,
             REF_FRAMES * sizeof((*ref_costs_comp)[0]));
  } else {
    int intra_inter_ctx = av1_get_intra_inter_context(xd);
    ref_costs_single[INTRA_FRAME] = x->intra_inter_cost[intra_inter_ctx][0];
    unsigned int base_cost = x->intra_inter_cost[intra_inter_ctx][1];

    for (int i = LAST_FRAME; i <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++i)
      ref_costs_single[i] = base_cost;

    const int ctx_p1 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p1(xd);
    const int ctx_p2 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p2(xd);
    const int ctx_p3 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p3(xd);
    const int ctx_p4 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p4(xd);
    const int ctx_p5 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p5(xd);
    const int ctx_p6 = av1_get_pred_context_single_ref_p6(xd);

    // Determine cost of a single ref frame, where frame types are represented
    // by a tree:
    // Level 0: add cost whether this ref is a forward or backward ref
    ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][0];
    ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][0];
    ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][0];
    ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][0];
    ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][1];
    ref_costs_single[ALTREF2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][1];
    ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p1][0][1];

    // Level 1: if this ref is forward ref,
    // add cost whether it is last/last2 or last3/golden
    ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p3][2][0];
    ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p3][2][0];
    ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p3][2][1];
    ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p3][2][1];

    // Level 1: if this ref is backward ref
    // then add cost whether this ref is altref or backward ref
    ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p2][1][0];
    ref_costs_single[ALTREF2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p2][1][0];
    ref_costs_single[ALTREF_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p2][1][1];

    // Level 2: further add cost whether this ref is last or last2
    ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p4][3][0];
    ref_costs_single[LAST2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p4][3][1];

    // Level 2: last3 or golden
    ref_costs_single[LAST3_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p5][4][0];
    ref_costs_single[GOLDEN_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p5][4][1];

    // Level 2: bwdref or altref2
    ref_costs_single[BWDREF_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p6][5][0];
    ref_costs_single[ALTREF2_FRAME] += x->single_ref_cost[ctx_p6][5][1];

    if (cm->current_frame.reference_mode != SINGLE_REFERENCE) {
      // Similar to single ref, determine cost of compound ref frames.
      // cost_compound_refs = cost_first_ref + cost_second_ref
      const int bwdref_comp_ctx_p = av1_get_pred_context_comp_bwdref_p(xd);
      const int bwdref_comp_ctx_p1 = av1_get_pred_context_comp_bwdref_p1(xd);
      const int ref_comp_ctx_p = av1_get_pred_context_comp_ref_p(xd);
      const int ref_comp_ctx_p1 = av1_get_pred_context_comp_ref_p1(xd);
      const int ref_comp_ctx_p2 = av1_get_pred_context_comp_ref_p2(xd);

      const int comp_ref_type_ctx = av1_get_comp_reference_type_context(xd);
      unsigned int ref_bicomp_costs[REF_FRAMES] = { 0 };

      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST_FRAME] = ref_bicomp_costs[LAST2_FRAME] =
          ref_bicomp_costs[LAST3_FRAME] = ref_bicomp_costs[GOLDEN_FRAME] =
              base_cost + x->comp_ref_type_cost[comp_ref_type_ctx][1];
      ref_bicomp_costs[BWDREF_FRAME] = ref_bicomp_costs[ALTREF2_FRAME] = 0;
      ref_bicomp_costs[ALTREF_FRAME] = 0;

      // cost of first ref frame
      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p][0][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST2_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p][0][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST3_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p][0][1];
      ref_bicomp_costs[GOLDEN_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p][0][1];

      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p1][1][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST2_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p1][1][1];

      ref_bicomp_costs[LAST3_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p2][2][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[GOLDEN_FRAME] += x->comp_ref_cost[ref_comp_ctx_p2][2][1];

      // cost of second ref frame
      ref_bicomp_costs[BWDREF_FRAME] +=
          x->comp_bwdref_cost[bwdref_comp_ctx_p][0][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[ALTREF2_FRAME] +=
          x->comp_bwdref_cost[bwdref_comp_ctx_p][0][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[ALTREF_FRAME] +=
          x->comp_bwdref_cost[bwdref_comp_ctx_p][0][1];

      ref_bicomp_costs[BWDREF_FRAME] +=
          x->comp_bwdref_cost[bwdref_comp_ctx_p1][1][0];
      ref_bicomp_costs[ALTREF2_FRAME] +=
          x->comp_bwdref_cost[bwdref_comp_ctx_p1][1][1];

      // cost: if one ref frame is forward ref, the other ref is backward ref
      int ref0, ref1;
      for (ref0 = LAST_FRAME; ref0 <= GOLDEN_FRAME; ++ref0) {
        for (ref1 = BWDREF_FRAME; ref1 <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref1) {
          ref_costs_comp[ref0][ref1] =
              ref_bicomp_costs[ref0] + ref_bicomp_costs[ref1];
        }
      }

      // cost: if both ref frames are the same side.
      const int uni_comp_ref_ctx_p = av1_get_pred_context_uni_comp_ref_p(xd);
      const int uni_comp_ref_ctx_p1 = av1_get_pred_context_uni_comp_ref_p1(xd);
      const int uni_comp_ref_ctx_p2 = av1_get_pred_context_uni_comp_ref_p2(xd);
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][LAST2_FRAME] =
          base_cost + x->comp_ref_type_cost[comp_ref_type_ctx][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p][0][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p1][1][0];
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][LAST3_FRAME] =
          base_cost + x->comp_ref_type_cost[comp_ref_type_ctx][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p][0][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p1][1][1] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p2][2][0];
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][GOLDEN_FRAME] =
          base_cost + x->comp_ref_type_cost[comp_ref_type_ctx][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p][0][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p1][1][1] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p2][2][1];
      ref_costs_comp[BWDREF_FRAME][ALTREF_FRAME] =
          base_cost + x->comp_ref_type_cost[comp_ref_type_ctx][0] +
          x->uni_comp_ref_cost[uni_comp_ref_ctx_p][0][1];
    } else {
      int ref0, ref1;
      for (ref0 = LAST_FRAME; ref0 <= GOLDEN_FRAME; ++ref0) {
        for (ref1 = BWDREF_FRAME; ref1 <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref1)
          ref_costs_comp[ref0][ref1] = 512;
      }
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][LAST2_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][LAST3_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[LAST_FRAME][GOLDEN_FRAME] = 512;
      ref_costs_comp[BWDREF_FRAME][ALTREF_FRAME] = 512;
    }
  }
}

static void store_coding_context(MACROBLOCK *x, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                                 int mode_index,
                                 int64_t comp_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES],
                                 int skippable) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  // Take a snapshot of the coding context so it can be
  // restored if we decide to encode this way
  ctx->skip = x->skip;
  ctx->skippable = skippable;
  ctx->best_mode_index = mode_index;
  ctx->mic = *xd->mi[0];
  ctx->mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
  ctx->single_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[SINGLE_REFERENCE];
  ctx->comp_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[COMPOUND_REFERENCE];
  ctx->hybrid_pred_diff = (int)comp_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT];
}

static void setup_buffer_ref_mvs_inter(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame,
    BLOCK_SIZE block_size, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    struct buf_2d yv12_mb[REF_FRAMES][MAX_MB_PLANE]) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *scaled_ref_frame =
      av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ref_frame);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    av1_setup_pred_block(xd, yv12_mb[ref_frame], scaled_ref_frame, mi_row,
                         mi_col, NULL, NULL, num_planes);
  } else {
    const struct scale_factors *const sf =
        get_ref_scale_factors_const(cm, ref_frame);
    const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, ref_frame);
    assert(yv12 != NULL);
    av1_setup_pred_block(xd, yv12_mb[ref_frame], yv12, mi_row, mi_col, sf, sf,
                         num_planes);
  }

  // Gets an initial list of candidate vectors from neighbours and orders them
  av1_find_mv_refs(cm, xd, mbmi, ref_frame, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count,
                   mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack, NULL, mbmi_ext->global_mvs, mi_row,
                   mi_col, mbmi_ext->mode_context);

  // Further refinement that is encode side only to test the top few candidates
  // in full and choose the best as the centre point for subsequent searches.
  // The current implementation doesn't support scaling.
  av1_mv_pred(cpi, x, yv12_mb[ref_frame][0].buf, yv12_mb[ref_frame][0].stride,
              ref_frame, block_size);
}

static void single_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                 BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                 int ref_idx, int *rate_mv) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 } };
  int bestsme = INT_MAX;
  int step_param;
  int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
  MV mvp_full;
  int ref = mbmi->ref_frame[ref_idx];
  MV ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, ref_idx).as_mv;

  MvLimits tmp_mv_limits = x->mv_limits;
  int cost_list[5];

  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *scaled_ref_frame =
      av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ref);

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
    // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
    // full-pixel motion search code to be used without additional
    // modifications.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      backup_yv12[i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx];
    }
    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref_idx, scaled_ref_frame, mi_row, mi_col, NULL,
                         num_planes);
  }

  // Work out the size of the first step in the mv step search.
  // 0 here is maximum length first step. 1 is AOMMAX >> 1 etc.
  if (cpi->sf.mv.auto_mv_step_size && cm->show_frame) {
    // Take the weighted average of the step_params based on the last frame's
    // max mv magnitude and that based on the best ref mvs of the current
    // block for the given reference.
    step_param =
        (av1_init_search_range(x->max_mv_context[ref]) + cpi->mv_step_param) /
        2;
  } else {
    step_param = cpi->mv_step_param;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && bsize < cm->seq_params.sb_size) {
    int boffset =
        2 * (mi_size_wide_log2[cm->seq_params.sb_size] -
             AOMMIN(mi_size_high_log2[bsize], mi_size_wide_log2[bsize]));
    step_param = AOMMAX(step_param, boffset);
  }

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search) {
    int bwl = mi_size_wide_log2[bsize];
    int bhl = mi_size_high_log2[bsize];
    int tlevel = x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> (bwl + bhl + 4);

    if (tlevel < 5) {
      step_param += 2;
      step_param = AOMMIN(step_param, MAX_MVSEARCH_STEPS - 1);
    }

    // prev_mv_sad is not setup for dynamically scaled frames.
    if (cpi->oxcf.resize_mode != RESIZE_RANDOM) {
      int i;
      for (i = LAST_FRAME; i <= ALTREF_FRAME && cm->show_frame; ++i) {
        if ((x->pred_mv_sad[ref] >> 3) > x->pred_mv_sad[i]) {
          x->pred_mv[ref].row = 0;
          x->pred_mv[ref].col = 0;
          x->best_mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;

          if (scaled_ref_frame) {
            // Swap back the original buffers before returning.
            for (int j = 0; j < num_planes; ++j)
              xd->plane[j].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[j];
          }
          return;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Note: MV limits are modified here. Always restore the original values
  // after full-pixel motion search.
  av1_set_mv_search_range(&x->mv_limits, &ref_mv);

  if (mbmi->motion_mode != SIMPLE_TRANSLATION)
    mvp_full = mbmi->mv[0].as_mv;
  else
    mvp_full = ref_mv;

  mvp_full.col >>= 3;
  mvp_full.row >>= 3;

  x->best_mv.as_int = x->second_best_mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;

  switch (mbmi->motion_mode) {
    case SIMPLE_TRANSLATION:
      bestsme = av1_full_pixel_search(
          cpi, x, bsize, &mvp_full, step_param, cpi->sf.mv.search_method, 0,
          sadpb, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), &ref_mv, INT_MAX, 1,
          (MI_SIZE * mi_col), (MI_SIZE * mi_row), 0);
      break;
    case OBMC_CAUSAL:
      bestsme = av1_obmc_full_pixel_search(cpi, x, &mvp_full, step_param, sadpb,
                                           MAX_MVSEARCH_STEPS - 1 - step_param,
                                           1, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], &ref_mv,
                                           &(x->best_mv.as_mv), 0);
      break;
    default: assert(0 && "Invalid motion mode!\n");
  }

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    // Swap back the original buffers for subpel motion search.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[i];
    }
  }

  x->mv_limits = tmp_mv_limits;

  if (cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv) {
    x->best_mv.as_mv.row *= 8;
    x->best_mv.as_mv.col *= 8;
  }
  const int use_fractional_mv =
      bestsme < INT_MAX && cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv == 0;
  if (use_fractional_mv) {
    int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
    switch (mbmi->motion_mode) {
      case SIMPLE_TRANSLATION:
        if (cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search) {
          int best_mv_var;
          const int try_second = x->second_best_mv.as_int != INVALID_MV &&
                                 x->second_best_mv.as_int != x->best_mv.as_int;
          const int pw = block_size_wide[bsize];
          const int ph = block_size_high[bsize];
          best_mv_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
              x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
              x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
              cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list),
              x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL,
              NULL, 0, 0, pw, ph, cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search, 1);

          if (try_second) {
            const int minc =
                AOMMAX(x->mv_limits.col_min * 8, ref_mv.col - MV_MAX);
            const int maxc =
                AOMMIN(x->mv_limits.col_max * 8, ref_mv.col + MV_MAX);
            const int minr =
                AOMMAX(x->mv_limits.row_min * 8, ref_mv.row - MV_MAX);
            const int maxr =
                AOMMIN(x->mv_limits.row_max * 8, ref_mv.row + MV_MAX);
            int this_var;
            MV best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;

            x->best_mv = x->second_best_mv;
            if (x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 <= maxr &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.row * 8 >= minr &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 <= maxc &&
                x->best_mv.as_mv.col * 8 >= minc) {
              this_var = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
                  x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
                  x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
                  cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
                  cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), x->nmv_vec_cost,
                  x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL, NULL, 0, 0,
                  pw, ph, cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search, 0);
              if (this_var < best_mv_var) best_mv = x->best_mv.as_mv;
              x->best_mv.as_mv = best_mv;
            }
          }
        } else {
          cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
              x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &ref_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
              x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop,
              cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list),
              x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], NULL,
              NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
        }
        break;
      case OBMC_CAUSAL:
        av1_find_best_obmc_sub_pixel_tree_up(
            x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &x->best_mv.as_mv, &ref_mv,
            cm->allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize],
            cpi->sf.mv.subpel_force_stop, cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step,
            x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &x->pred_sse[ref], 0,
            cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search);
        break;
      default: assert(0 && "Invalid motion mode!\n");
    }
  }
  *rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&x->best_mv.as_mv, &ref_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                             x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);

  if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search && mbmi->motion_mode == SIMPLE_TRANSLATION)
    x->pred_mv[ref] = x->best_mv.as_mv;
}

static INLINE void restore_dst_buf(MACROBLOCKD *xd, BUFFER_SET dst,
                                   const int num_planes) {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
    xd->plane[i].dst.buf = dst.plane[i];
    xd->plane[i].dst.stride = dst.stride[i];
  }
}

static void build_second_inter_pred(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const MV *other_mv,
                                    int mi_row, int mi_col, const int block,
                                    int ref_idx, uint8_t *second_pred) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int pw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int ph = block_size_high[bsize];
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int other_ref = mbmi->ref_frame[!ref_idx];
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];
  // ic and ir are the 4x4 coordinates of the sub8x8 at index "block"
  const int ic = block & 1;
  const int ir = (block - ic) >> 1;
  const int p_col = ((mi_col * MI_SIZE) >> pd->subsampling_x) + 4 * ic;
  const int p_row = ((mi_row * MI_SIZE) >> pd->subsampling_y) + 4 * ir;
  const WarpedMotionParams *const wm = &xd->global_motion[other_ref];
  int is_global = is_global_mv_block(xd->mi[0], wm->wmtype);

  // This function should only ever be called for compound modes
  assert(has_second_ref(mbmi));

  const int plane = 0;
  struct buf_2d ref_yv12 = xd->plane[plane].pre[!ref_idx];

  struct scale_factors sf;
  av1_setup_scale_factors_for_frame(&sf, ref_yv12.width, ref_yv12.height,
                                    cm->width, cm->height);

  ConvolveParams conv_params = get_conv_params(0, plane, xd->bd);
  WarpTypesAllowed warp_types;
  warp_types.global_warp_allowed = is_global;
  warp_types.local_warp_allowed = mbmi->motion_mode == WARPED_CAUSAL;

  // Get the prediction block from the 'other' reference frame.
  av1_build_inter_predictor(ref_yv12.buf, ref_yv12.stride, second_pred, pw,
                            other_mv, &sf, pw, ph, &conv_params,
                            mbmi->interp_filters, &warp_types, p_col, p_row,
                            plane, !ref_idx, MV_PRECISION_Q3, mi_col * MI_SIZE,
                            mi_row * MI_SIZE, xd, cm->allow_warped_motion);

  av1_dist_wtd_comp_weight_assign(cm, mbmi, 0, &xd->jcp_param.fwd_offset,
                                  &xd->jcp_param.bck_offset,
                                  &xd->jcp_param.use_dist_wtd_comp_avg, 1);
}

// Search for the best mv for one component of a compound,
// given that the other component is fixed.
static void compound_single_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                          BLOCK_SIZE bsize, MV *this_mv,
                                          int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                          const uint8_t *second_pred,
                                          const uint8_t *mask, int mask_stride,
                                          int *rate_mv, int ref_idx) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const int pw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int ph = block_size_high[bsize];
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int ref = mbmi->ref_frame[ref_idx];
  const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, ref_idx);
  struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[0];

  struct buf_2d backup_yv12[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *const scaled_ref_frame =
      av1_get_scaled_ref_frame(cpi, ref);

  // Check that this is either an interinter or an interintra block
  assert(has_second_ref(mbmi) || (ref_idx == 0 && is_interintra_mode(mbmi)));

  // Store the first prediction buffer.
  struct buf_2d orig_yv12;
  if (ref_idx) {
    orig_yv12 = pd->pre[0];
    pd->pre[0] = pd->pre[ref_idx];
  }

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    int i;
    // Swap out the reference frame for a version that's been scaled to
    // match the resolution of the current frame, allowing the existing
    // full-pixel motion search code to be used without additional
    // modifications.
    for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) backup_yv12[i] = xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx];
    av1_setup_pre_planes(xd, ref_idx, scaled_ref_frame, mi_row, mi_col, NULL,
                         num_planes);
  }

  int bestsme = INT_MAX;
  int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
  MV *const best_mv = &x->best_mv.as_mv;
  int search_range = SEARCH_RANGE_8P;

  MvLimits tmp_mv_limits = x->mv_limits;

  // Do compound motion search on the current reference frame.
  av1_set_mv_search_range(&x->mv_limits, &ref_mv.as_mv);

  // Use the mv result from the single mode as mv predictor.
  *best_mv = *this_mv;

  best_mv->col >>= 3;
  best_mv->row >>= 3;

  // Small-range full-pixel motion search.
  bestsme = av1_refining_search_8p_c(x, sadpb, search_range,
                                     &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], mask, mask_stride,
                                     ref_idx, &ref_mv.as_mv, second_pred);
  if (bestsme < INT_MAX) {
    if (mask)
      bestsme =
          av1_get_mvpred_mask_var(x, best_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, second_pred, mask,
                                  mask_stride, ref_idx, &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 1);
    else
      bestsme = av1_get_mvpred_av_var(x, best_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, second_pred,
                                      &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 1);
  }

  x->mv_limits = tmp_mv_limits;

  if (scaled_ref_frame) {
    // Swap back the original buffers for subpel motion search.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[ref_idx] = backup_yv12[i];
    }
  }

  if (cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv) {
    x->best_mv.as_mv.row *= 8;
    x->best_mv.as_mv.col *= 8;
  }
  const int use_fractional_mv =
      bestsme < INT_MAX && cpi->common.cur_frame_force_integer_mv == 0;
  if (use_fractional_mv) {
    int dis; /* TODO: use dis in distortion calculation later. */
    unsigned int sse;
    bestsme = cpi->find_fractional_mv_step(
        x, cm, mi_row, mi_col, &ref_mv.as_mv,
        cpi->common.allow_high_precision_mv, x->errorperbit,
        &cpi->fn_ptr[bsize], 0, cpi->sf.mv.subpel_iters_per_step, NULL,
        x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack, &dis, &sse, second_pred, mask,
        mask_stride, ref_idx, pw, ph, cpi->sf.use_accurate_subpel_search, 1);
  }

  // Restore the pointer to the first unscaled prediction buffer.
  if (ref_idx) pd->pre[0] = orig_yv12;

  if (bestsme < INT_MAX) *this_mv = *best_mv;

  *rate_mv = 0;

  *rate_mv += av1_mv_bit_cost(this_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                              x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
}

// Wrapper for compound_single_motion_search, for the common case
// where the second prediction is also an inter mode.
static void compound_single_motion_search_interinter(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int_mv *cur_mv,
    int mi_row, int mi_col, const uint8_t *mask, int mask_stride, int *rate_mv,
    const int block, int ref_idx) {
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  // This function should only ever be called for compound modes
  assert(has_second_ref(xd->mi[0]));

  // Prediction buffer from second frame.
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint16_t, second_pred_alloc_16[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *second_pred;
  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
    second_pred = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(second_pred_alloc_16);
  else
    second_pred = (uint8_t *)second_pred_alloc_16;

  MV *this_mv = &cur_mv[ref_idx].as_mv;
  const MV *other_mv = &cur_mv[!ref_idx].as_mv;

  build_second_inter_pred(cpi, x, bsize, other_mv, mi_row, mi_col, block,
                          ref_idx, second_pred);

  compound_single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, this_mv, mi_row, mi_col,
                                second_pred, mask, mask_stride, rate_mv,
                                ref_idx);
}

static void do_masked_motion_search_indexed(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, const int_mv *const cur_mv,
    const INTERINTER_COMPOUND_DATA *const comp_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
    int mi_row, int mi_col, int_mv *tmp_mv, int *rate_mv, int which) {
  // NOTE: which values: 0 - 0 only, 1 - 1 only, 2 - both
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  BLOCK_SIZE sb_type = mbmi->sb_type;
  const uint8_t *mask;
  const int mask_stride = block_size_wide[bsize];

  mask = av1_get_compound_type_mask(comp_data, sb_type);

  tmp_mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
  tmp_mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
  if (which == 0 || which == 1) {
    compound_single_motion_search_interinter(cpi, x, bsize, tmp_mv, mi_row,
                                             mi_col, mask, mask_stride, rate_mv,
                                             0, which);
  } else if (which == 2) {
    joint_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, tmp_mv, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, mask,
                        mask_stride, rate_mv, 0);
  }
}

#define USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST 0
#if USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST
// In some situations we want to discount the apparent cost of a new motion
// vector. Where there is a subtle motion field and especially where there is
// low spatial complexity then it can be hard to cover the cost of a new motion
// vector in a single block, even if that motion vector reduces distortion.
// However, once established that vector may be usable through the nearest and
// near mv modes to reduce distortion in subsequent blocks and also improve
// visual quality.
#define NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR 8
static INLINE void get_this_mv(int_mv *this_mv, PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                               int ref_idx, int ref_mv_idx,
                               const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame,
                               const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *mbmi_ext);
static int discount_newmv_test(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                               PREDICTION_MODE this_mode, int_mv this_mv) {
  if (this_mode == NEWMV && this_mv.as_int != 0 &&
      !cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
    // Only discount new_mv when nearst_mv and all near_mv are zero, and the
    // new_mv is not equal to global_mv
    const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
    const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
    const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME tmp_ref_frames[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                                                   NONE_FRAME };
    const uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(tmp_ref_frames);
    int_mv nearest_mv;
    get_this_mv(&nearest_mv, NEARESTMV, 0, 0, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);
    int ret = nearest_mv.as_int == 0;
    for (int ref_mv_idx = 0;
         ref_mv_idx < x->mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type]; ++ref_mv_idx) {
      int_mv near_mv;
      get_this_mv(&near_mv, NEARMV, 0, ref_mv_idx, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);
      ret &= near_mv.as_int == 0;
    }
    if (cm->global_motion[tmp_ref_frames[0]].wmtype <= TRANSLATION) {
      int_mv global_mv;
      get_this_mv(&global_mv, GLOBALMV, 0, 0, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);
      ret &= global_mv.as_int != this_mv.as_int;
    }
    return ret;
  }
  return 0;
}
#endif

#define LEFT_TOP_MARGIN ((AOM_BORDER_IN_PIXELS - AOM_INTERP_EXTEND) << 3)
#define RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN ((AOM_BORDER_IN_PIXELS - AOM_INTERP_EXTEND) << 3)

// TODO(jingning): this mv clamping function should be block size dependent.
static INLINE void clamp_mv2(MV *mv, const MACROBLOCKD *xd) {
  clamp_mv(mv, xd->mb_to_left_edge - LEFT_TOP_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_right_edge + RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_top_edge - LEFT_TOP_MARGIN,
           xd->mb_to_bottom_edge + RIGHT_BOTTOM_MARGIN);
}

static int estimate_wedge_sign(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                               const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const uint8_t *pred0,
                               int stride0, const uint8_t *pred1, int stride1) {
  static const BLOCK_SIZE split_qtr[BLOCK_SIZES_ALL] = {
    //                            4X4
    BLOCK_INVALID,
    // 4X8,        8X4,           8X8
    BLOCK_INVALID, BLOCK_INVALID, BLOCK_4X4,
    // 8X16,       16X8,          16X16
    BLOCK_4X8, BLOCK_8X4, BLOCK_8X8,
    // 16X32,      32X16,         32X32
    BLOCK_8X16, BLOCK_16X8, BLOCK_16X16,
    // 32X64,      64X32,         64X64
    BLOCK_16X32, BLOCK_32X16, BLOCK_32X32,
    // 64x128,     128x64,        128x128
    BLOCK_32X64, BLOCK_64X32, BLOCK_64X64,
    // 4X16,       16X4,          8X32
    BLOCK_INVALID, BLOCK_INVALID, BLOCK_4X16,
    // 32X8,       16X64,         64X16
    BLOCK_16X4, BLOCK_8X32, BLOCK_32X8
  };
  const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[0];
  const uint8_t *src = p->src.buf;
  int src_stride = p->src.stride;
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  uint32_t esq[2][4];
  int64_t tl, br;

  const BLOCK_SIZE f_index = split_qtr[bsize];
  assert(f_index != BLOCK_INVALID);

  if (x->e_mbd.cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    pred0 = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(pred0);
    pred1 = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(pred1);
  }

  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, pred0, stride0, &esq[0][0]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, pred0 + bw / 2, stride0,
                          &esq[0][1]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride, src_stride,
                          pred0 + bh / 2 * stride0, stride0, &esq[0][2]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride + bw / 2, src_stride,
                          pred0 + bh / 2 * stride0 + bw / 2, stride0,
                          &esq[0][3]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src, src_stride, pred1, stride1, &esq[1][0]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bw / 2, src_stride, pred1 + bw / 2, stride1,
                          &esq[1][1]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride, src_stride,
                          pred1 + bh / 2 * stride1, stride0, &esq[1][2]);
  cpi->fn_ptr[f_index].vf(src + bh / 2 * src_stride + bw / 2, src_stride,
                          pred1 + bh / 2 * stride1 + bw / 2, stride0,
                          &esq[1][3]);

  tl = ((int64_t)esq[0][0] + esq[0][1] + esq[0][2]) -
       ((int64_t)esq[1][0] + esq[1][1] + esq[1][2]);
  br = ((int64_t)esq[1][3] + esq[1][1] + esq[1][2]) -
       ((int64_t)esq[0][3] + esq[0][1] + esq[0][2]);
  return (tl + br > 0);
}

// Choose the best wedge index and sign
static int64_t pick_wedge(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                          const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const uint8_t *const p0,
                          const int16_t *const residual1,
                          const int16_t *const diff10,
                          int *const best_wedge_sign,
                          int *const best_wedge_index) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const struct buf_2d *const src = &x->plane[0].src;
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int N = bw * bh;
  assert(N >= 64);
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  int64_t rd, best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int wedge_index;
  int wedge_sign;
  int wedge_types = (1 << get_wedge_bits_lookup(bsize));
  const uint8_t *mask;
  uint64_t sse;
  const int hbd = xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH;
  const int bd_round = hbd ? (xd->bd - 8) * 2 : 0;

  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, residual0[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);  // src - pred0
  if (hbd) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual0, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw, xd->bd);
  } else {
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual0, bw, src->buf, src->stride, p0, bw);
  }

  int64_t sign_limit = ((int64_t)aom_sum_squares_i16(residual0, N) -
                        (int64_t)aom_sum_squares_i16(residual1, N)) *
                       (1 << WEDGE_WEIGHT_BITS) / 2;
  int16_t *ds = residual0;

  av1_wedge_compute_delta_squares(ds, residual0, residual1, N);

  for (wedge_index = 0; wedge_index < wedge_types; ++wedge_index) {
    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, 0, bsize);

    wedge_sign = av1_wedge_sign_from_residuals(ds, mask, N, sign_limit);

    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, wedge_sign, bsize);
    sse = av1_wedge_sse_from_residuals(residual1, diff10, mask, N);
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, bd_round);

    model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND](cpi, x, bsize, 0, sse, N,
                                                  &rate, &dist);
    // int rate2;
    // int64_t dist2;
    // model_rd_with_curvfit(cpi, x, bsize, 0, sse, N, &rate2, &dist2);
    // printf("sse %"PRId64": leagacy: %d %"PRId64", curvfit %d %"PRId64"\n",
    // sse, rate, dist, rate2, dist2); dist = dist2;
    // rate = rate2;

    rate += x->wedge_idx_cost[bsize][wedge_index];
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate, dist);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      *best_wedge_index = wedge_index;
      *best_wedge_sign = wedge_sign;
      best_rd = rd;
    }
  }

  return best_rd -
         RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->wedge_idx_cost[bsize][*best_wedge_index], 0);
}

// Choose the best wedge index the specified sign
static int64_t pick_wedge_fixed_sign(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                     const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                     const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                     const int16_t *const residual1,
                                     const int16_t *const diff10,
                                     const int wedge_sign,
                                     int *const best_wedge_index) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int N = bw * bh;
  assert(N >= 64);
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  int64_t rd, best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int wedge_index;
  int wedge_types = (1 << get_wedge_bits_lookup(bsize));
  const uint8_t *mask;
  uint64_t sse;
  const int hbd = xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH;
  const int bd_round = hbd ? (xd->bd - 8) * 2 : 0;
  for (wedge_index = 0; wedge_index < wedge_types; ++wedge_index) {
    mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(wedge_index, wedge_sign, bsize);
    sse = av1_wedge_sse_from_residuals(residual1, diff10, mask, N);
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, bd_round);

    model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND](cpi, x, bsize, 0, sse, N,
                                                  &rate, &dist);
    rate += x->wedge_idx_cost[bsize][wedge_index];
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate, dist);

    if (rd < best_rd) {
      *best_wedge_index = wedge_index;
      best_rd = rd;
    }
  }
  return best_rd -
         RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->wedge_idx_cost[bsize][*best_wedge_index], 0);
}

static int64_t pick_interinter_wedge(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x, const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
    const uint8_t *const p0, const uint8_t *const p1,
    const int16_t *const residual1, const int16_t *const diff10) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];

  int64_t rd;
  int wedge_index = -1;
  int wedge_sign = 0;

  assert(is_interinter_compound_used(COMPOUND_WEDGE, bsize));
  assert(cpi->common.seq_params.enable_masked_compound);

  if (cpi->sf.fast_wedge_sign_estimate) {
    wedge_sign = estimate_wedge_sign(cpi, x, bsize, p0, bw, p1, bw);
    rd = pick_wedge_fixed_sign(cpi, x, bsize, residual1, diff10, wedge_sign,
                               &wedge_index);
  } else {
    rd = pick_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, p0, residual1, diff10, &wedge_sign,
                    &wedge_index);
  }

  mbmi->interinter_comp.wedge_sign = wedge_sign;
  mbmi->interinter_comp.wedge_index = wedge_index;
  return rd;
}

static int64_t pick_interinter_seg(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                   MACROBLOCK *const x, const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                   const uint8_t *const p0,
                                   const uint8_t *const p1,
                                   const int16_t *const residual1,
                                   const int16_t *const diff10) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int N = 1 << num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize];
  int rate;
  int64_t dist;
  DIFFWTD_MASK_TYPE cur_mask_type;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  DIFFWTD_MASK_TYPE best_mask_type = 0;
  const int hbd = xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH;
  const int bd_round = hbd ? (xd->bd - 8) * 2 : 0;
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, seg_mask[2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *tmp_mask[2] = { xd->seg_mask, seg_mask };
  // try each mask type and its inverse
  for (cur_mask_type = 0; cur_mask_type < DIFFWTD_MASK_TYPES; cur_mask_type++) {
    // build mask and inverse
    if (hbd)
      av1_build_compound_diffwtd_mask_highbd(
          tmp_mask[cur_mask_type], cur_mask_type, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw,
          CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw, bh, bw, xd->bd);
    else
      av1_build_compound_diffwtd_mask(tmp_mask[cur_mask_type], cur_mask_type,
                                      p0, bw, p1, bw, bh, bw);

    // compute rd for mask
    uint64_t sse = av1_wedge_sse_from_residuals(residual1, diff10,
                                                tmp_mask[cur_mask_type], N);
    sse = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, bd_round);

    model_rd_sse_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND](cpi, x, bsize, 0, sse, N,
                                                  &rate, &dist);
    const int64_t rd0 = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate, dist);

    if (rd0 < best_rd) {
      best_mask_type = cur_mask_type;
      best_rd = rd0;
    }
  }
  mbmi->interinter_comp.mask_type = best_mask_type;
  if (best_mask_type == DIFFWTD_38_INV) {
    memcpy(xd->seg_mask, seg_mask, N * 2);
  }
  return best_rd;
}

static int64_t pick_interintra_wedge(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                     const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                     const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                     const uint8_t *const p0,
                                     const uint8_t *const p1) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize));
  assert(cpi->common.seq_params.enable_interintra_compound);

  const struct buf_2d *const src = &x->plane[0].src;
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, residual1[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);  // src - pred1
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(32, int16_t, diff10[MAX_SB_SQUARE]);     // pred1 - pred0
  if (get_bitdepth_data_path_index(xd)) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual1, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw, xd->bd);
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, diff10, bw, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p1), bw,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(p0), bw, xd->bd);
  } else {
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual1, bw, src->buf, src->stride, p1, bw);
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, diff10, bw, p1, bw, p0, bw);
  }
  int wedge_index = -1;
  int64_t rd =
      pick_wedge_fixed_sign(cpi, x, bsize, residual1, diff10, 0, &wedge_index);

  mbmi->interintra_wedge_sign = 0;
  mbmi->interintra_wedge_index = wedge_index;
  return rd;
}

static int64_t pick_interinter_mask(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                    const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                    const uint8_t *const p0,
                                    const uint8_t *const p1,
                                    const int16_t *const residual1,
                                    const int16_t *const diff10) {
  const COMPOUND_TYPE compound_type = x->e_mbd.mi[0]->interinter_comp.type;
  switch (compound_type) {
    case COMPOUND_WEDGE:
      return pick_interinter_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, p0, p1, residual1, diff10);
    case COMPOUND_DIFFWTD:
      return pick_interinter_seg(cpi, x, bsize, p0, p1, residual1, diff10);
    default: assert(0); return 0;
  }
}

static int interinter_compound_motion_search(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                             MACROBLOCK *x,
                                             const int_mv *const cur_mv,
                                             const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                             const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                                             int mi_row, int mi_col) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int_mv tmp_mv[2];
  int tmp_rate_mv = 0;
  mbmi->interinter_comp.seg_mask = xd->seg_mask;
  const INTERINTER_COMPOUND_DATA *compound_data = &mbmi->interinter_comp;

  if (this_mode == NEW_NEWMV) {
    do_masked_motion_search_indexed(cpi, x, cur_mv, compound_data, bsize,
                                    mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, &tmp_rate_mv, 2);
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv[0].as_int;
    mbmi->mv[1].as_int = tmp_mv[1].as_int;
  } else if (this_mode == NEW_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEW_NEARMV) {
    do_masked_motion_search_indexed(cpi, x, cur_mv, compound_data, bsize,
                                    mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, &tmp_rate_mv, 0);
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv[0].as_int;
  } else if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEWMV) {
    do_masked_motion_search_indexed(cpi, x, cur_mv, compound_data, bsize,
                                    mi_row, mi_col, tmp_mv, &tmp_rate_mv, 1);
    mbmi->mv[1].as_int = tmp_mv[1].as_int;
  }
  return tmp_rate_mv;
}

static void get_inter_predictors_masked_compound(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, const BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
    int mi_row, int mi_col, uint8_t **preds0, uint8_t **preds1,
    int16_t *residual1, int16_t *diff10, int *strides) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
  int can_use_previous = cm->allow_warped_motion;
  // get inter predictors to use for masked compound modes
  av1_build_inter_predictors_for_planes_single_buf(
      xd, bsize, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, 0, preds0, strides, can_use_previous);
  av1_build_inter_predictors_for_planes_single_buf(
      xd, bsize, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, 1, preds1, strides, can_use_previous);
  const struct buf_2d *const src = &x->plane[0].src;
  if (get_bitdepth_data_path_index(xd)) {
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual1, bw, src->buf, src->stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(*preds1), bw, xd->bd);
    aom_highbd_subtract_block(bh, bw, diff10, bw, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(*preds1),
                              bw, CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(*preds0), bw, xd->bd);
  } else {
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, residual1, bw, src->buf, src->stride, *preds1,
                       bw);
    aom_subtract_block(bh, bw, diff10, bw, *preds1, bw, *preds0, bw);
  }
}

static int64_t build_and_cost_compound_type(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, const int_mv *const cur_mv,
    const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode, int *rs2,
    int rate_mv, BUFFER_SET *ctx, int *out_rate_mv, uint8_t **preds0,
    uint8_t **preds1, int16_t *residual1, int16_t *diff10, int *strides,
    int mi_row, int mi_col, int mode_rate, int64_t ref_best_rd,
    int *calc_pred_masked_compound, int32_t *comp_rate, int64_t *comp_dist) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int rate_sum;
  int64_t dist_sum;
  int64_t best_rd_cur = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  int tmp_skip_txfm_sb;
  int64_t tmp_skip_sse_sb;
  const COMPOUND_TYPE compound_type = mbmi->interinter_comp.type;

  // TODO(any): Save pred and mask calculation as well into records. However
  // this may increase memory requirements as compound segment mask needs to be
  // stored in each record.
  if (*calc_pred_masked_compound) {
    get_inter_predictors_masked_compound(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, preds0,
                                         preds1, residual1, diff10, strides);
    *calc_pred_masked_compound = 0;
  }
  if (cpi->sf.prune_wedge_pred_diff_based && compound_type == COMPOUND_WEDGE) {
    unsigned int sse;
    if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH)
      (void)cpi->fn_ptr[bsize].vf(CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(*preds0), *strides,
                                  CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(*preds1), *strides, &sse);
    else
      (void)cpi->fn_ptr[bsize].vf(*preds0, *strides, *preds1, *strides, &sse);
    const unsigned int mse =
        ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(sse, num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize]);
    // If two predictors are very similar, skip wedge compound mode search
    if (mse < 8 || (!have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode) && mse < 64))
      return INT64_MAX;
  }

  best_rd_cur =
      pick_interinter_mask(cpi, x, bsize, *preds0, *preds1, residual1, diff10);
  *rs2 += get_interinter_compound_mask_rate(x, mbmi);
  best_rd_cur += RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rs2 + rate_mv, 0);

  // Although the true rate_mv might be different after motion search, but it
  // is unlikely to be the best mode considering the transform rd cost and other
  // mode overhead cost
  int64_t mode_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rs2 + mode_rate, 0);
  if (mode_rd > ref_best_rd) return INT64_MAX;

  // Reuse data if matching record is found
  if (comp_rate[compound_type] == INT_MAX) {
    if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode) &&
        compound_type == COMPOUND_WEDGE &&
        !cpi->sf.disable_interinter_wedge_newmv_search) {
      *out_rate_mv = interinter_compound_motion_search(
          cpi, x, cur_mv, bsize, this_mode, mi_row, mi_col);
      av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, ctx, bsize);
      model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND](
          cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
          &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rs2 + *out_rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
      if (rd >= best_rd_cur) {
        mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
        mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
        *out_rate_mv = rate_mv;
        av1_build_wedge_inter_predictor_from_buf(xd, bsize, 0, 0, preds0,
                                                 strides, preds1, strides);
      }

    } else {
      *out_rate_mv = rate_mv;
      av1_build_wedge_inter_predictor_from_buf(xd, bsize, 0, 0, preds0, strides,
                                               preds1, strides);
    }

    rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                             &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
    if (rd != INT64_MAX) {
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rs2 + *out_rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
      // Backup rate and distortion for future reuse
      comp_rate[compound_type] = rate_sum;
      comp_dist[compound_type] = dist_sum;
    }
  } else {
    assert(comp_dist[compound_type] != INT64_MAX);
    // Rate is populated assuming no refinement is done=> not NEWMV case
    assert(!have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode));
    *out_rate_mv = rate_mv;
    // Calculate RD cost based on stored stats
    rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rs2 + *out_rate_mv + comp_rate[compound_type],
                comp_dist[compound_type]);
  }
  return rd;
}

typedef struct {
  // OBMC secondary prediction buffers and respective strides
  uint8_t *above_pred_buf[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int above_pred_stride[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  uint8_t *left_pred_buf[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int left_pred_stride[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  int_mv (*single_newmv)[REF_FRAMES];
  // Pointer to array of motion vectors to use for each ref and their rates
  // Should point to first of 2 arrays in 2D array
  int (*single_newmv_rate)[REF_FRAMES];
  int (*single_newmv_valid)[REF_FRAMES];
  // Pointer to array of predicted rate-distortion
  // Should point to first of 2 arrays in 2D array
  int64_t (*modelled_rd)[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  InterpFilter single_filter[MB_MODE_COUNT][REF_FRAMES];
  int ref_frame_cost;
  int single_comp_cost;
  int64_t (*simple_rd)[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH][REF_FRAMES];
  int skip_motion_mode;
  INTERINTRA_MODE *inter_intra_mode;
  int single_ref_first_pass;
  SimpleRDState *simple_rd_state;
} HandleInterModeArgs;

/* If the current mode shares the same mv with other modes with higher cost,
 * skip this mode. */
static int skip_repeated_mv(const AV1_COMMON *const cm,
                            const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                            PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                            const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frames[2],
                            InterModeSearchState *search_state) {
  const int is_comp_pred = ref_frames[1] > INTRA_FRAME;
  const uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(ref_frames);
  const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const int ref_mv_count = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type];
  PREDICTION_MODE compare_mode = MB_MODE_COUNT;
  if (!is_comp_pred) {
    if (this_mode == NEARMV) {
      if (ref_mv_count == 0) {
        // NEARMV has the same motion vector as NEARESTMV
        compare_mode = NEARESTMV;
      }
      if (ref_mv_count == 1 &&
          cm->global_motion[ref_frames[0]].wmtype <= TRANSLATION) {
        // NEARMV has the same motion vector as GLOBALMV
        compare_mode = GLOBALMV;
      }
    }
    if (this_mode == GLOBALMV) {
      if (ref_mv_count == 0 &&
          cm->global_motion[ref_frames[0]].wmtype <= TRANSLATION) {
        // GLOBALMV has the same motion vector as NEARESTMV
        compare_mode = NEARESTMV;
      }
      if (ref_mv_count == 1) {
        // GLOBALMV has the same motion vector as NEARMV
        compare_mode = NEARMV;
      }
    }

    if (compare_mode != MB_MODE_COUNT) {
      // Use modelled_rd to check whether compare mode was searched
      if (search_state->modelled_rd[compare_mode][0][ref_frames[0]] !=
          INT64_MAX) {
        const int16_t mode_ctx =
            av1_mode_context_analyzer(mbmi_ext->mode_context, ref_frames);
        const int compare_cost = cost_mv_ref(x, compare_mode, mode_ctx);
        const int this_cost = cost_mv_ref(x, this_mode, mode_ctx);

        // Only skip if the mode cost is larger than compare mode cost
        if (this_cost > compare_cost) {
          search_state->modelled_rd[this_mode][0][ref_frames[0]] =
              search_state->modelled_rd[compare_mode][0][ref_frames[0]];
          return 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

static INLINE int clamp_and_check_mv(int_mv *out_mv, int_mv in_mv,
                                     const AV1_COMMON *cm,
                                     const MACROBLOCK *x) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  *out_mv = in_mv;
  lower_mv_precision(&out_mv->as_mv, cm->allow_high_precision_mv,
                     cm->cur_frame_force_integer_mv);
  clamp_mv2(&out_mv->as_mv, xd);
  return !mv_check_bounds(&x->mv_limits, &out_mv->as_mv);
}

static int64_t handle_newmv(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                            const BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int_mv *cur_mv,
                            const int mi_row, const int mi_col,
                            int *const rate_mv,
                            HandleInterModeArgs *const args) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  const int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                        mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1] };
  const int ref_mv_idx = mbmi->ref_mv_idx;
  int i;

  (void)args;

  if (is_comp_pred) {
    if (this_mode == NEW_NEWMV) {
      cur_mv[0].as_int = args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][refs[0]].as_int;
      cur_mv[1].as_int = args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][refs[1]].as_int;

      if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
        joint_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, cur_mv, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, NULL,
                            0, rate_mv, 0);
      } else {
        *rate_mv = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
          const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, i);
          *rate_mv +=
              av1_mv_bit_cost(&cur_mv[i].as_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                              x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
        }
      }
    } else if (this_mode == NEAREST_NEWMV || this_mode == NEAR_NEWMV) {
      cur_mv[1].as_int = args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][refs[1]].as_int;
      if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
        compound_single_motion_search_interinter(
            cpi, x, bsize, cur_mv, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, 0, rate_mv, 0, 1);
      } else {
        const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, 1);
        *rate_mv =
            av1_mv_bit_cost(&cur_mv[1].as_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                            x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
      }
    } else {
      assert(this_mode == NEW_NEARESTMV || this_mode == NEW_NEARMV);
      cur_mv[0].as_int = args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][refs[0]].as_int;
      if (cpi->sf.comp_inter_joint_search_thresh <= bsize) {
        compound_single_motion_search_interinter(
            cpi, x, bsize, cur_mv, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, 0, rate_mv, 0, 0);
      } else {
        const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, 0);
        *rate_mv =
            av1_mv_bit_cost(&cur_mv[0].as_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                            x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
      }
    }
  } else {
    single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, 0, rate_mv);
    if (x->best_mv.as_int == INVALID_MV) return INT64_MAX;

    args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] = x->best_mv;
    args->single_newmv_rate[ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] = *rate_mv;
    args->single_newmv_valid[ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] = 1;

    cur_mv[0].as_int = x->best_mv.as_int;

#if USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST
    // Estimate the rate implications of a new mv but discount this
    // under certain circumstances where we want to help initiate a weak
    // motion field, where the distortion gain for a single block may not
    // be enough to overcome the cost of a new mv.
    if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, x, this_mode, x->best_mv)) {
      *rate_mv = AOMMAX(*rate_mv / NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR, 1);
    }
#endif
  }

  return 0;
}

static INLINE void swap_dst_buf(MACROBLOCKD *xd, const BUFFER_SET *dst_bufs[2],
                                int num_planes) {
  const BUFFER_SET *buf0 = dst_bufs[0];
  dst_bufs[0] = dst_bufs[1];
  dst_bufs[1] = buf0;
  restore_dst_buf(xd, *dst_bufs[0], num_planes);
}

static INLINE int get_switchable_rate(MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                      const InterpFilters filters,
                                      const int ctx[2]) {
  int inter_filter_cost;
  const InterpFilter filter0 = av1_extract_interp_filter(filters, 0);
  const InterpFilter filter1 = av1_extract_interp_filter(filters, 1);
  inter_filter_cost = x->switchable_interp_costs[ctx[0]][filter0];
  inter_filter_cost += x->switchable_interp_costs[ctx[1]][filter1];
  return SWITCHABLE_INTERP_RATE_FACTOR * inter_filter_cost;
}

// calculate the rdcost of given interpolation_filter
static INLINE int64_t interpolation_filter_rd(
    MACROBLOCK *const x, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
    const TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    BUFFER_SET *const orig_dst, int64_t *const rd, int *const switchable_rate,
    int *const skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *const skip_sse_sb,
    const BUFFER_SET *dst_bufs[2], int filter_idx, const int switchable_ctx[2],
    const int skip_pred, int *rate, int64_t *dist) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  int tmp_rate[2], tmp_skip_sb[2] = { 1, 1 };
  int64_t tmp_dist[2], tmp_skip_sse[2] = { 0, 0 };

  const InterpFilters last_best = mbmi->interp_filters;
  mbmi->interp_filters = filter_sets[filter_idx];
  const int tmp_rs =
      get_switchable_rate(x, mbmi->interp_filters, switchable_ctx);

  int64_t min_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rs, 0);
  if (min_rd > *rd) {
    mbmi->interp_filters = last_best;
    return 0;
  }

  (void)tile_data;

  assert(skip_pred != 2);
  assert((skip_pred >= 0) && (skip_pred <= cpi->default_interp_skip_flags));
  assert(rate[0] >= 0);
  assert(dist[0] >= 0);
  assert((skip_txfm_sb[0] == 0) || (skip_txfm_sb[0] == 1));
  assert(skip_sse_sb[0] >= 0);
  assert(rate[1] >= 0);
  assert(dist[1] >= 0);
  assert((skip_txfm_sb[1] == 0) || (skip_txfm_sb[1] == 1));
  assert(skip_sse_sb[1] >= 0);

  if (skip_pred != cpi->default_interp_skip_flags) {
    if (skip_pred != DEFAULT_LUMA_INTERP_SKIP_FLAG) {
      av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 3
      RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
      select_tx_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, INT64_MAX);
      PrintPredictionUnitStats(cpi, tile_data, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 3
      model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERP_FILTER](
          cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_rate[0], &tmp_dist[0],
          &tmp_skip_sb[0], &tmp_skip_sse[0], NULL, NULL, NULL);
      tmp_rate[1] = tmp_rate[0];
      tmp_dist[1] = tmp_dist[0];
    } else {
      // only luma MC is skipped
      tmp_rate[1] = rate[0];
      tmp_dist[1] = dist[0];
    }
    if (num_planes > 1) {
      for (int plane = 1; plane < num_planes; ++plane) {
        int tmp_rate_uv, tmp_skip_sb_uv;
        int64_t tmp_dist_uv, tmp_skip_sse_uv;
        int64_t tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rs + tmp_rate[1], tmp_dist[1]);
        if (tmp_rd >= *rd) {
          mbmi->interp_filters = last_best;
          return 0;
        }
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sbp(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize,
                                       plane);
        model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERP_FILTER](
            cpi, bsize, x, xd, plane, plane, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_rate_uv,
            &tmp_dist_uv, &tmp_skip_sb_uv, &tmp_skip_sse_uv, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        tmp_rate[1] =
            (int)AOMMIN(((int64_t)tmp_rate[1] + (int64_t)tmp_rate_uv), INT_MAX);
        tmp_dist[1] += tmp_dist_uv;
        tmp_skip_sb[1] &= tmp_skip_sb_uv;
        tmp_skip_sse[1] += tmp_skip_sse_uv;
      }
    }
  } else {
    // both luma and chroma MC is skipped
    tmp_rate[1] = rate[1];
    tmp_dist[1] = dist[1];
  }
  int64_t tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rs + tmp_rate[1], tmp_dist[1]);

  if (tmp_rd < *rd) {
    *rd = tmp_rd;
    *switchable_rate = tmp_rs;
    if (skip_pred != cpi->default_interp_skip_flags) {
      if (skip_pred == 0) {
        // Overwrite the data as current filter is the best one
        tmp_skip_sb[1] = tmp_skip_sb[0] & tmp_skip_sb[1];
        tmp_skip_sse[1] = tmp_skip_sse[0] + tmp_skip_sse[1];
        memcpy(rate, tmp_rate, sizeof(*rate) * 2);
        memcpy(dist, tmp_dist, sizeof(*dist) * 2);
        memcpy(skip_txfm_sb, tmp_skip_sb, sizeof(*skip_txfm_sb) * 2);
        memcpy(skip_sse_sb, tmp_skip_sse, sizeof(*skip_sse_sb) * 2);
        // As luma MC data is computed, no need to recompute after the search
        x->recalc_luma_mc_data = 0;
      } else if (skip_pred == DEFAULT_LUMA_INTERP_SKIP_FLAG) {
        // As luma MC data is not computed, update of luma data can be skipped
        rate[1] = tmp_rate[1];
        dist[1] = tmp_dist[1];
        skip_txfm_sb[1] = skip_txfm_sb[0] & tmp_skip_sb[1];
        skip_sse_sb[1] = skip_sse_sb[0] + tmp_skip_sse[1];
        // As luma MC data is not recomputed and current filter is the best,
        // indicate the possibility of recomputing MC data
        // If current buffer contains valid MC data, toggle to indicate that
        // luma MC data needs to be recomputed
        x->recalc_luma_mc_data ^= 1;
      }
      swap_dst_buf(xd, dst_bufs, num_planes);
    }
    return 1;
  }
  mbmi->interp_filters = last_best;
  return 0;
}

static INLINE void pred_dual_interp_filter_rd(
    MACROBLOCK *const x, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
    const TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    BUFFER_SET *const orig_dst, int64_t *const rd, int *const switchable_rate,
    int *const skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *const skip_sse_sb,
    const BUFFER_SET *dst_bufs[2], InterpFilters filter_idx,
    const int switchable_ctx[2], const int skip_pred, int *rate, int64_t *dist,
    InterpFilters af_horiz, InterpFilters af_vert, InterpFilters lf_horiz,
    InterpFilters lf_vert) {
  if ((af_horiz == lf_horiz) && (af_horiz != SWITCHABLE)) {
    if (((af_vert == lf_vert) && (af_vert != SWITCHABLE))) {
      filter_idx = af_horiz + (af_vert * SWITCHABLE_FILTERS);
      if (filter_idx) {
        interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, skip_txfm_sb,
                                skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, filter_idx,
                                switchable_ctx, skip_pred, rate, dist);
      }
    } else {
      for (filter_idx = af_horiz; filter_idx < (DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE);
           filter_idx += SWITCHABLE_FILTERS) {
        if (filter_idx) {
          interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                  orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, skip_txfm_sb,
                                  skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, filter_idx,
                                  switchable_ctx, skip_pred, rate, dist);
        }
      }
    }
  } else if ((af_vert == lf_vert) && (af_vert != SWITCHABLE)) {
    for (filter_idx = (af_vert * SWITCHABLE_FILTERS);
         filter_idx <= ((af_vert * SWITCHABLE_FILTERS) + 2); filter_idx += 1) {
      if (filter_idx) {
        interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, skip_txfm_sb,
                                skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, filter_idx,
                                switchable_ctx, skip_pred, rate, dist);
      }
    }
  }
}

// Find the best interp filter if dual_interp_filter = 0
static INLINE void find_best_non_dual_interp_filter(
    MACROBLOCK *const x, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
    const TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    BUFFER_SET *const orig_dst, int64_t *const rd, int *const switchable_rate,
    int *const skip_txfm_sb, int64_t *const skip_sse_sb,
    const BUFFER_SET *dst_bufs[2], const int switchable_ctx[2],
    const int skip_ver, const int skip_hor, int *rate, int64_t *dist,
    int filter_set_size) {
  int16_t i;

  // Regular filter evaluation should have been done and hence the same should
  // be the winner
  assert(x->e_mbd.mi[0]->interp_filters == filter_sets[0]);
  assert(filter_set_size == DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE);

  // Reuse regular filter's modeled rd data for sharp filter for following
  // cases
  // 1) When bsize is 4x4
  // 2) When block width is 4 (i.e. 4x8/4x16 blocks) and MV in vertical
  // direction is full-pel
  // 3) When block height is 4 (i.e. 8x4/16x4 blocks) and MV in horizontal
  // direction is full-pel
  // TODO(any): Optimize cases 2 and 3 further if luma MV in relavant direction
  // alone is full-pel

  if ((bsize == BLOCK_4X4) ||
      (block_size_wide[bsize] == 4 &&
       skip_ver == cpi->default_interp_skip_flags) ||
      (block_size_high[bsize] == 4 &&
       skip_hor == cpi->default_interp_skip_flags)) {
    int skip_pred = cpi->default_interp_skip_flags;
    for (i = filter_set_size - 1; i > 0; i -= (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS + 1)) {
      // This assert tells that (filter_x == filter_y) for non-dual filter case
      assert((filter_sets[i] & 0xffff) == (filter_sets[i] >> 16));
      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_interp_filter_search &&
          (cpi->sf.interp_filter_search_mask & (1 << (i >> 2)))) {
        continue;
      }
      interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                              orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, skip_txfm_sb,
                              skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, i, switchable_ctx,
                              skip_pred, rate, dist);
      skip_pred = (skip_hor & skip_ver);
    }
  } else {
    int skip_pred = (skip_hor & skip_ver);
    for (i = (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS + 1); i < filter_set_size;
         i += (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS + 1)) {
      // This assert tells that (filter_x == filter_y) for non-dual filter case
      assert((filter_sets[i] & 0xffff) == (filter_sets[i] >> 16));
      if (cpi->sf.adaptive_interp_filter_search &&
          (cpi->sf.interp_filter_search_mask & (1 << (i >> 2)))) {
        continue;
      }
      interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                              orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, skip_txfm_sb,
                              skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, i, switchable_ctx,
                              skip_pred, rate, dist);
      // In first iteration, smooth filter is evaluated. If smooth filter
      // (which is less sharper) is the winner among regular and smooth filters,
      // sharp filter evaluation is skipped
      // TODO(any): Refine this gating based on modelled rd only (i.e., by not
      // accounting switchable filter rate)
      if (cpi->sf.skip_sharp_interp_filter_search &&
          skip_pred != cpi->default_interp_skip_flags) {
        MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
        MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
        if (mbmi->interp_filters == filter_sets[(SWITCHABLE_FILTERS + 1)])
          break;
      }
    }
  }
}

// check if there is saved result match with this search
static INLINE int is_interp_filter_match(const INTERPOLATION_FILTER_STATS *st,
                                         MB_MODE_INFO *const mi) {
  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    if ((st->ref_frames[i] != mi->ref_frame[i]) ||
        (st->mv[i].as_int != mi->mv[i].as_int)) {
      return 0;
    }
  }
  if (has_second_ref(mi) && st->comp_type != mi->interinter_comp.type) return 0;
  return 1;
}
// Checks if charactersticts of search match
static INLINE int is_comp_rd_match(MACROBLOCK *const x, const COMP_RD_STATS *st,
                                   MB_MODE_INFO *const mi, int32_t *comp_rate,
                                   int64_t *comp_dist) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  // TODO(ranjit): Ensure that compound type search use regular filter always
  // and check if following check can be removed
  // Check if interp filter matches with previous case
  if (st->filter != mi->interp_filters) return 0;

  // Match MV and reference indices
  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    if ((st->ref_frames[i] != mi->ref_frame[i]) ||
        (st->mv[i].as_int != mi->mv[i].as_int)) {
      return 0;
    }
    const WarpedMotionParams *const wm = &xd->global_motion[mi->ref_frame[i]];
    int is_global = is_global_mv_block(mi, wm->wmtype);
    if (is_global != st->is_global[i]) return 0;
  }

  // Store the stats for compound average
  comp_rate[0] = st->rate[0];
  comp_dist[0] = st->dist[0];

  // For compound wedge/segment, reuse data only if NEWMV is not present in
  // either of the directions
  if (!have_newmv_in_inter_mode(mi->mode) &&
      !have_newmv_in_inter_mode(st->mode)) {
    memcpy(&comp_rate[1], &st->rate[1], sizeof(comp_rate[1]) * 2);
    memcpy(&comp_dist[1], &st->dist[1], sizeof(comp_dist[1]) * 2);
    return 1;
  }

  // TODO(ranjit) : Check if compound wedge/segment can reuse data for NEWMV
  // case as well based on speed feature

  return 1;
}

static INLINE int find_interp_filter_in_stats(MACROBLOCK *x,
                                              MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi) {
  const int comp_idx = mbmi->compound_idx;
  const int offset = x->interp_filter_stats_idx[comp_idx];
  for (int j = 0; j < offset; ++j) {
    const INTERPOLATION_FILTER_STATS *st = &x->interp_filter_stats[comp_idx][j];
    if (is_interp_filter_match(st, mbmi)) {
      mbmi->interp_filters = st->filters;
      return j;
    }
  }
  return -1;  // no match result found
}
// Checks if similar compound type search case is accounted earlier
// If found, returns relevent rd data
static INLINE int find_comp_rd_in_stats(MACROBLOCK *x, MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi,
                                        int32_t *comp_rate,
                                        int64_t *comp_dist) {
  const int offset = x->comp_rd_stats_idx;
  for (int j = 0; j < offset; ++j) {
    const COMP_RD_STATS *st = &x->comp_rd_stats[j];
    if (is_comp_rd_match(x, st, mbmi, comp_rate, comp_dist)) {
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return -1;  // no match result found
}

static INLINE void save_interp_filter_search_stat(MACROBLOCK *x,
                                                  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi) {
  const int comp_idx = mbmi->compound_idx;
  const int offset = x->interp_filter_stats_idx[comp_idx];
  if (offset < MAX_INTERP_FILTER_STATS) {
    INTERPOLATION_FILTER_STATS stat = { mbmi->interp_filters,
                                        { mbmi->mv[0], mbmi->mv[1] },
                                        { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                                          mbmi->ref_frame[1] },
                                        mbmi->interinter_comp.type };
    x->interp_filter_stats[comp_idx][offset] = stat;
    x->interp_filter_stats_idx[comp_idx]++;
  }
}

static INLINE void save_comp_rd_search_stat(MACROBLOCK *x,
                                            MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi,
                                            int32_t *comp_rate,
                                            int64_t *comp_dist,
                                            int_mv *cur_mv) {
  const int offset = x->comp_rd_stats_idx;
  if (offset < MAX_COMP_RD_STATS) {
    MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
    COMP_RD_STATS stat = { { comp_rate[0], comp_rate[1], comp_rate[2] },
                           { comp_dist[0], comp_dist[1], comp_dist[2] },
                           { cur_mv[0], cur_mv[1] },
                           { mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1] },
                           mbmi->mode,
                           mbmi->interp_filters,
                           mbmi->ref_mv_idx,
                           { 0, 0 } };
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      const WarpedMotionParams *const wm =
          &xd->global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[i]];
      int is_global = is_global_mv_block(mbmi, wm->wmtype);
      stat.is_global[i] = is_global;
    }
    x->comp_rd_stats[offset] = stat;
    x->comp_rd_stats_idx++;
  }
}

static int64_t interpolation_filter_search(
    MACROBLOCK *const x, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
    const TileDataEnc *tile_data, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    const BUFFER_SET *const tmp_dst, BUFFER_SET *const orig_dst,
    InterpFilter (*const single_filter)[REF_FRAMES], int64_t *const rd,
    int *const switchable_rate, int *const skip_txfm_sb,
    int64_t *const skip_sse_sb, const int skip_build_pred,
    HandleInterModeArgs *args, int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int need_search =
      av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && av1_is_interp_search_needed(xd);
  int i;
  // Index 0 corresponds to luma rd data and index 1 corresponds to cummulative
  // data of all planes
  int tmp_rate[2] = { 0, 0 };
  int64_t tmp_dist[2] = { 0, 0 };
  int best_skip_txfm_sb[2] = { 1, 1 };
  int64_t best_skip_sse_sb[2] = { 0, 0 };
  const int ref_frame = xd->mi[0]->ref_frame[0];

  (void)single_filter;
  int match_found = -1;
  const InterpFilter assign_filter = cm->interp_filter;
  if (cpi->sf.skip_repeat_interpolation_filter_search && need_search) {
    match_found = find_interp_filter_in_stats(x, mbmi);
  }
  if (!need_search || match_found == -1) {
    set_default_interp_filters(mbmi, assign_filter);
  }
  int switchable_ctx[2];
  switchable_ctx[0] = av1_get_pred_context_switchable_interp(xd, 0);
  switchable_ctx[1] = av1_get_pred_context_switchable_interp(xd, 1);
  *switchable_rate =
      get_switchable_rate(x, mbmi->interp_filters, switchable_ctx);
  if (!skip_build_pred)
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 3
  RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
  select_tx_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, INT64_MAX);
  PrintPredictionUnitStats(cpi, tile_data, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 3
  model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERP_FILTER](
      cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_rate[0], &tmp_dist[0],
      &best_skip_txfm_sb[0], &best_skip_sse_sb[0], NULL, NULL, NULL);
  if (num_planes > 1)
    model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERP_FILTER](
        cpi, bsize, x, xd, 1, num_planes - 1, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_rate[1],
        &tmp_dist[1], &best_skip_txfm_sb[1], &best_skip_sse_sb[1], NULL, NULL,
        NULL);
  tmp_rate[1] =
      (int)AOMMIN((int64_t)tmp_rate[0] + (int64_t)tmp_rate[1], INT_MAX);
  assert(tmp_rate[1] >= 0);
  tmp_dist[1] = tmp_dist[0] + tmp_dist[1];
  best_skip_txfm_sb[1] = best_skip_txfm_sb[0] & best_skip_txfm_sb[1];
  best_skip_sse_sb[1] = best_skip_sse_sb[0] + best_skip_sse_sb[1];
  *rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, (*switchable_rate + tmp_rate[1]), tmp_dist[1]);
  *skip_txfm_sb = best_skip_txfm_sb[1];
  *skip_sse_sb = best_skip_sse_sb[1];
  x->pred_sse[ref_frame] = (unsigned int)(best_skip_sse_sb[0] >> 4);

  if (assign_filter != SWITCHABLE || match_found != -1) {
    return 0;
  }
  if (!need_search) {
    assert(mbmi->interp_filters ==
           av1_broadcast_interp_filter(EIGHTTAP_REGULAR));
    return 0;
  }
  if (args->modelled_rd != NULL) {
    if (has_second_ref(mbmi)) {
      const int ref_mv_idx = mbmi->ref_mv_idx;
      int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                      (mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1]) };
      const int mode0 = compound_ref0_mode(mbmi->mode);
      const int mode1 = compound_ref1_mode(mbmi->mode);
      const int64_t mrd = AOMMIN(args->modelled_rd[mode0][ref_mv_idx][refs[0]],
                                 args->modelled_rd[mode1][ref_mv_idx][refs[1]]);
      if ((*rd >> 1) > mrd && ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX) {
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
    }
  }

  x->recalc_luma_mc_data = 0;
  // skip_flag=xx (in binary form)
  // Setting 0th flag corresonds to skipping luma MC and setting 1st bt
  // corresponds to skipping chroma MC  skip_flag=0 corresponds to "Don't skip
  // luma and chroma MC"  Skip flag=1 corresponds to "Skip Luma MC only"
  // Skip_flag=2 is not a valid case
  // skip_flag=3 corresponds to "Skip both luma and chroma MC"
  int skip_hor = cpi->default_interp_skip_flags;
  int skip_ver = cpi->default_interp_skip_flags;
  const int is_compound = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  assert(is_intrabc_block(mbmi) == 0);
  for (int j = 0; j < 1 + is_compound; ++j) {
    const struct scale_factors *const sf =
        get_ref_scale_factors_const(cm, mbmi->ref_frame[j]);
    // TODO(any): Refine skip flag calculation considering scaling
    if (av1_is_scaled(sf)) {
      skip_hor = 0;
      skip_ver = 0;
      break;
    }
    const MV mv = mbmi->mv[j].as_mv;
    int skip_hor_plane = 0;
    int skip_ver_plane = 0;
    for (int k = 0; k < AOMMAX(1, (num_planes - 1)); ++k) {
      struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[k];
      const int bw = pd->width;
      const int bh = pd->height;
      const MV mv_q4 = clamp_mv_to_umv_border_sb(
          xd, &mv, bw, bh, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
      const int sub_x = (mv_q4.col & SUBPEL_MASK) << SCALE_EXTRA_BITS;
      const int sub_y = (mv_q4.row & SUBPEL_MASK) << SCALE_EXTRA_BITS;
      skip_hor_plane |= ((sub_x == 0) << k);
      skip_ver_plane |= ((sub_y == 0) << k);
    }
    skip_hor = skip_hor & skip_hor_plane;
    skip_ver = skip_ver & skip_ver_plane;
    // It is not valid that "luma MV is sub-pel, whereas chroma MV is not"
    assert(skip_hor != 2);
    assert(skip_ver != 2);
  }
  // When compond prediction type is compound segment wedge, luma MC and chroma
  // MC need to go hand in hand as mask generated during luma MC is reuired for
  // chroma MC. If skip_hor = 0 and skip_ver = 1, mask used for chroma MC during
  // vertical filter decision may be incorrect as temporary MC evaluation
  // overwrites the mask. Make skip_ver as 0 for this case so that mask is
  // populated during luma MC
  if (is_compound && mbmi->compound_idx == 1 &&
      mbmi->interinter_comp.type == COMPOUND_DIFFWTD) {
    assert(mbmi->comp_group_idx == 1);
    if (skip_hor == 0 && skip_ver == 1) skip_ver = 0;
  }
  // do interp_filter search
  const int filter_set_size = DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE;
  restore_dst_buf(xd, *tmp_dst, num_planes);
  const BUFFER_SET *dst_bufs[2] = { tmp_dst, orig_dst };
  if (cpi->sf.use_fast_interpolation_filter_search &&
      cm->seq_params.enable_dual_filter) {
    // default to (R,R): EIGHTTAP_REGULARxEIGHTTAP_REGULAR
    int best_dual_mode = 0;
    // Find best of {R}x{R,Sm,Sh}
    const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
    const int bh = block_size_high[bsize];
    int skip_pred;
    int bsl, pred_filter_search;
    InterpFilters af_horiz = SWITCHABLE, af_vert = SWITCHABLE,
                  lf_horiz = SWITCHABLE, lf_vert = SWITCHABLE, filter_idx = 0;
    const MB_MODE_INFO *const above_mbmi = xd->above_mbmi;
    const MB_MODE_INFO *const left_mbmi = xd->left_mbmi;
    bsl = mi_size_wide_log2[bsize];
    pred_filter_search =
        cpi->sf.cb_pred_filter_search
            ? (((mi_row + mi_col) >> bsl) +
               get_chessboard_index(cm->current_frame.frame_number)) &
                  0x1
            : 0;
    if (above_mbmi && is_inter_block(above_mbmi)) {
      af_horiz = av1_extract_interp_filter(above_mbmi->interp_filters, 1);
      af_vert = av1_extract_interp_filter(above_mbmi->interp_filters, 0);
    }
    if (left_mbmi && is_inter_block(left_mbmi)) {
      lf_horiz = av1_extract_interp_filter(left_mbmi->interp_filters, 1);
      lf_vert = av1_extract_interp_filter(left_mbmi->interp_filters, 0);
    }
    pred_filter_search &= !have_newmv_in_inter_mode(mbmi->mode);
    pred_filter_search &=
        ((af_horiz == lf_horiz) && (af_horiz != SWITCHABLE)) ||
        ((af_vert == lf_vert) && (af_vert != SWITCHABLE));
    if (pred_filter_search) {
      pred_dual_interp_filter_rd(
          x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, rd,
          switchable_rate, best_skip_txfm_sb, best_skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs,
          filter_idx, switchable_ctx, (skip_hor & skip_ver), tmp_rate, tmp_dist,
          af_horiz, af_vert, lf_horiz, lf_vert);
    } else {
      skip_pred = bw <= 4 ? cpi->default_interp_skip_flags : skip_hor;
      for (i = (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS - 1); i >= 1; --i) {
        if (interpolation_filter_rd(
                x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, rd,
                switchable_rate, best_skip_txfm_sb, best_skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs,
                i, switchable_ctx, skip_pred, tmp_rate, tmp_dist)) {
          best_dual_mode = i;
        }
        skip_pred = skip_hor;
      }
      // From best of horizontal EIGHTTAP_REGULAR modes, check vertical modes
      skip_pred = bh <= 4 ? cpi->default_interp_skip_flags : skip_ver;
      assert(filter_set_size == DUAL_FILTER_SET_SIZE);
      for (i = (best_dual_mode + (SWITCHABLE_FILTERS * 2));
           i >= (best_dual_mode + SWITCHABLE_FILTERS);
           i -= SWITCHABLE_FILTERS) {
        interpolation_filter_rd(
            x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, rd,
            switchable_rate, best_skip_txfm_sb, best_skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, i,
            switchable_ctx, skip_pred, tmp_rate, tmp_dist);
        skip_pred = skip_ver;
      }
    }
  } else if (cm->seq_params.enable_dual_filter == 0) {
    find_best_non_dual_interp_filter(
        x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate,
        best_skip_txfm_sb, best_skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, switchable_ctx, skip_ver,
        skip_hor, tmp_rate, tmp_dist, filter_set_size);
  } else {
    // EIGHTTAP_REGULAR mode is calculated beforehand
    for (i = 1; i < filter_set_size; ++i) {
      interpolation_filter_rd(x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                              orig_dst, rd, switchable_rate, best_skip_txfm_sb,
                              best_skip_sse_sb, dst_bufs, i, switchable_ctx,
                              (skip_hor & skip_ver), tmp_rate, tmp_dist);
    }
  }
  swap_dst_buf(xd, dst_bufs, num_planes);
  // Recompute final MC data if required
  if (x->recalc_luma_mc_data == 1) {
    // Recomputing final luma MC data is required only if the same was skipped
    // in either of the directions  Condition below is necessary, but not
    // sufficient
    assert((skip_hor == 1) || (skip_ver == 1));
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);
  }
  *skip_txfm_sb = best_skip_txfm_sb[1];
  *skip_sse_sb = best_skip_sse_sb[1];
  x->pred_sse[ref_frame] = (unsigned int)(best_skip_sse_sb[0] >> 4);

  // save search results
  if (cpi->sf.skip_repeat_interpolation_filter_search) {
    assert(match_found == -1);
    save_interp_filter_search_stat(x, mbmi);
  }
  return 0;
}

static int txfm_search(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                       MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                       RD_STATS *rd_stats, RD_STATS *rd_stats_y,
                       RD_STATS *rd_stats_uv, int mode_rate,
                       int64_t ref_best_rd) {
  /*
   * This function combines y and uv planes' transform search processes
   * together, when the prediction is generated. It first does subtraction to
   * obtain the prediction error. Then it calls
   * select_tx_type_yrd/super_block_yrd and super_block_uvrd sequentially and
   * handles the early terminations happening in those functions. At the end, it
   * computes the rd_stats/_y/_uv accordingly.
   */
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int ref_frame_1 = mbmi->ref_frame[1];
  const int64_t mode_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, mode_rate, 0);
  const int64_t rd_thresh =
      ref_best_rd == INT64_MAX ? INT64_MAX : ref_best_rd - mode_rd;
  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
  const int skip_flag_cost[2] = { x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0],
                                  x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1] };
  const int64_t min_header_rate =
      mode_rate + AOMMIN(skip_flag_cost[0], skip_flag_cost[1]);
  // Account for minimum skip and non_skip rd.
  // Eventually either one of them will be added to mode_rate
  const int64_t min_header_rd_possible = RDCOST(x->rdmult, min_header_rate, 0);
  (void)tile_data;

  if (min_header_rd_possible > ref_best_rd) {
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats_y);
    return 0;
  }

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats_y);
  rd_stats->rate = mode_rate;

  // cost and distortion
  av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
  if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
    pick_tx_size_type_yrd(cpi, x, rd_stats_y, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, rd_thresh);
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 2
    PrintPredictionUnitStats(cpi, tile_data, x, rd_stats_y, bsize);
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_RD_STATS == 2
  } else {
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, rd_stats_y, bsize, rd_thresh);
    memset(mbmi->inter_tx_size, mbmi->tx_size, sizeof(mbmi->inter_tx_size));
    for (int i = 0; i < xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w; ++i)
      set_blk_skip(x, 0, i, rd_stats_y->skip);
  }

  if (rd_stats_y->rate == INT_MAX) {
    // TODO(angiebird): check if we need this
    // restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, num_planes);
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
    return 0;
  }

  av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, rd_stats_y);

  const int64_t non_skip_rdcosty =
      RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + skip_flag_cost[0], rd_stats->dist);
  const int64_t skip_rdcosty =
      RDCOST(x->rdmult, mode_rate + skip_flag_cost[1], rd_stats->sse);
  const int64_t min_rdcosty = AOMMIN(non_skip_rdcosty, skip_rdcosty);
  if (min_rdcosty > ref_best_rd) {
    const int64_t tokenonly_rdy =
        AOMMIN(RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats_y->rate, rd_stats_y->dist),
               RDCOST(x->rdmult, 0, rd_stats_y->sse));
    // Invalidate rd_stats_y to skip the rest of the motion modes search
    if (tokenonly_rdy - (tokenonly_rdy >> cpi->sf.prune_motion_mode_level) >
        rd_thresh)
      av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats_y);
    mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
    return 0;
  }

  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats_uv);
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  if (num_planes > 1) {
    const int is_cost_valid_uv =
        super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, rd_stats_uv, bsize, ref_best_rd);
    if (!is_cost_valid_uv) {
      mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
      return 0;
    }
    av1_merge_rd_stats(rd_stats, rd_stats_uv);
  }

  if (rd_stats->skip) {
    rd_stats->rate -= rd_stats_uv->rate + rd_stats_y->rate;
    rd_stats_y->rate = 0;
    rd_stats_uv->rate = 0;
    rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
    rd_stats_y->dist = rd_stats_y->sse;
    rd_stats_uv->dist = rd_stats_uv->sse;
    rd_stats->rate += skip_flag_cost[1];
    mbmi->skip = 1;
    // here mbmi->skip temporarily plays a role as what this_skip2 does

    const int64_t tmprd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
    if (tmprd > ref_best_rd) {
      mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
      return 0;
    }
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats_y, x->rdmult);
#endif
  } else if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] &&
             (RDCOST(x->rdmult,
                     rd_stats_y->rate + rd_stats_uv->rate + skip_flag_cost[0],
                     rd_stats->dist) >=
              RDCOST(x->rdmult, skip_flag_cost[1], rd_stats->sse))) {
    rd_stats->rate -= rd_stats_uv->rate + rd_stats_y->rate;
    rd_stats->rate += skip_flag_cost[1];
    rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse;
    rd_stats_y->dist = rd_stats_y->sse;
    rd_stats_uv->dist = rd_stats_uv->sse;
    rd_stats_y->rate = 0;
    rd_stats_uv->rate = 0;
    mbmi->skip = 1;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats_y, x->rdmult);
#endif
  } else {
    rd_stats->rate += skip_flag_cost[0];
    mbmi->skip = 0;
  }

  return 1;
}

static INLINE bool enable_wedge_search(MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                       const AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
  // Enable wedge search if source variance and edge strength are above
  // the thresholds.
  return x->source_variance > cpi->sf.disable_wedge_search_var_thresh &&
         x->edge_strength > cpi->sf.disable_wedge_search_edge_thresh;
}

static INLINE bool enable_wedge_interinter_search(MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                                  const AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
  return enable_wedge_search(x, cpi) && cpi->oxcf.enable_interinter_wedge;
}

static INLINE bool enable_wedge_interintra_search(MACROBLOCK *const x,
                                                  const AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
  return enable_wedge_search(x, cpi) && cpi->oxcf.enable_interintra_wedge &&
         !cpi->sf.disable_wedge_interintra_search;
}

static int handle_inter_intra_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                   MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                   int mi_row, int mi_col, MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi,
                                   HandleInterModeArgs *args,
                                   int64_t ref_best_rd, int *rate_mv,
                                   int *tmp_rate2, BUFFER_SET *orig_dst) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;

  INTERINTRA_MODE best_interintra_mode = II_DC_PRED;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;
  int64_t best_interintra_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int rmode, rate_sum;
  int64_t dist_sum;
  int tmp_rate_mv = 0;
  int tmp_skip_txfm_sb;
  int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  int64_t tmp_skip_sse_sb;
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, tmp_buf_[2 * MAX_INTERINTRA_SB_SQUARE]);
  DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, uint8_t, intrapred_[2 * MAX_INTERINTRA_SB_SQUARE]);
  uint8_t *tmp_buf = get_buf_by_bd(xd, tmp_buf_);
  uint8_t *intrapred = get_buf_by_bd(xd, intrapred_);
  const int *const interintra_mode_cost =
      x->interintra_mode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  const int_mv mv0 = mbmi->mv[0];
  const int is_wedge_used = is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize);
  int rwedge = is_wedge_used ? x->wedge_interintra_cost[bsize][0] : 0;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;
  xd->plane[0].dst.buf = tmp_buf;
  xd->plane[0].dst.stride = bw;
  av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, bsize);

  restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, num_planes);
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = INTRA_FRAME;
  best_interintra_mode = args->inter_intra_mode[mbmi->ref_frame[0]];

  if (cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_interintra) {
    mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
    int j = 0;
    if (cpi->sf.reuse_inter_intra_mode == 0 ||
        best_interintra_mode == INTERINTRA_MODES) {
      for (j = 0; j < INTERINTRA_MODES; ++j) {
        if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_intra &&
            (INTERINTRA_MODE)j == II_SMOOTH_PRED)
          continue;
        mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)j;
        rmode = interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
        av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0, orig_dst,
                                                  intrapred, bw);
        av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
        model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERINTRA](
            cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
            &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rate_mv + rate_sum + rmode, dist_sum);
        if (rd < best_interintra_rd) {
          best_interintra_rd = rd;
          best_interintra_mode = mbmi->interintra_mode;
        }
      }
      args->inter_intra_mode[mbmi->ref_frame[0]] = best_interintra_mode;
    }
    assert(IMPLIES(!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_interintra,
                   best_interintra_mode != II_SMOOTH_PRED));
    rmode = interintra_mode_cost[best_interintra_mode];
    if (j == 0 || best_interintra_mode != II_SMOOTH_PRED) {
      mbmi->interintra_mode = best_interintra_mode;
      av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0, orig_dst,
                                                intrapred, bw);
      av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
    }
    rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                             &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
    if (rd != INT64_MAX)
      rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, *rate_mv + rmode + rate_sum + rwedge, dist_sum);
    best_interintra_rd = rd;
    if (ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX &&
        ((best_interintra_rd >> 4) * 9) > ref_best_rd) {
      return -1;
    }
  }
  if (is_wedge_used) {
    int64_t best_interintra_rd_nowedge = rd;
    int64_t best_interintra_rd_wedge = INT64_MAX;
    int_mv tmp_mv;
    if (enable_wedge_interintra_search(x, cpi)) {
      mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 1;

      rwedge = av1_cost_literal(get_interintra_wedge_bits(bsize)) +
               x->wedge_interintra_cost[bsize][1];

      if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_interintra) {
        if (best_interintra_mode == INTERINTRA_MODES) {
          mbmi->interintra_mode = II_SMOOTH_PRED;
          best_interintra_mode = II_SMOOTH_PRED;
          av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0, orig_dst,
                                                    intrapred, bw);
          best_interintra_rd_wedge =
              pick_interintra_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, intrapred_, tmp_buf_);

          int j = 0;
          for (j = 0; j < INTERINTRA_MODES; ++j) {
            mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)j;
            rmode = interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
            av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0,
                                                      orig_dst, intrapred, bw);
            av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
            model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_INTERINTRA](
                cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, NULL, NULL, NULL);
            rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rate_mv + rate_sum + rmode, dist_sum);
            if (rd < best_interintra_rd) {
              best_interintra_rd_wedge = rd;
              best_interintra_mode = mbmi->interintra_mode;
            }
          }
          args->inter_intra_mode[mbmi->ref_frame[0]] = best_interintra_mode;
          mbmi->interintra_mode = best_interintra_mode;

          if (best_interintra_mode != II_SMOOTH_PRED) {
            av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0,
                                                      orig_dst, intrapred, bw);
          }
        } else {
          mbmi->interintra_mode = best_interintra_mode;
          av1_build_intra_predictors_for_interintra(cm, xd, bsize, 0, orig_dst,
                                                    intrapred, bw);
          best_interintra_rd_wedge =
              pick_interintra_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, intrapred_, tmp_buf_);
        }
      } else {
        best_interintra_rd_wedge =
            pick_interintra_wedge(cpi, x, bsize, intrapred_, tmp_buf_);
      }

      rmode = interintra_mode_cost[mbmi->interintra_mode];
      best_interintra_rd_wedge +=
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, rmode + *rate_mv + rwedge, 0);
      rd = INT64_MAX;
      // Refine motion vector.
      if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(mbmi->mode)) {
        // get negative of mask
        const uint8_t *mask = av1_get_contiguous_soft_mask(
            mbmi->interintra_wedge_index, 1, bsize);
        tmp_mv = mbmi->mv[0];
        compound_single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, &tmp_mv.as_mv, mi_row,
                                      mi_col, intrapred, mask, bw, &tmp_rate_mv,
                                      0);
        if (mbmi->mv[0].as_int != tmp_mv.as_int) {
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv.as_int;
          av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst,
                                         bsize);
          model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MASKED_COMPOUND](
              cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, 0, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
              &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, NULL, NULL, NULL);
          rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rate_mv + rmode + rate_sum + rwedge,
                      dist_sum);
        }
      }
      if (rd >= best_interintra_rd_wedge) {
        tmp_mv.as_int = mv0.as_int;
        tmp_rate_mv = *rate_mv;
        av1_combine_interintra(xd, bsize, 0, tmp_buf, bw, intrapred, bw);
      }
      // Evaluate closer to true rd
      rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum, &dist_sum,
                               &tmp_skip_txfm_sb, &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
      if (rd != INT64_MAX)
        rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rmode + tmp_rate_mv + rwedge + rate_sum,
                    dist_sum);
      best_interintra_rd_wedge = rd;
      if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_interintra &&
          best_interintra_rd_wedge == INT64_MAX)
        return -1;
      if (best_interintra_rd_wedge < best_interintra_rd_nowedge) {
        mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 1;
        mbmi->mv[0].as_int = tmp_mv.as_int;
        *tmp_rate2 += tmp_rate_mv - *rate_mv;
        *rate_mv = tmp_rate_mv;
      } else {
        mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
        mbmi->mv[0].as_int = mv0.as_int;
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);
      }
    } else {
      if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_interintra) return -1;
      mbmi->use_wedge_interintra = 0;
    }
  }  // if (is_wedge_used)
  if (num_planes > 1) {
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sbuv(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);
  }
  return 0;
}

// If number of valid neighbours is 1,
// 1) ROTZOOM parameters can be obtained reliably (2 parameters from
// one neighbouring MV)
// 2) For IDENTITY/TRANSLATION cases, warp can perform better due to
// a different interpolation filter being used. However the quality
// gains (due to the same) may not be much
// For above 2 cases warp evaluation is skipped

static int check_if_optimal_warp(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                 WarpedMotionParams *wm_params,
                                 int num_proj_ref) {
  int is_valid_warp = 1;
  if (cpi->sf.prune_warp_using_wmtype) {
    TransformationType wmtype = get_wmtype(wm_params);
    if (num_proj_ref == 1) {
      if (wmtype != ROTZOOM) is_valid_warp = 0;
    } else {
      if (wmtype < ROTZOOM) is_valid_warp = 0;
    }
  }
  return is_valid_warp;
}

// TODO(afergs): Refactor the MBMI references in here - there's four
// TODO(afergs): Refactor optional args - add them to a struct or remove
static int64_t motion_mode_rd(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, TileDataEnc *tile_data, MACROBLOCK *const x,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, RD_STATS *rd_stats, RD_STATS *rd_stats_y,
    RD_STATS *rd_stats_uv, int *disable_skip, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    HandleInterModeArgs *const args, int64_t ref_best_rd, const int *refs,
    int *rate_mv, BUFFER_SET *orig_dst
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
    ,
    int64_t *best_est_rd, int do_tx_search, InterModesInfo *inter_modes_info
#endif
) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  const int rate2_nocoeff = rd_stats->rate;
  int best_xskip = 0, best_disable_skip = 0;
  RD_STATS best_rd_stats, best_rd_stats_y, best_rd_stats_uv;
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  const int rate_mv0 = *rate_mv;
  const int interintra_allowed = cm->seq_params.enable_interintra_compound &&
                                 is_interintra_allowed(mbmi) &&
                                 mbmi->compound_idx;
  int pts0[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE], pts_inref0[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE];

  assert(mbmi->ref_frame[1] != INTRA_FRAME);
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame_1 = mbmi->ref_frame[1];
  (void)tile_data;
  av1_invalid_rd_stats(&best_rd_stats);
  aom_clear_system_state();
  mbmi->num_proj_ref = 1;  // assume num_proj_ref >=1
  MOTION_MODE last_motion_mode_allowed = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  if (cm->switchable_motion_mode) {
    last_motion_mode_allowed = motion_mode_allowed(xd->global_motion, xd, mbmi,
                                                   cm->allow_warped_motion);
  }
  if (last_motion_mode_allowed == WARPED_CAUSAL) {
    mbmi->num_proj_ref = findSamples(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, pts0, pts_inref0);
  }
  const int total_samples = mbmi->num_proj_ref;
  if (total_samples == 0) {
    last_motion_mode_allowed = OBMC_CAUSAL;
  }

  const MB_MODE_INFO base_mbmi = *mbmi;
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi;
  SimpleRDState *const simple_states = &args->simple_rd_state[mbmi->ref_mv_idx];
  const int switchable_rate =
      av1_is_interp_needed(xd) ? av1_get_switchable_rate(cm, x, xd) : 0;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int best_rate_mv = rate_mv0;
  const int identical_obmc_mv_field_detected =
      (cpi->sf.skip_obmc_in_uniform_mv_field ||
       cpi->sf.skip_wm_in_uniform_mv_field)
          ? av1_check_identical_obmc_mv_field(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col)
          : 0;
  for (int mode_index = (int)SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
       mode_index <= (int)last_motion_mode_allowed + interintra_allowed;
       mode_index++) {
    if (args->skip_motion_mode && mode_index) continue;
    if (cpi->sf.prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans &&
        args->single_ref_first_pass && mode_index)
      break;
    int tmp_rate2 = rate2_nocoeff;
    const int is_interintra_mode = mode_index > (int)last_motion_mode_allowed;
    int tmp_rate_mv = rate_mv0;

    *mbmi = base_mbmi;
    if (is_interintra_mode) {
      mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
    } else {
      mbmi->motion_mode = (MOTION_MODE)mode_index;
      assert(mbmi->ref_frame[1] != INTRA_FRAME);
    }

    if (cpi->oxcf.enable_obmc == 0 && mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL)
      continue;

    if (identical_obmc_mv_field_detected) {
      if (cpi->sf.skip_obmc_in_uniform_mv_field &&
          mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL)
        continue;
      if (cpi->sf.skip_wm_in_uniform_mv_field &&
          mbmi->motion_mode == WARPED_CAUSAL)
        continue;
    }

    if (mbmi->motion_mode == SIMPLE_TRANSLATION && !is_interintra_mode) {
      // SIMPLE_TRANSLATION mode: no need to recalculate.
      // The prediction is calculated before motion_mode_rd() is called in
      // handle_inter_mode()
      if (cpi->sf.prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans &&
          args->single_ref_first_pass == 0 && !is_comp_pred) {
        if (simple_states->early_skipped) {
          assert(simple_states->rd_stats.rdcost == INT64_MAX);
          return INT64_MAX;
        }
        if (simple_states->rd_stats.rdcost != INT64_MAX) {
          best_rd = simple_states->rd_stats.rdcost;
          best_rd_stats = simple_states->rd_stats;
          best_rd_stats_y = simple_states->rd_stats_y;
          best_rd_stats_uv = simple_states->rd_stats_uv;
          memcpy(best_blk_skip, simple_states->blk_skip,
                 sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
          best_xskip = simple_states->skip;
          best_disable_skip = simple_states->disable_skip;
          best_mbmi = *mbmi;
        }
        continue;
      }
      simple_states->early_skipped = 0;
    } else if (mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL) {
      const uint32_t cur_mv = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
      assert(!is_comp_pred);
      if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
        single_motion_search(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, 0, &tmp_rate_mv);
        mbmi->mv[0].as_int = x->best_mv.as_int;
#if USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST
        if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, x, this_mode, mbmi->mv[0])) {
          tmp_rate_mv = AOMMAX((tmp_rate_mv / NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR), 1);
        }
#endif
        tmp_rate2 = rate2_nocoeff - rate_mv0 + tmp_rate_mv;
      }
      if (mbmi->mv[0].as_int != cur_mv) {
        av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);
      }
      av1_build_obmc_inter_prediction(
          cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, args->above_pred_buf, args->above_pred_stride,
          args->left_pred_buf, args->left_pred_stride);
    } else if (mbmi->motion_mode == WARPED_CAUSAL) {
      int pts[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE], pts_inref[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE];
      mbmi->motion_mode = WARPED_CAUSAL;
      mbmi->wm_params.wmtype = DEFAULT_WMTYPE;
      mbmi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(
          av1_unswitchable_filter(cm->interp_filter));

      memcpy(pts, pts0, total_samples * 2 * sizeof(*pts0));
      memcpy(pts_inref, pts_inref0, total_samples * 2 * sizeof(*pts_inref0));
      // Select the samples according to motion vector difference
      if (mbmi->num_proj_ref > 1) {
        mbmi->num_proj_ref = selectSamples(&mbmi->mv[0].as_mv, pts, pts_inref,
                                           mbmi->num_proj_ref, bsize);
      }

      if (!find_projection(mbmi->num_proj_ref, pts, pts_inref, bsize,
                           mbmi->mv[0].as_mv.row, mbmi->mv[0].as_mv.col,
                           &mbmi->wm_params, mi_row, mi_col)) {
        // Refine MV for NEWMV mode
        assert(!is_comp_pred);
        if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
          const int_mv mv0 = mbmi->mv[0];
          const WarpedMotionParams wm_params0 = mbmi->wm_params;
          const int num_proj_ref0 = mbmi->num_proj_ref;

          if (cpi->sf.prune_warp_using_wmtype) {
            TransformationType wmtype = get_wmtype(&mbmi->wm_params);
            if (wmtype < ROTZOOM) continue;
          }

          // Refine MV in a small range.
          av1_refine_warped_mv(cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, pts0, pts_inref0,
                               total_samples);

          // Keep the refined MV and WM parameters.
          if (mv0.as_int != mbmi->mv[0].as_int) {
            const int ref = refs[0];
            const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, 0);
            tmp_rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&mbmi->mv[0].as_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv,
                                          x->nmv_vec_cost, x->mv_cost_stack,
                                          MV_COST_WEIGHT);

            if (cpi->sf.adaptive_motion_search)
              x->pred_mv[ref] = mbmi->mv[0].as_mv;

#if USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST
            if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, x, this_mode, mbmi->mv[0])) {
              tmp_rate_mv = AOMMAX((tmp_rate_mv / NEW_MV_DISCOUNT_FACTOR), 1);
            }
#endif
            tmp_rate2 = rate2_nocoeff - rate_mv0 + tmp_rate_mv;
          } else {
            // Restore the old MV and WM parameters.
            mbmi->mv[0] = mv0;
            mbmi->wm_params = wm_params0;
            mbmi->num_proj_ref = num_proj_ref0;
          }
        } else {
          if (!check_if_optimal_warp(cpi, &mbmi->wm_params, mbmi->num_proj_ref))
            continue;
        }

        av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, bsize);
      } else {
        continue;
      }
    } else if (is_interintra_mode) {
      const int ret = handle_inter_intra_mode(
          cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, mbmi, args, ref_best_rd, &tmp_rate_mv,
          &tmp_rate2, orig_dst);
      if (ret < 0) continue;
    }

    x->skip = 0;
    rd_stats->dist = 0;
    rd_stats->sse = 0;
    rd_stats->skip = 1;
    rd_stats->rate = tmp_rate2;
    if (mbmi->motion_mode != WARPED_CAUSAL) rd_stats->rate += switchable_rate;
    if (interintra_allowed) {
      rd_stats->rate += x->interintra_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]]
                                          [mbmi->ref_frame[1] == INTRA_FRAME];
      if (mbmi->ref_frame[1] == INTRA_FRAME) {
        rd_stats->rate += x->interintra_mode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]]
                                                 [mbmi->interintra_mode];
        if (is_interintra_wedge_used(bsize)) {
          rd_stats->rate +=
              x->wedge_interintra_cost[bsize][mbmi->use_wedge_interintra];
          if (mbmi->use_wedge_interintra) {
            rd_stats->rate +=
                av1_cost_literal(get_interintra_wedge_bits(bsize));
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if ((last_motion_mode_allowed > SIMPLE_TRANSLATION) &&
        (mbmi->ref_frame[1] != INTRA_FRAME)) {
      if (last_motion_mode_allowed == WARPED_CAUSAL) {
        rd_stats->rate += x->motion_mode_cost[bsize][mbmi->motion_mode];
      } else {
        rd_stats->rate += x->motion_mode_cost1[bsize][mbmi->motion_mode];
      }
    }

    if (cpi->sf.model_based_motion_mode_rd_breakout
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        && do_tx_search
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
    ) {
      int model_rate;
      int64_t model_dist;
      model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MOTION_MODE_RD](
          cpi, mbmi->sb_type, x, xd, 0, num_planes - 1, mi_row, mi_col,
          &model_rate, &model_dist, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      const int64_t est_rd =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + model_rate, model_dist);
      if ((est_rd >> 3) * 6 > ref_best_rd) {
        mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
        continue;
      }
    }

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
    if (!do_tx_search) {
      int64_t curr_sse;
      int est_residue_cost = 0;
      int64_t est_dist = 0;
      int64_t est_rd = 0;
      if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1) {
        curr_sse = get_sse(cpi, x);
        const int has_est_rd = get_est_rate_dist(tile_data, bsize, curr_sse,
                                                 &est_residue_cost, &est_dist);
        (void)has_est_rd;
        assert(has_est_rd);
      } else if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 2) {
        model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_MOTION_MODE_RD](
            cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, num_planes - 1, mi_row, mi_col,
            &est_residue_cost, &est_dist, NULL, &curr_sse, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      }
      est_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate + est_residue_cost, est_dist);
      if (est_rd * 0.8 > *best_est_rd) {
        mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
        continue;
      }
      const int mode_rate = rd_stats->rate;
      rd_stats->rate += est_residue_cost;
      rd_stats->dist = est_dist;
      rd_stats->rdcost = est_rd;
      *best_est_rd = AOMMIN(*best_est_rd, rd_stats->rdcost);
      if (cm->current_frame.reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE) {
        if (!is_comp_pred) {
          inter_modes_info_push(inter_modes_info, mode_rate, curr_sse,
                                rd_stats->rdcost, mbmi);
        }
      } else {
        inter_modes_info_push(inter_modes_info, mode_rate, curr_sse,
                              rd_stats->rdcost, mbmi);
      }
    } else {
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
      if (!txfm_search(cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, rd_stats,
                       rd_stats_y, rd_stats_uv, rd_stats->rate, ref_best_rd)) {
        if (rd_stats_y->rate == INT_MAX && mode_index == 0) {
          simple_states->early_skipped = 1;
          return INT64_MAX;
        }
        continue;
      }

      const int64_t curr_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
      ref_best_rd = AOMMIN(ref_best_rd, curr_rd);
      *disable_skip = 0;
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
      if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1) {
        const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
        inter_mode_data_push(tile_data, mbmi->sb_type, rd_stats->sse,
                             rd_stats->dist,
                             rd_stats_y->rate + rd_stats_uv->rate +
                                 x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][mbmi->skip]);
      }
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS

    if (this_mode == GLOBALMV || this_mode == GLOBAL_GLOBALMV) {
      if (is_nontrans_global_motion(xd, xd->mi[0])) {
        mbmi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(
            av1_unswitchable_filter(cm->interp_filter));
      }
    }

    const int64_t tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
    if (mode_index == 0) {
      args->simple_rd[this_mode][mbmi->ref_mv_idx][mbmi->ref_frame[0]] = tmp_rd;
      if (!is_comp_pred) {
        simple_states->rd_stats = *rd_stats;
        simple_states->rd_stats.rdcost = tmp_rd;
        simple_states->rd_stats_y = *rd_stats_y;
        simple_states->rd_stats_uv = *rd_stats_uv;
        memcpy(simple_states->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
               sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
        simple_states->skip = x->skip;
        simple_states->disable_skip = *disable_skip;
      }
    }
    if (mode_index == 0 || tmp_rd < best_rd) {
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
      best_rd = tmp_rd;
      best_rd_stats = *rd_stats;
      best_rd_stats_y = *rd_stats_y;
      best_rate_mv = tmp_rate_mv;
      if (num_planes > 1) best_rd_stats_uv = *rd_stats_uv;
      memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
      best_xskip = x->skip;
      best_disable_skip = *disable_skip;
      if (best_xskip) break;
    }
  }
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = ref_frame_1;
  *rate_mv = best_rate_mv;
  if (best_rd == INT64_MAX) {
    av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_stats);
    restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, num_planes);
    return INT64_MAX;
  }
  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  *rd_stats = best_rd_stats;
  *rd_stats_y = best_rd_stats_y;
  if (num_planes > 1) *rd_stats_uv = best_rd_stats_uv;
  memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
         sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
  x->skip = best_xskip;
  *disable_skip = best_disable_skip;

  restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, num_planes);
  return 0;
}

static int64_t skip_mode_rd(RD_STATS *rd_stats, const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                            MACROBLOCK *const x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row,
                            int mi_col, BUFFER_SET *const orig_dst) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst, bsize);

  int64_t total_sse = 0;
  for (int plane = 0; plane < num_planes; ++plane) {
    const struct macroblock_plane *const p = &x->plane[plane];
    const struct macroblockd_plane *const pd = &xd->plane[plane];
    const BLOCK_SIZE plane_bsize =
        get_plane_block_size(bsize, pd->subsampling_x, pd->subsampling_y);
    const int bw = block_size_wide[plane_bsize];
    const int bh = block_size_high[plane_bsize];

    av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, plane);
    int64_t sse;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    if (plane == AOM_PLANE_Y && bsize >= BLOCK_8X8 && bw == bh) {
      rd_stats->sse_0 = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff, bw, bw / 2, bh / 2)
                        << 4;
      rd_stats->sse_1 =
          aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff + bw / 2, bw, bw / 2, bh / 2) << 4;
      rd_stats->sse_2 =
          aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff + bh / 2 * bw, bw, bw / 2, bh / 2)
          << 4;
      rd_stats->sse_3 =
          aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff + bh / 2 * bw + bw / 2, bw, bw / 2,
                                 bh / 2)
          << 4;

      sse =
          rd_stats->sse_0 + rd_stats->sse_1 + rd_stats->sse_2 + rd_stats->sse_3;
      total_sse += sse;

      const int scaling_factor = MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE;
      rd_stats->sse = sse;
      rd_stats->sse_0 = rd_stats->sse_0 * scaling_factor;
      rd_stats->sse_1 = rd_stats->sse_1 * scaling_factor;
      rd_stats->sse_2 = rd_stats->sse_2 * scaling_factor;
      rd_stats->sse_3 = rd_stats->sse_3 * scaling_factor;
      rd_stats->y_sse = sse;
      // TODO(chiyotsai@google.com): Don't manually set the flags
      av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(rd_stats, x->rdmult);
    } else {
      sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff, bw, bw, bh);
      sse = sse << 4;
      total_sse += sse;
    }
#else
    sse = aom_sum_squares_2d_i16(p->src_diff, bw, bw, bh);
    sse = sse << 4;
    total_sse += sse;
#endif
  }
  const int skip_mode_ctx = av1_get_skip_mode_context(xd);
  rd_stats->dist = rd_stats->sse = total_sse;
  rd_stats->rate = x->skip_mode_cost[skip_mode_ctx][1];
  rd_stats->rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);

  restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, num_planes);
  return 0;
}

static INLINE int get_ref_mv_offset(PREDICTION_MODE single_mode,
                                    uint8_t ref_mv_idx) {
  assert(is_inter_singleref_mode(single_mode));
  int ref_mv_offset;
  if (single_mode == NEARESTMV) {
    ref_mv_offset = 0;
  } else if (single_mode == NEARMV) {
    ref_mv_offset = ref_mv_idx + 1;
  } else {
    ref_mv_offset = -1;
  }
  return ref_mv_offset;
}

static INLINE void get_this_mv(int_mv *this_mv, PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                               int ref_idx, int ref_mv_idx,
                               const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame,
                               const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *mbmi_ext) {
  const uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(ref_frame);
  const int is_comp_pred = ref_frame[1] > INTRA_FRAME;
  const PREDICTION_MODE single_mode =
      get_single_mode(this_mode, ref_idx, is_comp_pred);
  assert(is_inter_singleref_mode(single_mode));
  if (single_mode == NEWMV) {
    this_mv->as_int = INVALID_MV;
  } else if (single_mode == GLOBALMV) {
    *this_mv = mbmi_ext->global_mvs[ref_frame[ref_idx]];
  } else {
    assert(single_mode == NEARMV || single_mode == NEARESTMV);
    const int ref_mv_offset = get_ref_mv_offset(single_mode, ref_mv_idx);
    if (ref_mv_offset < mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type]) {
      assert(ref_mv_offset >= 0);
      if (ref_idx == 0) {
        *this_mv =
            mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][ref_mv_offset].this_mv;
      } else {
        *this_mv =
            mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][ref_mv_offset].comp_mv;
      }
    } else {
      *this_mv = mbmi_ext->global_mvs[ref_frame[ref_idx]];
    }
  }
}

// This function update the non-new mv for the current prediction mode
static INLINE int build_cur_mv(int_mv *cur_mv, PREDICTION_MODE this_mode,
                               const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCK *x) {
  const MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  int ret = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < is_comp_pred + 1; ++i) {
    int_mv this_mv;
    get_this_mv(&this_mv, this_mode, i, mbmi->ref_mv_idx, mbmi->ref_frame,
                x->mbmi_ext);
    const PREDICTION_MODE single_mode =
        get_single_mode(this_mode, i, is_comp_pred);
    if (single_mode == NEWMV) {
      cur_mv[i] = this_mv;
    } else {
      ret &= clamp_and_check_mv(cur_mv + i, this_mv, cm, x);
    }
  }
  return ret;
}

static INLINE int get_drl_cost(const MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi,
                               const MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *mbmi_ext,
                               int (*drl_mode_cost0)[2],
                               int8_t ref_frame_type) {
  int cost = 0;
  if (mbmi->mode == NEWMV || mbmi->mode == NEW_NEWMV) {
    for (int idx = 0; idx < 2; ++idx) {
      if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > idx + 1) {
        uint8_t drl_ctx =
            av1_drl_ctx(mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type], idx);
        cost += drl_mode_cost0[drl_ctx][mbmi->ref_mv_idx != idx];
        if (mbmi->ref_mv_idx == idx) return cost;
      }
    }
    return cost;
  }

  if (have_nearmv_in_inter_mode(mbmi->mode)) {
    for (int idx = 1; idx < 3; ++idx) {
      if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] > idx + 1) {
        uint8_t drl_ctx =
            av1_drl_ctx(mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type], idx);
        cost += drl_mode_cost0[drl_ctx][mbmi->ref_mv_idx != (idx - 1)];
        if (mbmi->ref_mv_idx == (idx - 1)) return cost;
      }
    }
    return cost;
  }
  return cost;
}

// Struct for buffers used by compound_type_rd() function.
// For sizes and alignment of these arrays, refer to
// alloc_compound_type_rd_buffers() function.
typedef struct {
  uint8_t *pred0;
  uint8_t *pred1;
  int16_t *residual1;          // src - pred1
  int16_t *diff10;             // pred1 - pred0
  uint8_t *tmp_best_mask_buf;  // backup of the best segmentation mask
} CompoundTypeRdBuffers;

static int compound_type_rd(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                            BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_col, int mi_row,
                            int_mv *cur_mv, int masked_compound_used,
                            BUFFER_SET *orig_dst, const BUFFER_SET *tmp_dst,
                            CompoundTypeRdBuffers *buffers, int *rate_mv,
                            int64_t *rd, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                            int64_t ref_best_rd, int *is_luma_interp_done) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  const int bw = block_size_wide[bsize];
  int rate_sum, rs2;
  int64_t dist_sum;

  int_mv best_mv[2];
  int best_tmp_rate_mv = *rate_mv;
  int tmp_skip_txfm_sb;
  int64_t tmp_skip_sse_sb;
  INTERINTER_COMPOUND_DATA best_compound_data;
  best_compound_data.type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE;
  uint8_t *preds0[1] = { buffers->pred0 };
  uint8_t *preds1[1] = { buffers->pred1 };
  int strides[1] = { bw };
  int tmp_rate_mv;
  const int num_pix = 1 << num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize];
  const int mask_len = 2 * num_pix * sizeof(uint8_t);
  COMPOUND_TYPE cur_type;
  int best_compmode_interinter_cost = 0;
  int calc_pred_masked_compound = 1;
  int64_t comp_dist[COMPOUND_TYPES] = { INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX };
  int32_t comp_rate[COMPOUND_TYPES] = { INT_MAX, INT_MAX, INT_MAX };
  int match_found = find_comp_rd_in_stats(x, mbmi, comp_rate, comp_dist);
  best_mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
  best_mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
  *rd = INT64_MAX;
  for (cur_type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE; cur_type < COMPOUND_TYPES; cur_type++) {
    if (cur_type != COMPOUND_AVERAGE && !masked_compound_used) break;
    if (!is_interinter_compound_used(cur_type, bsize)) continue;
    tmp_rate_mv = *rate_mv;
    int64_t best_rd_cur = INT64_MAX;
    mbmi->interinter_comp.type = cur_type;
    int masked_type_cost = 0;

    const int comp_group_idx_ctx = get_comp_group_idx_context(xd);
    const int comp_index_ctx = get_comp_index_context(cm, xd);
    mbmi->compound_idx = 1;
    if (cur_type == COMPOUND_AVERAGE) {
      mbmi->comp_group_idx = 0;
      if (masked_compound_used) {
        masked_type_cost += x->comp_group_idx_cost[comp_group_idx_ctx][0];
      }
      masked_type_cost += x->comp_idx_cost[comp_index_ctx][1];
      rs2 = masked_type_cost;
      const int64_t mode_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rs2 + rd_stats->rate, 0);
      if (mode_rd < ref_best_rd) {
        // Reuse data if matching record is found
        if (comp_rate[0] == INT_MAX) {
          av1_build_inter_predictors_sby(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, orig_dst,
                                         bsize);
          *is_luma_interp_done = 1;
          int64_t est_rd = estimate_yrd_for_sb(cpi, bsize, x, &rate_sum,
                                               &dist_sum, &tmp_skip_txfm_sb,
                                               &tmp_skip_sse_sb, INT64_MAX);
          if (comp_rate[0] != INT_MAX) {
            assert(comp_rate[0] == rate_sum);
            assert(comp_dist[0] == dist_sum);
          }
          if (est_rd != INT64_MAX) {
            best_rd_cur =
                RDCOST(x->rdmult, rs2 + *rate_mv + rate_sum, dist_sum);
            // Backup rate and distortion for future reuse
            comp_rate[0] = rate_sum;
            comp_dist[0] = dist_sum;
          }
        } else {
          // Calculate RD cost based on stored stats
          assert(comp_dist[0] != INT64_MAX);
          best_rd_cur =
              RDCOST(x->rdmult, rs2 + *rate_mv + comp_rate[0], comp_dist[0]);
        }
      }
      // use spare buffer for following compound type try
      restore_dst_buf(xd, *tmp_dst, 1);
    } else {
      mbmi->comp_group_idx = 1;
      masked_type_cost += x->comp_group_idx_cost[comp_group_idx_ctx][1];
      masked_type_cost += x->compound_type_cost[bsize][cur_type - 1];
      rs2 = masked_type_cost;

      if (((*rd / cpi->max_comp_type_rd_threshold_div) *
           cpi->max_comp_type_rd_threshold_mul) < ref_best_rd) {
        const COMPOUND_TYPE compound_type = mbmi->interinter_comp.type;

        if (!((compound_type == COMPOUND_WEDGE &&
               !enable_wedge_interinter_search(x, cpi)) ||
              (compound_type == COMPOUND_DIFFWTD &&
               !cpi->oxcf.enable_diff_wtd_comp)))
          best_rd_cur = build_and_cost_compound_type(
              cpi, x, cur_mv, bsize, this_mode, &rs2, *rate_mv, orig_dst,
              &tmp_rate_mv, preds0, preds1, buffers->residual1, buffers->diff10,
              strides, mi_row, mi_col, rd_stats->rate, ref_best_rd,
              &calc_pred_masked_compound, comp_rate, comp_dist);
      }
    }
    if (best_rd_cur < *rd) {
      *rd = best_rd_cur;
      best_compound_data = mbmi->interinter_comp;
      if (masked_compound_used && cur_type != COMPOUND_TYPES - 1) {
        memcpy(buffers->tmp_best_mask_buf, xd->seg_mask, mask_len);
      }
      best_compmode_interinter_cost = rs2;
      if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
        if (cur_type == COMPOUND_WEDGE) {
          best_tmp_rate_mv = tmp_rate_mv;
          best_mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
          best_mv[1].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int;
        } else {
          best_mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
          best_mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
        }
      }
    }
    // reset to original mvs for next iteration
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = cur_mv[0].as_int;
    mbmi->mv[1].as_int = cur_mv[1].as_int;
  }
  if (mbmi->interinter_comp.type != best_compound_data.type) {
    mbmi->comp_group_idx =
        (best_compound_data.type == COMPOUND_AVERAGE) ? 0 : 1;
    mbmi->interinter_comp = best_compound_data;
    memcpy(xd->seg_mask, buffers->tmp_best_mask_buf, mask_len);
  }
  if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = best_mv[0].as_int;
    mbmi->mv[1].as_int = best_mv[1].as_int;
    if (mbmi->interinter_comp.type == COMPOUND_WEDGE) {
      rd_stats->rate += best_tmp_rate_mv - *rate_mv;
      *rate_mv = best_tmp_rate_mv;
    }
  }
  restore_dst_buf(xd, *orig_dst, 1);
  if (match_found == -1)
    save_comp_rd_search_stat(x, mbmi, comp_rate, comp_dist, cur_mv);
  return best_compmode_interinter_cost;
}

static INLINE int is_single_newmv_valid(HandleInterModeArgs *args,
                                        MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi,
                                        PREDICTION_MODE this_mode) {
  for (int ref_idx = 0; ref_idx < 2; ++ref_idx) {
    const PREDICTION_MODE single_mode = get_single_mode(this_mode, ref_idx, 1);
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref = mbmi->ref_frame[ref_idx];
    if (single_mode == NEWMV &&
        args->single_newmv_valid[mbmi->ref_mv_idx][ref] == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}

static int get_drl_refmv_count(const MACROBLOCK *const x,
                               const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame,
                               PREDICTION_MODE mode) {
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const int8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(ref_frame);
  const int has_nearmv = have_nearmv_in_inter_mode(mode) ? 1 : 0;
  const int ref_mv_count = mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type];
  const int only_newmv = (mode == NEWMV || mode == NEW_NEWMV);
  const int has_drl =
      (has_nearmv && ref_mv_count > 2) || (only_newmv && ref_mv_count > 1);
  const int ref_set =
      has_drl ? AOMMIN(MAX_REF_MV_SERCH, ref_mv_count - has_nearmv) : 1;

  return ref_set;
}

typedef struct {
  int64_t rd;
  int drl_cost;
  int rate_mv;
  int_mv mv;
} inter_mode_info;

static int64_t handle_inter_mode(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                 TileDataEnc *tile_data, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                 BLOCK_SIZE bsize, RD_STATS *rd_stats,
                                 RD_STATS *rd_stats_y, RD_STATS *rd_stats_uv,
                                 int *disable_skip, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                 HandleInterModeArgs *args, int64_t ref_best_rd,
                                 uint8_t *const tmp_buf,
                                 CompoundTypeRdBuffers *rd_buffers
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
                                 ,
                                 int64_t *best_est_rd, const int do_tx_search,
                                 InterModesInfo *inter_modes_info
#endif
) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  const int is_comp_pred = has_second_ref(mbmi);
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  int i;
  int refs[2] = { mbmi->ref_frame[0],
                  (mbmi->ref_frame[1] < 0 ? 0 : mbmi->ref_frame[1]) };
  int rate_mv = 0;
  int64_t rd = INT64_MAX;

  // do first prediction into the destination buffer. Do the next
  // prediction into a temporary buffer. Then keep track of which one
  // of these currently holds the best predictor, and use the other
  // one for future predictions. In the end, copy from tmp_buf to
  // dst if necessary.
  struct macroblockd_plane *p = xd->plane;
  BUFFER_SET orig_dst = {
    { p[0].dst.buf, p[1].dst.buf, p[2].dst.buf },
    { p[0].dst.stride, p[1].dst.stride, p[2].dst.stride },
  };
  const BUFFER_SET tmp_dst = { { tmp_buf, tmp_buf + 1 * MAX_SB_SQUARE,
                                 tmp_buf + 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE },
                               { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE } };

  int skip_txfm_sb = 0;
  int64_t skip_sse_sb = INT64_MAX;
  int16_t mode_ctx;
  const int masked_compound_used = is_any_masked_compound_used(bsize) &&
                                   cm->seq_params.enable_masked_compound;
  int64_t ret_val = INT64_MAX;
  const int8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);
  RD_STATS best_rd_stats, best_rd_stats_y, best_rd_stats_uv;
  int64_t best_rd = INT64_MAX;
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi = *mbmi;
  int best_disable_skip;
  int best_xskip;
  int64_t newmv_ret_val = INT64_MAX;
  int_mv backup_mv[2] = { { 0 } };
  int backup_rate_mv = 0;
  inter_mode_info mode_info[MAX_REF_MV_SERCH];

  int comp_idx;
  const int search_dist_wtd_comp =
      is_comp_pred & cm->seq_params.order_hint_info.enable_dist_wtd_comp &
      (mbmi->mode != GLOBAL_GLOBALMV) &
      (cpi->sf.use_dist_wtd_comp_flag != DIST_WTD_COMP_DISABLED);

  // TODO(jingning): This should be deprecated shortly.
  const int has_nearmv = have_nearmv_in_inter_mode(mbmi->mode) ? 1 : 0;
  const int ref_set = get_drl_refmv_count(x, mbmi->ref_frame, this_mode);

  for (int ref_mv_idx = 0; ref_mv_idx < ref_set; ++ref_mv_idx) {
    mode_info[ref_mv_idx].mv.as_int = INVALID_MV;
    mode_info[ref_mv_idx].rd = INT64_MAX;

    if (cpi->sf.reduce_inter_modes && ref_mv_idx > 0) {
      if (mbmi->ref_frame[0] == LAST2_FRAME ||
          mbmi->ref_frame[0] == LAST3_FRAME ||
          mbmi->ref_frame[1] == LAST2_FRAME ||
          mbmi->ref_frame[1] == LAST3_FRAME) {
        if (mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[ref_frame_type][ref_mv_idx + has_nearmv]
                .weight < REF_CAT_LEVEL) {
          continue;
        }
      }
    }
    if (cpi->sf.prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans && !is_comp_pred &&
        args->single_ref_first_pass == 0) {
      if (args->simple_rd_state[ref_mv_idx].early_skipped) {
        continue;
      }
    }
    av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);

    mbmi->interinter_comp.type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE;
    mbmi->comp_group_idx = 0;
    mbmi->compound_idx = 1;
    if (mbmi->ref_frame[1] == INTRA_FRAME) mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;

    mode_ctx =
        av1_mode_context_analyzer(mbmi_ext->mode_context, mbmi->ref_frame);

    mbmi->num_proj_ref = 0;
    mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
    mbmi->ref_mv_idx = ref_mv_idx;

    if (is_comp_pred && (!is_single_newmv_valid(args, mbmi, this_mode))) {
      continue;
    }

    rd_stats->rate += args->ref_frame_cost + args->single_comp_cost;
    const int drl_cost =
        get_drl_cost(mbmi, mbmi_ext, x->drl_mode_cost0, ref_frame_type);
    rd_stats->rate += drl_cost;
    mode_info[ref_mv_idx].drl_cost = drl_cost;

    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, 0) > ref_best_rd &&
        mbmi->mode != NEARESTMV && mbmi->mode != NEAREST_NEARESTMV) {
      continue;
    }

    const RD_STATS backup_rd_stats = *rd_stats;
    // If !search_dist_wtd_comp, we need to force mbmi->compound_idx = 1.
    for (comp_idx = 1; comp_idx >= !search_dist_wtd_comp; --comp_idx) {
      int rs = 0;
      int compmode_interinter_cost = 0;
      mbmi->compound_idx = comp_idx;
      if (is_comp_pred && comp_idx == 0) {
        *rd_stats = backup_rd_stats;
        mbmi->interinter_comp.type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE;
        mbmi->num_proj_ref = 0;
        mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
        mbmi->comp_group_idx = 0;

        const int comp_index_ctx = get_comp_index_context(cm, xd);
        compmode_interinter_cost += x->comp_idx_cost[comp_index_ctx][0];
      }

      int_mv cur_mv[2];
      if (!build_cur_mv(cur_mv, this_mode, cm, x)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (have_newmv_in_inter_mode(this_mode)) {
        if (comp_idx == 0) {
          cur_mv[0] = backup_mv[0];
          cur_mv[1] = backup_mv[1];
          rate_mv = backup_rate_mv;
        }

        if (cpi->sf.prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans &&
            args->single_ref_first_pass == 0 && !is_comp_pred) {
          const int ref0 = mbmi->ref_frame[0];
          newmv_ret_val = args->single_newmv_valid[ref_mv_idx][ref0] ? 0 : 1;
          cur_mv[0] = args->single_newmv[ref_mv_idx][ref0];
          rate_mv = args->single_newmv_rate[ref_mv_idx][ref0];
        } else if (!(search_dist_wtd_comp &&
                     (cpi->sf.use_dist_wtd_comp_flag ==
                      DIST_WTD_COMP_SKIP_MV_SEARCH) &&
                     comp_idx == 0)) {
          newmv_ret_val = handle_newmv(cpi, x, bsize, cur_mv, mi_row, mi_col,
                                       &rate_mv, args);

          // Store cur_mv and rate_mv so that they can be restored in the next
          // iteration of the loop
          backup_mv[0] = cur_mv[0];
          backup_mv[1] = cur_mv[1];
          backup_rate_mv = rate_mv;
        }

        if (newmv_ret_val != 0) {
          continue;
        } else {
          rd_stats->rate += rate_mv;
        }

        if (cpi->sf.skip_repeated_newmv) {
          if (!is_comp_pred && this_mode == NEWMV && ref_mv_idx > 0) {
            int skip = 0;
            int this_rate_mv = 0;
            for (i = 0; i < ref_mv_idx; ++i) {
              // Check if the motion search result same as previous results
              if (cur_mv[0].as_int == args->single_newmv[i][refs[0]].as_int) {
                // If the compared mode has no valid rd, it is unlikely this
                // mode will be the best mode
                if (mode_info[i].rd == INT64_MAX) {
                  skip = 1;
                  break;
                }
                // Compare the cost difference including drl cost and mv cost
                if (mode_info[i].mv.as_int != INVALID_MV) {
                  const int compare_cost =
                      mode_info[i].rate_mv + mode_info[i].drl_cost;
                  const int_mv ref_mv = av1_get_ref_mv(x, 0);
                  this_rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(
                      &mode_info[i].mv.as_mv, &ref_mv.as_mv, x->nmv_vec_cost,
                      x->mv_cost_stack, MV_COST_WEIGHT);
                  const int this_cost = this_rate_mv + drl_cost;

                  if (compare_cost < this_cost) {
                    skip = 1;
                    break;
                  } else {
                    // If the cost is less than current best result, make this
                    // the best and update corresponding variables
                    if (best_mbmi.ref_mv_idx == i) {
                      assert(best_rd != INT64_MAX);
                      best_mbmi.ref_mv_idx = ref_mv_idx;
                      best_rd_stats.rate += this_cost - compare_cost;
                      best_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, best_rd_stats.rate,
                                       best_rd_stats.dist);
                      if (best_rd < ref_best_rd) ref_best_rd = best_rd;

                      skip = 1;
                      break;
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
            if (skip) {
              args->modelled_rd[this_mode][ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] =
                  args->modelled_rd[this_mode][i][refs[0]];
              args->simple_rd[this_mode][ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] =
                  args->simple_rd[this_mode][i][refs[0]];
              mode_info[ref_mv_idx].rd = mode_info[i].rd;
              mode_info[ref_mv_idx].rate_mv = this_rate_mv;
              mode_info[ref_mv_idx].mv.as_int = mode_info[i].mv.as_int;

              restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
              continue;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      for (i = 0; i < is_comp_pred + 1; ++i) {
        mbmi->mv[i].as_int = cur_mv[i].as_int;
      }
      const int ref_mv_cost = cost_mv_ref(x, this_mode, mode_ctx);
#if USE_DISCOUNT_NEWMV_TEST
      // We don't include the cost of the second reference here, because there
      // are only three options: Last/Golden, ARF/Last or Golden/ARF, or in
      // other words if you present them in that order, the second one is always
      // known if the first is known.
      //
      // Under some circumstances we discount the cost of new mv mode to
      // encourage initiation of a motion field.
      if (discount_newmv_test(cpi, x, this_mode, mbmi->mv[0])) {
        // discount_newmv_test only applies discount on NEWMV mode.
        assert(this_mode == NEWMV);
        rd_stats->rate += AOMMIN(cost_mv_ref(x, this_mode, mode_ctx),
                                 cost_mv_ref(x, NEARESTMV, mode_ctx));
      } else {
        rd_stats->rate += ref_mv_cost;
      }
#else
      rd_stats->rate += ref_mv_cost;
#endif

      if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, 0) > ref_best_rd &&
          mbmi->mode != NEARESTMV && mbmi->mode != NEAREST_NEARESTMV) {
        continue;
      }

      int skip_build_pred = 0;
      if (is_comp_pred && comp_idx) {
        // Find matching interp filter or set to default interp filter
        const int need_search =
            av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && av1_is_interp_search_needed(xd);
        int match_found = -1;
        const InterpFilter assign_filter = cm->interp_filter;
        int is_luma_interp_done = 0;
        if (cpi->sf.skip_repeat_interpolation_filter_search && need_search) {
          match_found = find_interp_filter_in_stats(x, mbmi);
        }
        if (!need_search || match_found == -1) {
          set_default_interp_filters(mbmi, assign_filter);
        }

        int64_t best_rd_compound;
        compmode_interinter_cost = compound_type_rd(
            cpi, x, bsize, mi_col, mi_row, cur_mv, masked_compound_used,
            &orig_dst, &tmp_dst, rd_buffers, &rate_mv, &best_rd_compound,
            rd_stats, ref_best_rd, &is_luma_interp_done);
        if (ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX &&
            (best_rd_compound >> 4) * 13 > ref_best_rd) {
          restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
          continue;
        }
        // No need to call av1_build_inter_predictors_sby if
        // COMPOUND_AVERAGE is selected because it is the first
        // candidate in compound_type_rd, and the following
        // compound types searching uses tmp_dst buffer
        if (mbmi->interinter_comp.type == COMPOUND_AVERAGE &&
            is_luma_interp_done) {
          if (num_planes > 1)
            av1_build_inter_predictors_sbuv(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, &orig_dst,
                                            bsize);
          skip_build_pred = 1;
        }
      }

      ret_val = interpolation_filter_search(
          x, cpi, tile_data, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, &tmp_dst, &orig_dst,
          args->single_filter, &rd, &rs, &skip_txfm_sb, &skip_sse_sb,
          skip_build_pred, args, ref_best_rd);
      if (args->modelled_rd != NULL && !is_comp_pred) {
        args->modelled_rd[this_mode][ref_mv_idx][refs[0]] = rd;
      }
      if (ret_val != 0) {
        restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
        continue;
      } else if (cpi->sf.model_based_post_interp_filter_breakout &&
                 ref_best_rd != INT64_MAX && (rd >> 3) * 3 > ref_best_rd) {
        restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
        break;
      }

      if (!is_comp_pred)
        args->single_filter[this_mode][refs[0]] =
            av1_extract_interp_filter(mbmi->interp_filters, 0);

      if (args->modelled_rd != NULL) {
        if (is_comp_pred) {
          const int mode0 = compound_ref0_mode(this_mode);
          const int mode1 = compound_ref1_mode(this_mode);
          const int64_t mrd =
              AOMMIN(args->modelled_rd[mode0][ref_mv_idx][refs[0]],
                     args->modelled_rd[mode1][ref_mv_idx][refs[1]]);
          if ((rd >> 3) * 6 > mrd && ref_best_rd < INT64_MAX) {
            restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
            continue;
          }
        }
      }
      rd_stats->rate += compmode_interinter_cost;

      if (search_dist_wtd_comp && cpi->sf.dist_wtd_comp_fast_tx_search &&
          comp_idx == 0) {
        // TODO(chengchen): this speed feature introduces big loss.
        // Need better estimation of rate distortion.
        int dummy_rate;
        int64_t dummy_dist;
        int plane_rate[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { 0 };
        int64_t plane_sse[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { 0 };
        int64_t plane_dist[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { 0 };

        model_rd_sb_fn[MODELRD_TYPE_DIST_WTD_COMPOUND](
            cpi, bsize, x, xd, 0, num_planes - 1, mi_row, mi_col, &dummy_rate,
            &dummy_dist, &skip_txfm_sb, &skip_sse_sb, plane_rate, plane_sse,
            plane_dist);

        rd_stats->rate += rs;
        rd_stats->rate += plane_rate[0] + plane_rate[1] + plane_rate[2];
        rd_stats_y->rate = plane_rate[0];
        rd_stats_uv->rate = plane_rate[1] + plane_rate[2];
        rd_stats->sse = plane_sse[0] + plane_sse[1] + plane_sse[2];
        rd_stats_y->sse = plane_sse[0];
        rd_stats_uv->sse = plane_sse[1] + plane_sse[2];
        rd_stats->dist = plane_dist[0] + plane_dist[1] + plane_dist[2];
        rd_stats_y->dist = plane_dist[0];
        rd_stats_uv->dist = plane_dist[1] + plane_dist[2];
      } else {
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        ret_val = motion_mode_rd(cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, rd_stats, rd_stats_y,
                                 rd_stats_uv, disable_skip, mi_row, mi_col,
                                 args, ref_best_rd, refs, &rate_mv, &orig_dst,
                                 best_est_rd, do_tx_search, inter_modes_info);
#else
        ret_val = motion_mode_rd(cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, rd_stats, rd_stats_y,
                                 rd_stats_uv, disable_skip, mi_row, mi_col,
                                 args, ref_best_rd, refs, &rate_mv, &orig_dst);
#endif
      }
      mode_info[ref_mv_idx].mv.as_int = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
      mode_info[ref_mv_idx].rate_mv = rate_mv;
      if (ret_val != INT64_MAX) {
        int64_t tmp_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
        mode_info[ref_mv_idx].rd = tmp_rd;
        if (tmp_rd < best_rd) {
          best_rd_stats = *rd_stats;
          best_rd_stats_y = *rd_stats_y;
          best_rd_stats_uv = *rd_stats_uv;
          best_rd = tmp_rd;
          best_mbmi = *mbmi;
          best_disable_skip = *disable_skip;
          best_xskip = x->skip;
          memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
                 sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
        }

        if (tmp_rd < ref_best_rd) {
          ref_best_rd = tmp_rd;
        }
      }
      restore_dst_buf(xd, orig_dst, num_planes);
    }
  }

  if (best_rd == INT64_MAX) return INT64_MAX;

  // re-instate status of the best choice
  *rd_stats = best_rd_stats;
  *rd_stats_y = best_rd_stats_y;
  *rd_stats_uv = best_rd_stats_uv;
  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  *disable_skip = best_disable_skip;
  x->skip = best_xskip;
  assert(IMPLIES(mbmi->comp_group_idx == 1,
                 mbmi->interinter_comp.type != COMPOUND_AVERAGE));
  memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
         sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);

  return RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
}

static int64_t rd_pick_intrabc_mode_sb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                       RD_STATS *rd_stats, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                       int64_t best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  if (!av1_allow_intrabc(cm) || !cpi->oxcf.enable_intrabc) return INT64_MAX;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);

  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const TileInfo *tile = &xd->tile;
  MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int mi_row = -xd->mb_to_top_edge / (8 * MI_SIZE);
  const int mi_col = -xd->mb_to_left_edge / (8 * MI_SIZE);
  const int w = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int h = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int sb_row = mi_row >> cm->seq_params.mib_size_log2;
  const int sb_col = mi_col >> cm->seq_params.mib_size_log2;

  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = INTRA_FRAME;
  av1_find_mv_refs(cm, xd, mbmi, ref_frame, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count,
                   mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack, NULL, mbmi_ext->global_mvs, mi_row,
                   mi_col, mbmi_ext->mode_context);

  int_mv nearestmv, nearmv;
  av1_find_best_ref_mvs_from_stack(0, mbmi_ext, ref_frame, &nearestmv, &nearmv,
                                   0);

  if (nearestmv.as_int == INVALID_MV) {
    nearestmv.as_int = 0;
  }
  if (nearmv.as_int == INVALID_MV) {
    nearmv.as_int = 0;
  }

  int_mv dv_ref = nearestmv.as_int == 0 ? nearmv : nearestmv;
  if (dv_ref.as_int == 0)
    av1_find_ref_dv(&dv_ref, tile, cm->seq_params.mib_size, mi_row, mi_col);
  // Ref DV should not have sub-pel.
  assert((dv_ref.as_mv.col & 7) == 0);
  assert((dv_ref.as_mv.row & 7) == 0);
  mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack[INTRA_FRAME][0].this_mv = dv_ref;

  struct buf_2d yv12_mb[MAX_MB_PLANE];
  av1_setup_pred_block(xd, yv12_mb, xd->cur_buf, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, NULL,
                       num_planes);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; ++i) {
    xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[i];
  }

  enum IntrabcMotionDirection {
    IBC_MOTION_ABOVE,
    IBC_MOTION_LEFT,
    IBC_MOTION_DIRECTIONS
  };

  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi = *mbmi;
  RD_STATS best_rdstats = *rd_stats;
  int best_skip = x->skip;

  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE] = { 0 };
  for (enum IntrabcMotionDirection dir = IBC_MOTION_ABOVE;
       dir < IBC_MOTION_DIRECTIONS; ++dir) {
    const MvLimits tmp_mv_limits = x->mv_limits;
    switch (dir) {
      case IBC_MOTION_ABOVE:
        x->mv_limits.col_min = (tile->mi_col_start - mi_col) * MI_SIZE;
        x->mv_limits.col_max = (tile->mi_col_end - mi_col) * MI_SIZE - w;
        x->mv_limits.row_min = (tile->mi_row_start - mi_row) * MI_SIZE;
        x->mv_limits.row_max =
            (sb_row * cm->seq_params.mib_size - mi_row) * MI_SIZE - h;
        break;
      case IBC_MOTION_LEFT:
        x->mv_limits.col_min = (tile->mi_col_start - mi_col) * MI_SIZE;
        x->mv_limits.col_max =
            (sb_col * cm->seq_params.mib_size - mi_col) * MI_SIZE - w;
        // TODO(aconverse@google.com): Minimize the overlap between above and
        // left areas.
        x->mv_limits.row_min = (tile->mi_row_start - mi_row) * MI_SIZE;
        int bottom_coded_mi_edge =
            AOMMIN((sb_row + 1) * cm->seq_params.mib_size, tile->mi_row_end);
        x->mv_limits.row_max = (bottom_coded_mi_edge - mi_row) * MI_SIZE - h;
        break;
      default: assert(0);
    }
    assert(x->mv_limits.col_min >= tmp_mv_limits.col_min);
    assert(x->mv_limits.col_max <= tmp_mv_limits.col_max);
    assert(x->mv_limits.row_min >= tmp_mv_limits.row_min);
    assert(x->mv_limits.row_max <= tmp_mv_limits.row_max);
    av1_set_mv_search_range(&x->mv_limits, &dv_ref.as_mv);

    if (x->mv_limits.col_max < x->mv_limits.col_min ||
        x->mv_limits.row_max < x->mv_limits.row_min) {
      x->mv_limits = tmp_mv_limits;
      continue;
    }

    int step_param = cpi->mv_step_param;
    MV mvp_full = dv_ref.as_mv;
    mvp_full.col >>= 3;
    mvp_full.row >>= 3;
    const int sadpb = x->sadperbit16;
    int cost_list[5];
    const int bestsme = av1_full_pixel_search(
        cpi, x, bsize, &mvp_full, step_param, cpi->sf.mv.search_method, 0,
        sadpb, cond_cost_list(cpi, cost_list), &dv_ref.as_mv, INT_MAX, 1,
        (MI_SIZE * mi_col), (MI_SIZE * mi_row), 1);

    x->mv_limits = tmp_mv_limits;
    if (bestsme == INT_MAX) continue;
    mvp_full = x->best_mv.as_mv;
    const MV dv = { .row = mvp_full.row * 8, .col = mvp_full.col * 8 };
    if (mv_check_bounds(&x->mv_limits, &dv)) continue;
    if (!av1_is_dv_valid(dv, cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, bsize,
                         cm->seq_params.mib_size_log2))
      continue;

    // DV should not have sub-pel.
    assert((dv.col & 7) == 0);
    assert((dv.row & 7) == 0);
    memset(&mbmi->palette_mode_info, 0, sizeof(mbmi->palette_mode_info));
    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
    mbmi->use_intrabc = 1;
    mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
    mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
    mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
    mbmi->mv[0].as_mv = dv;
    mbmi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(BILINEAR);
    mbmi->skip = 0;
    x->skip = 0;
    av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, bsize);

    int *dvcost[2] = { (int *)&cpi->dv_cost[0][MV_MAX],
                       (int *)&cpi->dv_cost[1][MV_MAX] };
    // TODO(aconverse@google.com): The full motion field defining discount
    // in MV_COST_WEIGHT is too large. Explore other values.
    const int rate_mv = av1_mv_bit_cost(&dv, &dv_ref.as_mv, cpi->dv_joint_cost,
                                        dvcost, MV_COST_WEIGHT_SUB);
    const int rate_mode = x->intrabc_cost[1];
    RD_STATS rd_stats_yuv, rd_stats_y, rd_stats_uv;
    if (!txfm_search(cpi, NULL, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, &rd_stats_yuv,
                     &rd_stats_y, &rd_stats_uv, rate_mode + rate_mv, INT64_MAX))
      continue;
    rd_stats_yuv.rdcost =
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats_yuv.rate, rd_stats_yuv.dist);
    if (rd_stats_yuv.rdcost < best_rd) {
      best_rd = rd_stats_yuv.rdcost;
      best_mbmi = *mbmi;
      best_skip = mbmi->skip;
      best_rdstats = rd_stats_yuv;
      memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
    }
  }
  *mbmi = best_mbmi;
  *rd_stats = best_rdstats;
  x->skip = best_skip;
  memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
         sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w);
#if CONFIG_RD_DEBUG
  mbmi->rd_stats = *rd_stats;
#endif
  return best_rd;
}

void av1_rd_pick_intra_mode_sb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row,
                               int mi_col, RD_STATS *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                               PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int64_t best_rd) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  int rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0, rate_y_tokenonly = 0, rate_uv_tokenonly = 0;
  int y_skip = 0, uv_skip = 0;
  int64_t dist_y = 0, dist_uv = 0;
  TX_SIZE max_uv_tx_size;

  ctx->skip = 0;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = INTRA_FRAME;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;
  mbmi->use_intrabc = 0;
  mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;

  const int64_t intra_yrd =
      rd_pick_intra_sby_mode(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_y, &rate_y_tokenonly,
                             &dist_y, &y_skip, bsize, best_rd, ctx);

  if (intra_yrd < best_rd) {
    // Only store reconstructed luma when there's chroma RDO. When there's no
    // chroma RDO, the reconstructed luma will be stored in encode_superblock().
    xd->cfl.is_chroma_reference =
        is_chroma_reference(mi_row, mi_col, bsize, cm->seq_params.subsampling_x,
                            cm->seq_params.subsampling_y);
    xd->cfl.store_y = store_cfl_required_rdo(cm, x);
    if (xd->cfl.store_y) {
      // Restore reconstructed luma values.
      memcpy(x->blk_skip, ctx->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
      av1_encode_intra_block_plane(cpi, x, bsize, AOM_PLANE_Y,
                                   cpi->optimize_seg_arr[mbmi->segment_id],
                                   mi_row, mi_col);
      xd->cfl.store_y = 0;
    }
    if (num_planes > 1) {
      max_uv_tx_size = av1_get_tx_size(AOM_PLANE_U, xd);
      init_sbuv_mode(mbmi);
      if (!x->skip_chroma_rd)
        rd_pick_intra_sbuv_mode(cpi, x, &rate_uv, &rate_uv_tokenonly, &dist_uv,
                                &uv_skip, bsize, max_uv_tx_size);
    }

    if (y_skip && (uv_skip || x->skip_chroma_rd)) {
      rd_cost->rate = rate_y + rate_uv - rate_y_tokenonly - rate_uv_tokenonly +
                      x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][1];
      rd_cost->dist = dist_y + dist_uv;
    } else {
      rd_cost->rate =
          rate_y + rate_uv + x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][0];
      rd_cost->dist = dist_y + dist_uv;
    }
    rd_cost->rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_cost->rate, rd_cost->dist);
  } else {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
  }

  if (rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX && rd_cost->rdcost < best_rd)
    best_rd = rd_cost->rdcost;
  if (rd_pick_intrabc_mode_sb(cpi, x, rd_cost, bsize, best_rd) < best_rd) {
    ctx->skip = x->skip;
    memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
           sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
    assert(rd_cost->rate != INT_MAX);
  }
  if (rd_cost->rate == INT_MAX) return;

  ctx->mic = *xd->mi[0];
  ctx->mbmi_ext = *x->mbmi_ext;
}

static void restore_uv_color_map(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *x) {
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = mbmi->sb_type;
  int src_stride = x->plane[1].src.stride;
  const uint8_t *const src_u = x->plane[1].src.buf;
  const uint8_t *const src_v = x->plane[2].src.buf;
  int *const data = x->palette_buffer->kmeans_data_buf;
  int centroids[2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE];
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[1].color_index_map;
  int r, c;
  const uint16_t *const src_u16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_u);
  const uint16_t *const src_v16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src_v);
  int plane_block_width, plane_block_height, rows, cols;
  av1_get_block_dimensions(bsize, 1, xd, &plane_block_width,
                           &plane_block_height, &rows, &cols);

  for (r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
    for (c = 0; c < cols; ++c) {
      if (cpi->common.seq_params.use_highbitdepth) {
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = src_u16[r * src_stride + c];
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = src_v16[r * src_stride + c];
      } else {
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2] = src_u[r * src_stride + c];
        data[(r * cols + c) * 2 + 1] = src_v[r * src_stride + c];
      }
    }
  }

  for (r = 1; r < 3; ++r) {
    for (c = 0; c < pmi->palette_size[1]; ++c) {
      centroids[c * 2 + r - 1] = pmi->palette_colors[r * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE + c];
    }
  }

  av1_calc_indices(data, centroids, color_map, rows * cols,
                   pmi->palette_size[1], 2);
  extend_palette_color_map(color_map, cols, rows, plane_block_width,
                           plane_block_height);
}

static void calc_target_weighted_pred(const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int mi_row,
                                      int mi_col, const uint8_t *above,
                                      int above_stride, const uint8_t *left,
                                      int left_stride);

static const int ref_frame_flag_list[REF_FRAMES] = { 0,
                                                     AOM_LAST_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_LAST2_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_LAST3_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_GOLD_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_BWD_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_ALT2_FLAG,
                                                     AOM_ALT_FLAG };

static void rd_pick_skip_mode(RD_STATS *rd_cost,
                              InterModeSearchState *search_state,
                              const AV1_COMP *const cpi, MACROBLOCK *const x,
                              BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                              struct buf_2d yv12_mb[REF_FRAMES][MAX_MB_PLANE]) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const SkipModeInfo *const skip_mode_info = &cm->current_frame.skip_mode_info;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];

  x->compound_idx = 1;  // COMPOUND_AVERAGE
  RD_STATS skip_mode_rd_stats;
  av1_invalid_rd_stats(&skip_mode_rd_stats);

  if (skip_mode_info->ref_frame_idx_0 == INVALID_IDX ||
      skip_mode_info->ref_frame_idx_1 == INVALID_IDX) {
    return;
  }

  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame =
      LAST_FRAME + skip_mode_info->ref_frame_idx_0;
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME second_ref_frame =
      LAST_FRAME + skip_mode_info->ref_frame_idx_1;
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = NEAREST_NEARESTMV;
  const int mode_index =
      get_prediction_mode_idx(this_mode, ref_frame, second_ref_frame);

  if (mode_index == -1) {
    return;
  }

  mbmi->mode = this_mode;
  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = ref_frame;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = second_ref_frame;
  const uint8_t ref_frame_type = av1_ref_frame_type(mbmi->ref_frame);
  if (x->mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame_type] == UINT8_MAX) {
    if (x->mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame] == UINT8_MAX ||
        x->mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[second_ref_frame] == UINT8_MAX) {
      return;
    }
    MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
    av1_find_mv_refs(cm, xd, mbmi, ref_frame_type, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count,
                     mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack, NULL, mbmi_ext->global_mvs, mi_row,
                     mi_col, mbmi_ext->mode_context);
  }

  assert(this_mode == NEAREST_NEARESTMV);
  if (!build_cur_mv(mbmi->mv, this_mode, cm, x)) {
    return;
  }

  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
  mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)(II_DC_PRED - 1);
  mbmi->comp_group_idx = 0;
  mbmi->compound_idx = x->compound_idx;
  mbmi->interinter_comp.type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE;
  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
  mbmi->skip_mode = mbmi->skip = 1;

  set_default_interp_filters(mbmi, cm->interp_filter);

  set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1]);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
    xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[0]][i];
    xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[1]][i];
  }

  BUFFER_SET orig_dst;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
    orig_dst.plane[i] = xd->plane[i].dst.buf;
    orig_dst.stride[i] = xd->plane[i].dst.stride;
  }

  // Obtain the rdcost for skip_mode.
  skip_mode_rd(&skip_mode_rd_stats, cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, &orig_dst);

  // Compare the use of skip_mode with the best intra/inter mode obtained.
  const int skip_mode_ctx = av1_get_skip_mode_context(xd);
  const int64_t best_intra_inter_mode_cost =
      (rd_cost->dist < INT64_MAX && rd_cost->rate < INT32_MAX)
          ? RDCOST(x->rdmult,
                   rd_cost->rate + x->skip_mode_cost[skip_mode_ctx][0],
                   rd_cost->dist)
          : INT64_MAX;

  if (skip_mode_rd_stats.rdcost <= best_intra_inter_mode_cost &&
      (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] || skip_mode_rd_stats.dist == 0)) {
    assert(mode_index != -1);
    search_state->best_mbmode.skip_mode = 1;
    search_state->best_mbmode = *mbmi;

    search_state->best_mbmode.skip_mode = search_state->best_mbmode.skip = 1;
    search_state->best_mbmode.mode = NEAREST_NEARESTMV;
    search_state->best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] = mbmi->ref_frame[0];
    search_state->best_mbmode.ref_frame[1] = mbmi->ref_frame[1];
    search_state->best_mbmode.mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[0].as_int;
    search_state->best_mbmode.mv[1].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int;
    search_state->best_mbmode.ref_mv_idx = 0;

    // Set up tx_size related variables for skip-specific loop filtering.
    search_state->best_mbmode.tx_size =
        block_signals_txsize(bsize) ? tx_size_from_tx_mode(bsize, cm->tx_mode)
                                    : max_txsize_rect_lookup[bsize];
    memset(search_state->best_mbmode.inter_tx_size,
           search_state->best_mbmode.tx_size,
           sizeof(search_state->best_mbmode.inter_tx_size));
    set_txfm_ctxs(search_state->best_mbmode.tx_size, xd->n4_w, xd->n4_h,
                  search_state->best_mbmode.skip && is_inter_block(mbmi), xd);

    // Set up color-related variables for skip mode.
    search_state->best_mbmode.uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
    search_state->best_mbmode.palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
    search_state->best_mbmode.palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;

    search_state->best_mbmode.comp_group_idx = 0;
    search_state->best_mbmode.compound_idx = x->compound_idx;
    search_state->best_mbmode.interinter_comp.type = COMPOUND_AVERAGE;
    search_state->best_mbmode.motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;

    search_state->best_mbmode.interintra_mode =
        (INTERINTRA_MODE)(II_DC_PRED - 1);
    search_state->best_mbmode.filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;

    set_default_interp_filters(&search_state->best_mbmode, cm->interp_filter);

    search_state->best_mode_index = mode_index;

    // Update rd_cost
    rd_cost->rate = skip_mode_rd_stats.rate;
    rd_cost->dist = rd_cost->sse = skip_mode_rd_stats.dist;
    rd_cost->rdcost = skip_mode_rd_stats.rdcost;

#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    if (bsize >= BLOCK_8X8 &&
        block_size_high[bsize] == block_size_wide[bsize]) {
      av1_copy_reg_stat(rd_cost, &skip_mode_rd_stats);
    }
#endif

    search_state->best_rd = rd_cost->rdcost;
    search_state->best_skip2 = 1;
    search_state->best_mode_skippable = 1;

    x->skip = 1;
  }
}

// speed feature: fast intra/inter transform type search
// Used for speed >= 2
// When this speed feature is on, in rd mode search, only DCT is used.
// After the mode is determined, this function is called, to select
// transform types and get accurate rdcost.
static void sf_refine_fast_tx_type_search(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    RD_STATS *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize, PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
    int best_mode_index, MB_MODE_INFO *best_mbmode,
    struct buf_2d yv12_mb[REF_FRAMES][MAX_MB_PLANE], int best_rate_y,
    int best_rate_uv, int *best_skip2) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);

  if (xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] == 0 && best_mode_index >= 0 &&
      ((sf->tx_type_search.fast_inter_tx_type_search == 1 &&
        is_inter_mode(best_mbmode->mode)) ||
       (sf->tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search == 1 &&
        !is_inter_mode(best_mbmode->mode)))) {
    int skip_blk = 0;
    RD_STATS rd_stats_y, rd_stats_uv;
    const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);

    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 0;
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

    *mbmi = *best_mbmode;

    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1]);

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[0]][i];
      if (has_second_ref(mbmi))
        xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[1]][i];
    }

    if (is_inter_mode(mbmi->mode)) {
      av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, bsize);
      if (mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL)
        av1_build_obmc_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col);

      av1_subtract_plane(x, bsize, 0);
      if (cm->tx_mode == TX_MODE_SELECT && !xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id]) {
        pick_tx_size_type_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                              INT64_MAX);
        assert(rd_stats_y.rate != INT_MAX);
      } else {
        super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, INT64_MAX);
        memset(mbmi->inter_tx_size, mbmi->tx_size, sizeof(mbmi->inter_tx_size));
        for (int i = 0; i < xd->n4_h * xd->n4_w; ++i)
          set_blk_skip(x, 0, i, rd_stats_y.skip);
      }
    } else {
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, INT64_MAX);
    }

    if (num_planes > 1) {
      super_block_uvrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_uv, bsize, INT64_MAX);
    } else {
      av1_init_rd_stats(&rd_stats_uv);
    }

    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult,
               x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0] + rd_stats_y.rate + rd_stats_uv.rate,
               (rd_stats_y.dist + rd_stats_uv.dist)) >
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1],
               (rd_stats_y.sse + rd_stats_uv.sse))) {
      skip_blk = 1;
      rd_stats_y.rate = x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];
      rd_stats_uv.rate = 0;
      rd_stats_y.dist = rd_stats_y.sse;
      rd_stats_uv.dist = rd_stats_uv.sse;
    } else {
      skip_blk = 0;
      rd_stats_y.rate += x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
    }

    if (RDCOST(x->rdmult, best_rate_y + best_rate_uv, rd_cost->dist) >
        RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats_y.rate + rd_stats_uv.rate,
               (rd_stats_y.dist + rd_stats_uv.dist))) {
      best_mbmode->tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
      av1_copy(best_mbmode->inter_tx_size, mbmi->inter_tx_size);
      memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
      av1_copy(best_mbmode->txk_type, mbmi->txk_type);
      rd_cost->rate +=
          (rd_stats_y.rate + rd_stats_uv.rate - best_rate_y - best_rate_uv);
      rd_cost->dist = rd_stats_y.dist + rd_stats_uv.dist;
      rd_cost->rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_cost->rate, rd_cost->dist);
      *best_skip2 = skip_blk;
    }
  }
}

// Contains information on which modes to skip. The last entry contains
// information on whether the reference frames should should be skipped.
typedef struct mode_skip_mask_struct {
  uint32_t mode[REF_FRAMES];
  uint16_t ref_frame1;
  uint16_t ref_frame2;
} mode_skip_mask_t;

static void init_mode_skip_mask(mode_skip_mask_t *mask, const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;

  memset(mask, 0, sizeof(*mask));

  int min_pred_mv_sad = INT_MAX;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame;
  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame)
    min_pred_mv_sad = AOMMIN(min_pred_mv_sad, x->pred_mv_sad[ref_frame]);

  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame) {
    if (!(cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[ref_frame])) {
      // Skip checking missing references in both single and compound reference
      // modes. Note that a mode will be skipped iff both reference frames
      // are masked out.
      mask->ref_frame1 |= (1 << ref_frame);
      mask->ref_frame2 |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    } else {
      // Skip fixed mv modes for poor references
      if ((x->pred_mv_sad[ref_frame] >> 2) > min_pred_mv_sad) {
        mask->mode[ref_frame] |= INTER_NEAREST_NEAR_ZERO;
      }
    }
    // If the segment reference frame feature is enabled....
    // then do nothing if the current ref frame is not allowed..
    if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) &&
        get_segdata(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) != (int)ref_frame) {
      mask->ref_frame1 |= (1 << ref_frame);
      mask->ref_frame2 |= SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    }
  }
  // Disable this drop out case if the ref frame
  // segment level feature is enabled for this segment. This is to
  // prevent the possibility that we end up unable to pick any mode.
  if (!segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) {
    // Only consider GLOBALMV/ALTREF_FRAME for alt ref frame,
    // unless ARNR filtering is enabled in which case we want
    // an unfiltered alternative. We allow near/nearest as well
    // because they may result in zero-zero MVs but be cheaper.
    if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref && (cpi->oxcf.arnr_max_frames == 0)) {
      mask->ref_frame1 = (1 << LAST_FRAME) | (1 << LAST2_FRAME) |
                         (1 << LAST3_FRAME) | (1 << BWDREF_FRAME) |
                         (1 << ALTREF2_FRAME) | (1 << GOLDEN_FRAME);
      mask->ref_frame2 = SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
      // TODO(zoeliu): To further explore whether following needs to be done for
      //               BWDREF_FRAME as well.
      mask->mode[ALTREF_FRAME] = ~INTER_NEAREST_NEAR_ZERO;
      const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME tmp_ref_frames[2] = { ALTREF_FRAME, NONE_FRAME };
      int_mv near_mv, nearest_mv, global_mv;
      get_this_mv(&nearest_mv, NEARESTMV, 0, 0, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);
      get_this_mv(&near_mv, NEARMV, 0, 0, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);
      get_this_mv(&global_mv, GLOBALMV, 0, 0, tmp_ref_frames, x->mbmi_ext);

      if (near_mv.as_int != global_mv.as_int)
        mask->mode[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEARMV);
      if (nearest_mv.as_int != global_mv.as_int)
        mask->mode[ALTREF_FRAME] |= (1 << NEARESTMV);
    }
  }

  if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
    if (sf->alt_ref_search_fp) {
      assert(cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[ALTREF_FRAME]);
      mask->mode[ALTREF_FRAME] = 0;
      mask->ref_frame1 = ~(1 << ALTREF_FRAME);
      mask->ref_frame2 = SECOND_REF_FRAME_MASK;
    }
  }

  if (sf->alt_ref_search_fp)
    if (!cm->show_frame && x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] < INT_MAX)
      if (x->pred_mv_sad[ALTREF_FRAME] > (x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] << 1))
        mask->mode[ALTREF_FRAME] |= INTER_ALL;

  if (sf->adaptive_mode_search) {
    if (cm->show_frame && !cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
        cpi->rc.frames_since_golden >= 3)
      if ((x->pred_mv_sad[GOLDEN_FRAME] >> 1) > x->pred_mv_sad[LAST_FRAME])
        mask->mode[GOLDEN_FRAME] |= INTER_ALL;
  }

  if (bsize > sf->max_intra_bsize) {
    mask->ref_frame1 |= (1 << INTRA_FRAME);
    mask->ref_frame2 |= (1 << INTRA_FRAME);
  }

  mask->mode[INTRA_FRAME] |= ~(sf->intra_y_mode_mask[max_txsize_lookup[bsize]]);
}

// Please add/modify parameter setting in this function, making it consistent
// and easy to read and maintain.
static void set_params_rd_pick_inter_mode(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, HandleInterModeArgs *args,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col, mode_skip_mask_t *mode_skip_mask,
    int skip_ref_frame_mask, unsigned int ref_costs_single[REF_FRAMES],
    unsigned int ref_costs_comp[REF_FRAMES][REF_FRAMES],
    struct buf_2d yv12_mb[REF_FRAMES][MAX_MB_PLANE]) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  MB_MODE_INFO_EXT *const mbmi_ext = x->mbmi_ext;
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  int dst_width1[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };
  int dst_width2[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1, MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1,
                                   MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1 };
  int dst_height1[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1, MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1,
                                    MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1 };
  int dst_height2[MAX_MB_PLANE] = { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE };

  for (int i = 0; i < MB_MODE_COUNT; ++i)
    for (int k = 0; k < REF_FRAMES; ++k) args->single_filter[i][k] = SWITCHABLE;

  if (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) {
    int len = sizeof(uint16_t);
    args->above_pred_buf[0] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->above_pred_buf);
    args->above_pred_buf[1] =
        CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->above_pred_buf + (MAX_SB_SQUARE >> 1) * len);
    args->above_pred_buf[2] =
        CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->above_pred_buf + MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
    args->left_pred_buf[0] = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->left_pred_buf);
    args->left_pred_buf[1] =
        CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->left_pred_buf + (MAX_SB_SQUARE >> 1) * len);
    args->left_pred_buf[2] =
        CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(x->left_pred_buf + MAX_SB_SQUARE * len);
  } else {
    args->above_pred_buf[0] = x->above_pred_buf;
    args->above_pred_buf[1] = x->above_pred_buf + (MAX_SB_SQUARE >> 1);
    args->above_pred_buf[2] = x->above_pred_buf + MAX_SB_SQUARE;
    args->left_pred_buf[0] = x->left_pred_buf;
    args->left_pred_buf[1] = x->left_pred_buf + (MAX_SB_SQUARE >> 1);
    args->left_pred_buf[2] = x->left_pred_buf + MAX_SB_SQUARE;
  }

  av1_collect_neighbors_ref_counts(xd);

  estimate_ref_frame_costs(cm, xd, x, segment_id, ref_costs_single,
                           ref_costs_comp);

  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame;
  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame) {
    x->pred_mv_sad[ref_frame] = INT_MAX;
    x->mbmi_ext->mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
    x->mbmi_ext->compound_mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
    mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame] = UINT8_MAX;
    if (cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[ref_frame]) {
      if (mbmi->partition != PARTITION_NONE &&
          mbmi->partition != PARTITION_SPLIT) {
        if (skip_ref_frame_mask & (1 << ref_frame)) {
          int skip = 1;
          for (int r = ALTREF_FRAME + 1; r < MODE_CTX_REF_FRAMES; ++r) {
            if (!(skip_ref_frame_mask & (1 << r))) {
              const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *rf = ref_frame_map[r - REF_FRAMES];
              if (rf[0] == ref_frame || rf[1] == ref_frame) {
                skip = 0;
                break;
              }
            }
          }
          if (skip) continue;
        }
      }
      assert(get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, ref_frame) != NULL);
      setup_buffer_ref_mvs_inter(cpi, x, ref_frame, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                 yv12_mb);
    }
  }
  // ref_frame = ALTREF_FRAME
  for (; ref_frame < MODE_CTX_REF_FRAMES; ++ref_frame) {
    x->mbmi_ext->mode_context[ref_frame] = 0;
    mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count[ref_frame] = UINT8_MAX;
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *rf = ref_frame_map[ref_frame - REF_FRAMES];
    if (!((cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[rf[0]]) &&
          (cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[rf[1]]))) {
      continue;
    }

    if (mbmi->partition != PARTITION_NONE &&
        mbmi->partition != PARTITION_SPLIT) {
      if (skip_ref_frame_mask & (1 << ref_frame)) {
        continue;
      }
    }
    av1_find_mv_refs(cm, xd, mbmi, ref_frame, mbmi_ext->ref_mv_count,
                     mbmi_ext->ref_mv_stack, NULL, mbmi_ext->global_mvs, mi_row,
                     mi_col, mbmi_ext->mode_context);
  }

  av1_count_overlappable_neighbors(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col);

  if (check_num_overlappable_neighbors(mbmi) &&
      is_motion_variation_allowed_bsize(bsize)) {
    av1_build_prediction_by_above_preds(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col,
                                        args->above_pred_buf, dst_width1,
                                        dst_height1, args->above_pred_stride);
    av1_build_prediction_by_left_preds(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col,
                                       args->left_pred_buf, dst_width2,
                                       dst_height2, args->left_pred_stride);
    av1_setup_dst_planes(xd->plane, bsize, &cm->cur_frame->buf, mi_row, mi_col,
                         0, num_planes);
    calc_target_weighted_pred(
        cm, x, xd, mi_row, mi_col, args->above_pred_buf[0],
        args->above_pred_stride[0], args->left_pred_buf[0],
        args->left_pred_stride[0]);
  }

  init_mode_skip_mask(mode_skip_mask, cpi, x, bsize);

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_intra_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_intra_tx_type = 0;

  if (cpi->sf.tx_type_search.fast_inter_tx_type_search)
    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 1;
  else
    x->use_default_inter_tx_type = 0;
  if (cpi->sf.skip_repeat_interpolation_filter_search) {
    x->interp_filter_stats_idx[0] = 0;
    x->interp_filter_stats_idx[1] = 0;
  }
  x->comp_rd_stats_idx = 0;
}

static void search_palette_mode(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row,
                                int mi_col, RD_STATS *rd_cost,
                                PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi,
                                PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi,
                                unsigned int *ref_costs_single,
                                InterModeSearchState *search_state) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  int rate2 = 0;
  int64_t distortion2 = 0, best_rd_palette = search_state->best_rd, this_rd,
          best_model_rd_palette = INT64_MAX;
  int skippable = 0, rate_overhead_palette = 0;
  RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
  TX_SIZE uv_tx = TX_4X4;
  uint8_t *const best_palette_color_map =
      x->palette_buffer->best_palette_color_map;
  uint8_t *const color_map = xd->plane[0].color_index_map;
  MB_MODE_INFO best_mbmi_palette = *mbmi;
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  const int *const intra_mode_cost = x->mbmode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  const int rows = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int cols = block_size_wide[bsize];

  mbmi->mode = DC_PRED;
  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = INTRA_FRAME;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;
  rate_overhead_palette = rd_pick_palette_intra_sby(
      cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, intra_mode_cost[DC_PRED],
      &best_mbmi_palette, best_palette_color_map, &best_rd_palette,
      &best_model_rd_palette, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, ctx, best_blk_skip);
  if (pmi->palette_size[0] == 0) return;

  memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
         sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * bsize_to_num_blk(bsize));

  memcpy(color_map, best_palette_color_map,
         rows * cols * sizeof(best_palette_color_map[0]));
  super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y, bsize, search_state->best_rd);
  if (rd_stats_y.rate == INT_MAX) return;

  skippable = rd_stats_y.skip;
  distortion2 = rd_stats_y.dist;
  rate2 = rd_stats_y.rate + rate_overhead_palette;
  rate2 += ref_costs_single[INTRA_FRAME];
  if (num_planes > 1) {
    uv_tx = av1_get_tx_size(AOM_PLANE_U, xd);
    if (search_state->rate_uv_intra[uv_tx] == INT_MAX) {
      choose_intra_uv_mode(
          cpi, x, bsize, uv_tx, &search_state->rate_uv_intra[uv_tx],
          &search_state->rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx],
          &search_state->dist_uvs[uv_tx], &search_state->skip_uvs[uv_tx],
          &search_state->mode_uv[uv_tx]);
      search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx] = *pmi;
      search_state->uv_angle_delta[uv_tx] = mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV];
    }
    mbmi->uv_mode = search_state->mode_uv[uv_tx];
    pmi->palette_size[1] = search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_size[1];
    if (pmi->palette_size[1] > 0) {
      memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(pmi->palette_colors[0]));
    }
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = search_state->uv_angle_delta[uv_tx];
    skippable = skippable && search_state->skip_uvs[uv_tx];
    distortion2 += search_state->dist_uvs[uv_tx];
    rate2 += search_state->rate_uv_intra[uv_tx];
  }

  if (skippable) {
    rate2 -= rd_stats_y.rate;
    if (num_planes > 1) rate2 -= search_state->rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx];
    rate2 += x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][1];
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    av1_reg_stat_skipmode_update(&rd_stats_y, x->rdmult);
#endif
  } else {
    rate2 += x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][0];
  }
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate2, distortion2);
  if (this_rd < search_state->best_rd) {
    search_state->best_mode_index = 3;
    mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
    rd_cost->rate = rate2;
    rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
    rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
    search_state->best_rd = this_rd;
    search_state->best_mbmode = *mbmi;
    search_state->best_skip2 = 0;
    search_state->best_mode_skippable = skippable;
    memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
           sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
    av1_copy_reg_stat(rd_cost, &rd_stats_y);
#endif
  }
}

static void init_inter_mode_search_state(InterModeSearchState *search_state,
                                         const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                         const TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                                         const MACROBLOCK *x, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                         int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  search_state->best_rd = best_rd_so_far;

  av1_zero(search_state->best_mbmode);

  search_state->best_rate_y = INT_MAX;

  search_state->best_rate_uv = INT_MAX;

  search_state->best_mode_skippable = 0;

  search_state->best_skip2 = 0;

  search_state->best_mode_index = -1;

  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;

  search_state->skip_intra_modes = 0;

  search_state->num_available_refs = 0;
  memset(search_state->dist_refs, -1, sizeof(search_state->dist_refs));
  memset(search_state->dist_order_refs, -1,
         sizeof(search_state->dist_order_refs));

  for (int i = 0; i <= LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX; ++i)
    search_state->mode_threshold[i] = 0;
  const int *const rd_threshes = cpi->rd.threshes[segment_id][bsize];
  for (int i = LAST_NEW_MV_INDEX + 1; i < MAX_MODES; ++i)
    search_state->mode_threshold[i] =
        ((int64_t)rd_threshes[i] * tile_data->thresh_freq_fact[bsize][i]) >> 5;

  search_state->best_intra_mode = DC_PRED;
  search_state->best_intra_rd = INT64_MAX;

  search_state->angle_stats_ready = 0;
  av1_zero(search_state->directional_mode_skip_mask);

  search_state->best_pred_sse = UINT_MAX;

  for (int i = 0; i < TX_SIZES_ALL; i++)
    search_state->rate_uv_intra[i] = INT_MAX;

  av1_zero(search_state->pmi_uv);

  for (int i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
    search_state->best_pred_rd[i] = INT64_MAX;

  av1_zero(search_state->single_newmv);
  av1_zero(search_state->single_newmv_rate);
  av1_zero(search_state->single_newmv_valid);
  for (int i = 0; i < MB_MODE_COUNT; ++i) {
    for (int j = 0; j < MAX_REF_MV_SERCH; ++j) {
      for (int ref_frame = 0; ref_frame < REF_FRAMES; ++ref_frame) {
        search_state->modelled_rd[i][j][ref_frame] = INT64_MAX;
        search_state->simple_rd[i][j][ref_frame] = INT64_MAX;
      }
    }
  }

  for (int dir = 0; dir < 2; ++dir) {
    for (int mode = 0; mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM; ++mode) {
      for (int ref_frame = 0; ref_frame < FWD_REFS; ++ref_frame) {
        SingleInterModeState *state;

        state = &search_state->single_state[dir][mode][ref_frame];
        state->ref_frame = NONE_FRAME;
        state->rd = INT64_MAX;

        state = &search_state->single_state_modelled[dir][mode][ref_frame];
        state->ref_frame = NONE_FRAME;
        state->rd = INT64_MAX;
      }
    }
  }
  for (int dir = 0; dir < 2; ++dir) {
    for (int mode = 0; mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM; ++mode) {
      for (int ref_frame = 0; ref_frame < FWD_REFS; ++ref_frame) {
        search_state->single_rd_order[dir][mode][ref_frame] = NONE_FRAME;
      }
    }
  }
  av1_zero(search_state->single_state_cnt);
  av1_zero(search_state->single_state_modelled_cnt);
}

bool mask_says_skip(const mode_skip_mask_t *mode_skip_mask,
                    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame,
                    const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode) {
  if (mode_skip_mask->mode[ref_frame[0]] & (1 << this_mode)) {
    return true;
  }

  return (mode_skip_mask->ref_frame1 & (1 << ref_frame[0])) &&
         (mode_skip_mask->ref_frame2 & (1 << AOMMAX(0, ref_frame[1])));
}

// Case 1: return 0, means don't skip this mode
// Case 2: return 1, means skip this mode completely
// Case 3: return 2, means skip compound only, but still try single motion modes
static int inter_mode_search_order_independent_skip(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, const PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, const MACROBLOCK *x,
    BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mode_index, int mi_row, int mi_col,
    mode_skip_mask_t *mode_skip_mask, InterModeSearchState *search_state) {
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  const OrderHintInfo *const order_hint_info = &cm->seq_params.order_hint_info;
  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
  const MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_frame = av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame;
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = av1_mode_order[mode_index].mode;
  int skip_motion_mode = 0;

  if (mask_says_skip(mode_skip_mask, ref_frame, this_mode)) {
    return 1;
  }

  // If no valid mode has been found so far in PARTITION_NONE when finding a
  // valid partition is required, do not skip mode.
  if (search_state->best_rd == INT64_MAX && mbmi->partition == PARTITION_NONE &&
      x->must_find_valid_partition)
    return 0;

  if (mbmi->partition != PARTITION_NONE && mbmi->partition != PARTITION_SPLIT) {
    const int ref_type = av1_ref_frame_type(ref_frame);
    int skip_ref = ctx->skip_ref_frame_mask & (1 << ref_type);
    if (ref_type <= ALTREF_FRAME && skip_ref) {
      // Since the compound ref modes depends on the motion estimation result of
      // two single ref modes( best mv of single ref modes as the start point )
      // If current single ref mode is marked skip, we need to check if it will
      // be used in compound ref modes.
      for (int r = ALTREF_FRAME + 1; r < MODE_CTX_REF_FRAMES; ++r) {
        if (!(ctx->skip_ref_frame_mask & (1 << r))) {
          const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *rf = ref_frame_map[r - REF_FRAMES];
          if (rf[0] == ref_type || rf[1] == ref_type) {
            // Found a not skipped compound ref mode which contains current
            // single ref. So this single ref can't be skipped completly
            // Just skip it's motion mode search, still try it's simple
            // transition mode.
            skip_motion_mode = 1;
            skip_ref = 0;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (skip_ref) return 1;
  }

  if (cpi->sf.mode_pruning_based_on_two_pass_partition_search &&
      !x->cb_partition_scan) {
    const int mi_width = mi_size_wide[bsize];
    const int mi_height = mi_size_high[bsize];
    int found = 0;
    // Search in the stats table to see if the ref frames have been used in the
    // first pass of partition search.
    for (int row = mi_row; row < mi_row + mi_width && !found;
         row += FIRST_PARTITION_PASS_SAMPLE_REGION) {
      for (int col = mi_col; col < mi_col + mi_height && !found;
           col += FIRST_PARTITION_PASS_SAMPLE_REGION) {
        const int index = av1_first_partition_pass_stats_index(row, col);
        const FIRST_PARTITION_PASS_STATS *const stats =
            &x->first_partition_pass_stats[index];
        if (stats->ref0_counts[ref_frame[0]] &&
            (ref_frame[1] < 0 || stats->ref1_counts[ref_frame[1]])) {
          found = 1;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (!found) return 1;
  }

  if (ref_frame[0] > INTRA_FRAME && ref_frame[1] == INTRA_FRAME) {
    // Mode must by compatible
    if (!is_interintra_allowed_mode(this_mode)) return 1;
    if (!is_interintra_allowed_bsize(bsize)) return 1;
  }

  // This is only used in motion vector unit test.
  if (cpi->oxcf.motion_vector_unit_test && ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME)
    return 1;

  if (ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME) {
    if (this_mode != DC_PRED) {
      // Disable intra modes other than DC_PRED for blocks with low variance
      // Threshold for intra skipping based on source variance
      // TODO(debargha): Specialize the threshold for super block sizes
      const unsigned int skip_intra_var_thresh = 64;
      if ((sf->mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_LOWVAR) &&
          x->source_variance < skip_intra_var_thresh)
        return 1;
    }
  } else {
    if (!is_comp_ref_allowed(bsize) && ref_frame[1] > INTRA_FRAME) return 1;
  }

  const int comp_pred = ref_frame[1] > INTRA_FRAME;
  if (comp_pred) {
    if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) return 1;

    if (current_frame->reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE) return 1;

    // Skip compound inter modes if ARF is not available.
    if (!(cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[ref_frame[1]])) return 1;

    // Do not allow compound prediction if the segment level reference frame
    // feature is in use as in this case there can only be one reference.
    if (segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME)) return 1;
  }

  if (sf->selective_ref_frame) {
    if (sf->selective_ref_frame >= 3 || x->cb_partition_scan) {
      if (ref_frame[0] == ALTREF2_FRAME || ref_frame[1] == ALTREF2_FRAME)
        if (get_relative_dist(
                order_hint_info,
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
                current_frame->order_hint) < 0)
          return 1;
      if (ref_frame[0] == BWDREF_FRAME || ref_frame[1] == BWDREF_FRAME)
        if (get_relative_dist(
                order_hint_info,
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[BWDREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
                current_frame->order_hint) < 0)
          return 1;
    }

    if (sf->selective_ref_frame >= 2 ||
        (sf->selective_ref_frame == 1 && comp_pred)) {
      if (ref_frame[0] == LAST3_FRAME || ref_frame[1] == LAST3_FRAME)
        if (get_relative_dist(
                order_hint_info,
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[LAST3_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[GOLDEN_FRAME - LAST_FRAME]) <= 0)
          return 1;
      if (ref_frame[0] == LAST2_FRAME || ref_frame[1] == LAST2_FRAME)
        if (get_relative_dist(
                order_hint_info,
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[LAST2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[GOLDEN_FRAME - LAST_FRAME]) <= 0)
          return 1;
    }
  }

  // One-sided compound is used only when all reference frames are one-sided.
  if ((sf->selective_ref_frame >= 2) && comp_pred && !cpi->all_one_sided_refs) {
    unsigned int ref_offsets[2];
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      const RefCntBuffer *const buf = get_ref_frame_buf(cm, ref_frame[i]);
      assert(buf != NULL);
      ref_offsets[i] = buf->order_hint;
    }
    if ((get_relative_dist(order_hint_info, ref_offsets[0],
                           current_frame->order_hint) <= 0 &&
         get_relative_dist(order_hint_info, ref_offsets[1],
                           current_frame->order_hint) <= 0) ||
        (get_relative_dist(order_hint_info, ref_offsets[0],
                           current_frame->order_hint) > 0 &&
         get_relative_dist(order_hint_info, ref_offsets[1],
                           current_frame->order_hint) > 0))
      return 1;
  }

  if (sf->selective_ref_frame >= 4 && comp_pred) {
    // Check if one of the reference is ALTREF2_FRAME and BWDREF_FRAME is a
    // valid reference.
    if ((ref_frame[0] == ALTREF2_FRAME || ref_frame[1] == ALTREF2_FRAME) &&
        (cpi->ref_frame_flags & ref_frame_flag_list[BWDREF_FRAME])) {
      // Check if both ALTREF2_FRAME and BWDREF_FRAME are future references.
      if ((get_relative_dist(
               order_hint_info,
               cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
               current_frame->order_hint) > 0) &&
          (get_relative_dist(
               order_hint_info,
               cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[BWDREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
               current_frame->order_hint) > 0)) {
        // Drop ALTREF2_FRAME as a reference if BWDREF_FRAME is a closer
        // reference to the current frame than ALTREF2_FRAME
        if (get_relative_dist(
                order_hint_info,
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME],
                cm->cur_frame->ref_order_hints[BWDREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME]) >=
            0) {
          const RefCntBuffer *const buf_arf2 =
              get_ref_frame_buf(cm, ALTREF2_FRAME);
          assert(buf_arf2 != NULL);
          const RefCntBuffer *const buf_bwd =
              get_ref_frame_buf(cm, BWDREF_FRAME);
          assert(buf_bwd != NULL);
          assert(buf_arf2->frame_rf_level == buf_bwd->frame_rf_level);
          (void)buf_arf2;
          (void)buf_bwd;
          return 1;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (skip_repeated_mv(cm, x, this_mode, ref_frame, search_state)) {
    return 1;
  }
  if (skip_motion_mode) {
    return 2;
  }
  return 0;
}

static INLINE void init_mbmi(MB_MODE_INFO *mbmi, int mode_index,
                             const AV1_COMMON *cm) {
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = av1_mode_order[mode_index].mode;
  mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
  mbmi->mode = this_mode;
  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
  mbmi->ref_frame[0] = av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[0];
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[1];
  pmi->palette_size[0] = 0;
  pmi->palette_size[1] = 0;
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
  mbmi->mv[0].as_int = mbmi->mv[1].as_int = 0;
  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  mbmi->interintra_mode = (INTERINTRA_MODE)(II_DC_PRED - 1);
  set_default_interp_filters(mbmi, cm->interp_filter);
}

static int64_t handle_intra_mode(InterModeSearchState *search_state,
                                 const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                 BLOCK_SIZE bsize, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                 int ref_frame_cost,
                                 const PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int disable_skip,
                                 RD_STATS *rd_stats, RD_STATS *rd_stats_y,
                                 RD_STATS *rd_stats_uv) {
  const AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  assert(mbmi->ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME);
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const int try_palette =
      av1_allow_palette(cm->allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  const int *const intra_mode_cost = x->mbmode_cost[size_group_lookup[bsize]];
  const int intra_cost_penalty = av1_get_intra_cost_penalty(
      cm->base_qindex, cm->y_dc_delta_q, cm->seq_params.bit_depth);
  const int rows = block_size_high[bsize];
  const int cols = block_size_wide[bsize];
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);

  int known_rate = intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode];
  known_rate += ref_frame_cost;
  if (mbmi->mode != DC_PRED && mbmi->mode != PAETH_PRED)
    known_rate += intra_cost_penalty;
  known_rate += AOMMIN(x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0], x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1]);
  const int64_t known_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, known_rate, 0);
  if (known_rd > search_state->best_rd) {
    search_state->skip_intra_modes = 1;
    return INT64_MAX;
  }

  TX_SIZE uv_tx;
  int is_directional_mode = av1_is_directional_mode(mbmi->mode);
  if (is_directional_mode && av1_use_angle_delta(bsize) &&
      cpi->oxcf.enable_angle_delta) {
    int rate_dummy;
    int64_t model_rd = INT64_MAX;
    if (sf->intra_angle_estimation && !search_state->angle_stats_ready) {
      const int src_stride = x->plane[0].src.stride;
      const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;
      angle_estimation(src, src_stride, rows, cols, bsize,
                       xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH,
                       search_state->directional_mode_skip_mask);
      search_state->angle_stats_ready = 1;
    }
    if (search_state->directional_mode_skip_mask[mbmi->mode]) return INT64_MAX;
    av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats_y);
    rd_stats_y->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_pick_intra_angle_sby(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, &rate_dummy, rd_stats_y,
                            bsize, intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode],
                            search_state->best_rd, &model_rd);
  } else {
    av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats_y);
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = 0;
    super_block_yrd(cpi, x, rd_stats_y, bsize, search_state->best_rd);
  }
  uint8_t best_blk_skip[MAX_MIB_SIZE * MAX_MIB_SIZE];
  memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
         sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
  int try_filter_intra = 0;
  int64_t best_rd_tmp = INT64_MAX;
  if (mbmi->mode == DC_PRED && av1_filter_intra_allowed_bsize(cm, bsize)) {
    if (rd_stats_y->rate != INT_MAX) {
      const int tmp_rate = rd_stats_y->rate + x->filter_intra_cost[bsize][0] +
                           intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode];
      best_rd_tmp = RDCOST(x->rdmult, tmp_rate, rd_stats_y->dist);
      try_filter_intra = !((best_rd_tmp / 2) > search_state->best_rd);
    } else {
      try_filter_intra = !(search_state->best_mbmode.skip);
    }
  }
  if (try_filter_intra) {
    RD_STATS rd_stats_y_fi;
    int filter_intra_selected_flag = 0;
    TX_SIZE best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
    TX_TYPE best_txk_type[TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN];
    memcpy(best_txk_type, mbmi->txk_type,
           sizeof(*best_txk_type) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    FILTER_INTRA_MODE best_fi_mode = FILTER_DC_PRED;

    mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 1;
    for (FILTER_INTRA_MODE fi_mode = FILTER_DC_PRED;
         fi_mode < FILTER_INTRA_MODES; ++fi_mode) {
      int64_t this_rd_tmp;
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode = fi_mode;
      super_block_yrd(cpi, x, &rd_stats_y_fi, bsize, search_state->best_rd);
      if (rd_stats_y_fi.rate == INT_MAX) {
        continue;
      }
      const int this_rate_tmp =
          rd_stats_y_fi.rate +
          intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize,
                                 intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode]);
      this_rd_tmp = RDCOST(x->rdmult, this_rate_tmp, rd_stats_y_fi.dist);

      if (this_rd_tmp != INT64_MAX && this_rd_tmp / 2 > search_state->best_rd) {
        break;
      }
      if (this_rd_tmp < best_rd_tmp) {
        best_tx_size = mbmi->tx_size;
        memcpy(best_txk_type, mbmi->txk_type,
               sizeof(*best_txk_type) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
        memcpy(best_blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
               sizeof(best_blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
        best_fi_mode = fi_mode;
        *rd_stats_y = rd_stats_y_fi;
        filter_intra_selected_flag = 1;
        best_rd_tmp = this_rd_tmp;
      }
    }

    mbmi->tx_size = best_tx_size;
    memcpy(mbmi->txk_type, best_txk_type,
           sizeof(*best_txk_type) * TXK_TYPE_BUF_LEN);
    memcpy(x->blk_skip, best_blk_skip,
           sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);

    if (filter_intra_selected_flag) {
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 1;
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.filter_intra_mode = best_fi_mode;
    } else {
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
    }
  }
  if (rd_stats_y->rate == INT_MAX) return INT64_MAX;
  const int mode_cost_y =
      intra_mode_info_cost_y(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, intra_mode_cost[mbmi->mode]);
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats);
  av1_init_rd_stats(rd_stats_uv);
  if (num_planes > 1) {
    uv_tx = av1_get_tx_size(AOM_PLANE_U, xd);
    if (search_state->rate_uv_intra[uv_tx] == INT_MAX) {
      int rate_y =
          rd_stats_y->skip ? x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1] : rd_stats_y->rate;
      const int64_t rdy =
          RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate_y + mode_cost_y, rd_stats_y->dist);
      if (search_state->best_rd < (INT64_MAX / 2) &&
          rdy > (search_state->best_rd + (search_state->best_rd >> 2))) {
        search_state->skip_intra_modes = 1;
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
      choose_intra_uv_mode(
          cpi, x, bsize, uv_tx, &search_state->rate_uv_intra[uv_tx],
          &search_state->rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx],
          &search_state->dist_uvs[uv_tx], &search_state->skip_uvs[uv_tx],
          &search_state->mode_uv[uv_tx]);
      if (try_palette) search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx] = *pmi;
      search_state->uv_angle_delta[uv_tx] = mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV];

      const int uv_rate = search_state->rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx];
      const int64_t uv_dist = search_state->dist_uvs[uv_tx];
      const int64_t uv_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, uv_rate, uv_dist);
      if (uv_rd > search_state->best_rd) {
        search_state->skip_intra_modes = 1;
        return INT64_MAX;
      }
    }

    rd_stats_uv->rate = search_state->rate_uv_tokenonly[uv_tx];
    rd_stats_uv->dist = search_state->dist_uvs[uv_tx];
    rd_stats_uv->skip = search_state->skip_uvs[uv_tx];
    rd_stats->skip = rd_stats_y->skip && rd_stats_uv->skip;
    mbmi->uv_mode = search_state->mode_uv[uv_tx];
    if (try_palette) {
      pmi->palette_size[1] = search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_size[1];
      memcpy(pmi->palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             search_state->pmi_uv[uv_tx].palette_colors + PALETTE_MAX_SIZE,
             2 * PALETTE_MAX_SIZE * sizeof(pmi->palette_colors[0]));
    }
    mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = search_state->uv_angle_delta[uv_tx];
  }
  rd_stats->rate = rd_stats_y->rate + mode_cost_y;
  if (!xd->lossless[mbmi->segment_id] && block_signals_txsize(bsize)) {
    // super_block_yrd above includes the cost of the tx_size in the
    // tokenonly rate, but for intra blocks, tx_size is always coded
    // (prediction granularity), so we account for it in the full rate,
    // not the tokenonly rate.
    rd_stats_y->rate -= tx_size_cost(cm, x, bsize, mbmi->tx_size);
  }
  if (num_planes > 1 && !x->skip_chroma_rd) {
    const int uv_mode_cost =
        x->intra_uv_mode_cost[is_cfl_allowed(xd)][mbmi->mode][mbmi->uv_mode];
    rd_stats->rate +=
        rd_stats_uv->rate +
        intra_mode_info_cost_uv(cpi, x, mbmi, bsize, uv_mode_cost);
  }
  if (mbmi->mode != DC_PRED && mbmi->mode != PAETH_PRED)
    rd_stats->rate += intra_cost_penalty;
  rd_stats->dist = rd_stats_y->dist + rd_stats_uv->dist;

  // Estimate the reference frame signaling cost and add it
  // to the rolling cost variable.
  rd_stats->rate += ref_frame_cost;
  if (rd_stats->skip) {
    // Back out the coefficient coding costs
    rd_stats->rate -= (rd_stats_y->rate + rd_stats_uv->rate);
    rd_stats_y->rate = 0;
    rd_stats_uv->rate = 0;
    // Cost the skip mb case
    rd_stats->rate += x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][1];
  } else {
    // Add in the cost of the no skip flag.
    rd_stats->rate += x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][0];
  }
  // Calculate the final RD estimate for this mode.
  const int64_t this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats->rate, rd_stats->dist);
  // Keep record of best intra rd
  if (this_rd < search_state->best_intra_rd) {
    search_state->best_intra_rd = this_rd;
    search_state->best_intra_mode = mbmi->mode;
  }

  if (sf->skip_intra_in_interframe) {
    if (search_state->best_rd < (INT64_MAX / 2) &&
        this_rd > (search_state->best_rd + (search_state->best_rd >> 1)))
      search_state->skip_intra_modes = 1;
  }

  if (!disable_skip) {
    for (int i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i)
      search_state->best_pred_rd[i] =
          AOMMIN(search_state->best_pred_rd[i], this_rd);
  }
  return this_rd;
}

static void collect_single_states(MACROBLOCK *x,
                                  InterModeSearchState *search_state,
                                  const MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi) {
  int i, j;
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = mbmi->ref_frame[0];
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mbmi->mode;
  const int dir = ref_frame <= GOLDEN_FRAME ? 0 : 1;
  const int mode_offset = INTER_OFFSET(this_mode);
  const int ref_set = get_drl_refmv_count(x, mbmi->ref_frame, this_mode);

  // Simple rd
  int64_t simple_rd = search_state->simple_rd[this_mode][0][ref_frame];
  for (int ref_mv_idx = 1; ref_mv_idx < ref_set; ++ref_mv_idx) {
    int64_t rd = search_state->simple_rd[this_mode][ref_mv_idx][ref_frame];
    if (rd < simple_rd) simple_rd = rd;
  }

  // Insertion sort of single_state
  SingleInterModeState this_state_s = { simple_rd, ref_frame, 1 };
  SingleInterModeState *state_s = search_state->single_state[dir][mode_offset];
  i = search_state->single_state_cnt[dir][mode_offset];
  for (j = i; j > 0 && state_s[j - 1].rd > this_state_s.rd; --j)
    state_s[j] = state_s[j - 1];
  state_s[j] = this_state_s;
  search_state->single_state_cnt[dir][mode_offset]++;

  // Modelled rd
  int64_t modelled_rd = search_state->modelled_rd[this_mode][0][ref_frame];
  for (int ref_mv_idx = 1; ref_mv_idx < ref_set; ++ref_mv_idx) {
    int64_t rd = search_state->modelled_rd[this_mode][ref_mv_idx][ref_frame];
    if (rd < modelled_rd) modelled_rd = rd;
  }

  // Insertion sort of single_state_modelled
  SingleInterModeState this_state_m = { modelled_rd, ref_frame, 1 };
  SingleInterModeState *state_m =
      search_state->single_state_modelled[dir][mode_offset];
  i = search_state->single_state_modelled_cnt[dir][mode_offset];
  for (j = i; j > 0 && state_m[j - 1].rd > this_state_m.rd; --j)
    state_m[j] = state_m[j - 1];
  state_m[j] = this_state_m;
  search_state->single_state_modelled_cnt[dir][mode_offset]++;
}

static void analyze_single_states(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                  InterModeSearchState *search_state) {
  int i, j, dir, mode;
  if (cpi->sf.prune_comp_search_by_single_result >= 1) {
    for (dir = 0; dir < 2; ++dir) {
      int64_t best_rd;
      SingleInterModeState(*state)[FWD_REFS];
      const int prune_factor =
          cpi->sf.prune_comp_search_by_single_result >= 2 ? 6 : 5;

      // Use the best rd of GLOBALMV or NEWMV to prune the unlikely
      // reference frames for all the modes (NEARESTMV and NEARMV may not
      // have same motion vectors). Always keep the best of each mode
      // because it might form the best possible combination with other mode.
      state = search_state->single_state[dir];
      best_rd = AOMMIN(state[INTER_OFFSET(NEWMV)][0].rd,
                       state[INTER_OFFSET(GLOBALMV)][0].rd);
      for (mode = 0; mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM; ++mode) {
        for (i = 1; i < search_state->single_state_cnt[dir][mode]; ++i) {
          if (state[mode][i].rd != INT64_MAX &&
              (state[mode][i].rd >> 3) * prune_factor > best_rd) {
            state[mode][i].valid = 0;
          }
        }
      }

      state = search_state->single_state_modelled[dir];
      best_rd = AOMMIN(state[INTER_OFFSET(NEWMV)][0].rd,
                       state[INTER_OFFSET(GLOBALMV)][0].rd);
      for (mode = 0; mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM; ++mode) {
        for (i = 1; i < search_state->single_state_modelled_cnt[dir][mode];
             ++i) {
          if (state[mode][i].rd != INT64_MAX &&
              (state[mode][i].rd >> 3) * prune_factor > best_rd) {
            state[mode][i].valid = 0;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Ordering by simple rd first, then by modelled rd
  for (dir = 0; dir < 2; ++dir) {
    for (mode = 0; mode < SINGLE_INTER_MODE_NUM; ++mode) {
      const int state_cnt_s = search_state->single_state_cnt[dir][mode];
      const int state_cnt_m =
          search_state->single_state_modelled_cnt[dir][mode];
      SingleInterModeState *state_s = search_state->single_state[dir][mode];
      SingleInterModeState *state_m =
          search_state->single_state_modelled[dir][mode];
      int count = 0;
      const int max_candidates = AOMMAX(state_cnt_s, state_cnt_m);
      for (i = 0; i < state_cnt_s; ++i) {
        if (state_s[i].rd == INT64_MAX) break;
        if (state_s[i].valid)
          search_state->single_rd_order[dir][mode][count++] =
              state_s[i].ref_frame;
      }
      if (count < max_candidates) {
        for (i = 0; i < state_cnt_m; ++i) {
          if (state_m[i].rd == INT64_MAX) break;
          if (state_m[i].valid) {
            int ref_frame = state_m[i].ref_frame;
            int match = 0;
            // Check if existing already
            for (j = 0; j < count; ++j) {
              if (search_state->single_rd_order[dir][mode][j] == ref_frame) {
                match = 1;
                break;
              }
            }
            if (!match) {
              // Check if this ref_frame is removed in simple rd
              int valid = 1;
              for (j = 0; j < state_cnt_s; j++) {
                if (ref_frame == state_s[j].ref_frame && !state_s[j].valid) {
                  valid = 0;
                  break;
                }
              }
              if (valid)
                search_state->single_rd_order[dir][mode][count++] = ref_frame;
            }
            if (count >= max_candidates) break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static int compound_skip_get_candidates(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, const InterModeSearchState *search_state,
    const int dir, const PREDICTION_MODE mode) {
  const int mode_offset = INTER_OFFSET(mode);
  const SingleInterModeState *state =
      search_state->single_state[dir][mode_offset];
  const SingleInterModeState *state_modelled =
      search_state->single_state_modelled[dir][mode_offset];
  int max_candidates = 0;
  int candidates;

  for (int i = 0; i < FWD_REFS; ++i) {
    if (search_state->single_rd_order[dir][mode_offset][i] == NONE_FRAME) break;
    max_candidates++;
  }

  candidates = max_candidates;
  if (cpi->sf.prune_comp_search_by_single_result >= 2) {
    candidates = AOMMIN(2, max_candidates);
  }
  if (cpi->sf.prune_comp_search_by_single_result >= 3) {
    if (state[0].rd != INT64_MAX && state_modelled[0].rd != INT64_MAX &&
        state[0].ref_frame == state_modelled[0].ref_frame)
      candidates = 1;
    if (mode == NEARMV || mode == GLOBALMV) candidates = 1;
  }
  return candidates;
}

static int compound_skip_by_single_states(
    const AV1_COMP *cpi, const InterModeSearchState *search_state,
    const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode, const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame,
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME second_ref_frame, const MACROBLOCK *x) {
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME refs[2] = { ref_frame, second_ref_frame };
  const int mode[2] = { compound_ref0_mode(this_mode),
                        compound_ref1_mode(this_mode) };
  const int mode_offset[2] = { INTER_OFFSET(mode[0]), INTER_OFFSET(mode[1]) };
  const int mode_dir[2] = { refs[0] <= GOLDEN_FRAME ? 0 : 1,
                            refs[1] <= GOLDEN_FRAME ? 0 : 1 };
  int ref_searched[2] = { 0, 0 };
  int ref_mv_match[2] = { 1, 1 };
  int i, j;

  for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    const SingleInterModeState *state =
        search_state->single_state[mode_dir[i]][mode_offset[i]];
    const int state_cnt =
        search_state->single_state_cnt[mode_dir[i]][mode_offset[i]];
    for (j = 0; j < state_cnt; ++j) {
      if (state[j].ref_frame == refs[i]) {
        ref_searched[i] = 1;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  const int ref_set = get_drl_refmv_count(x, refs, this_mode);
  for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    if (mode[i] == NEARESTMV || mode[i] == NEARMV) {
      const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME single_refs[2] = { refs[i], NONE_FRAME };
      int idential = 1;
      for (int ref_mv_idx = 0; ref_mv_idx < ref_set; ref_mv_idx++) {
        int_mv single_mv;
        int_mv comp_mv;
        get_this_mv(&single_mv, mode[i], 0, ref_mv_idx, single_refs,
                    x->mbmi_ext);
        get_this_mv(&comp_mv, this_mode, i, ref_mv_idx, refs, x->mbmi_ext);

        idential &= (single_mv.as_int == comp_mv.as_int);
        if (!idential) {
          ref_mv_match[i] = 0;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    if (ref_searched[i] && ref_mv_match[i]) {
      const int candidates =
          compound_skip_get_candidates(cpi, search_state, mode_dir[i], mode[i]);
      const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME *ref_order =
          search_state->single_rd_order[mode_dir[i]][mode_offset[i]];
      int match = 0;
      for (j = 0; j < candidates; ++j) {
        if (refs[i] == ref_order[j]) {
          match = 1;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!match) return 1;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

static INLINE int sf_check_is_drop_ref(const MODE_DEFINITION *mode,
                                       InterModeSearchState *search_state) {
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = mode->ref_frame[0];
  const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME second_ref_frame = mode->ref_frame[1];
  if (search_state->num_available_refs > 2) {
    if ((ref_frame == search_state->dist_order_refs[0] &&
         second_ref_frame == search_state->dist_order_refs[1]) ||
        (ref_frame == search_state->dist_order_refs[1] &&
         second_ref_frame == search_state->dist_order_refs[0]))
      return 1;  // drop this pair of refs
  }
  return 0;
}

static INLINE void sf_drop_ref_analyze(InterModeSearchState *search_state,
                                       const MODE_DEFINITION *mode,
                                       int64_t distortion2) {
  const PREDICTION_MODE this_mode = mode->mode;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = mode->ref_frame[0];
  const int idx = ref_frame - LAST_FRAME;
  if (idx && distortion2 > search_state->dist_refs[idx]) {
    search_state->dist_refs[idx] = distortion2;
    search_state->dist_order_refs[idx] = ref_frame;
  }

  // Reach the last single ref prediction mode
  if (ref_frame == ALTREF_FRAME && this_mode == GLOBALMV) {
    // bubble sort dist_refs and the order index
    for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) {
      for (int k = i + 1; k < REF_FRAMES; ++k) {
        if (search_state->dist_refs[i] < search_state->dist_refs[k]) {
          int64_t tmp_dist = search_state->dist_refs[i];
          search_state->dist_refs[i] = search_state->dist_refs[k];
          search_state->dist_refs[k] = tmp_dist;

          int tmp_idx = search_state->dist_order_refs[i];
          search_state->dist_order_refs[i] = search_state->dist_order_refs[k];
          search_state->dist_order_refs[k] = tmp_idx;
        }
      }
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) {
      if (search_state->dist_refs[i] == -1) break;
      search_state->num_available_refs = i;
    }
    search_state->num_available_refs++;
  }
}

// sf->prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans
static int analyze_simple_trans_states(const AV1_COMP *cpi, MACROBLOCK *x) {
  (void)cpi;
  int64_t rdcosts[REF_FRAMES] = { INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX,
                                  INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX };
  int skip_ref = 0;
  int64_t min_rd = INT64_MAX;
  for (int i = 0; i < SINGLE_REF_MODES; ++i) {
    const MODE_DEFINITION *mode_order = &av1_mode_order[i];
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = mode_order->ref_frame[0];
    for (int k = 0; k < MAX_REF_MV_SERCH; ++k) {
      const int64_t rd = x->simple_rd_state[i][k].rd_stats.rdcost;
      rdcosts[ref_frame] = AOMMIN(rdcosts[ref_frame], rd);
      min_rd = AOMMIN(min_rd, rd);
    }
  }
  int valid_cnt = 0;
  for (int i = 1; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) {
    if (rdcosts[i] == INT64_MAX) {
      skip_ref |= (1 << i);
    } else {
      valid_cnt++;
    }
  }
  if (valid_cnt < 2) {
    return 0;
  }
  min_rd += (min_rd >> 1);
  if (valid_cnt > 2) {
    for (int i = 1; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) {
      if (rdcosts[i] > min_rd) {
        skip_ref |= (1 << i);
      }
    }
  }
  return skip_ref;
}

static void alloc_compound_type_rd_buffers(AV1_COMMON *const cm,
                                           CompoundTypeRdBuffers *const bufs) {
  CHECK_MEM_ERROR(
      cm, bufs->pred0,
      (uint8_t *)aom_memalign(16, 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE * sizeof(*bufs->pred0)));
  CHECK_MEM_ERROR(
      cm, bufs->pred1,
      (uint8_t *)aom_memalign(16, 2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE * sizeof(*bufs->pred1)));
  CHECK_MEM_ERROR(
      cm, bufs->residual1,
      (int16_t *)aom_memalign(32, MAX_SB_SQUARE * sizeof(*bufs->residual1)));
  CHECK_MEM_ERROR(
      cm, bufs->diff10,
      (int16_t *)aom_memalign(32, MAX_SB_SQUARE * sizeof(*bufs->diff10)));
  CHECK_MEM_ERROR(cm, bufs->tmp_best_mask_buf,
                  (uint8_t *)aom_malloc(2 * MAX_SB_SQUARE *
                                        sizeof(*bufs->tmp_best_mask_buf)));
}

static void release_compound_type_rd_buffers(
    CompoundTypeRdBuffers *const bufs) {
  aom_free(bufs->pred0);
  aom_free(bufs->pred1);
  aom_free(bufs->residual1);
  aom_free(bufs->diff10);
  aom_free(bufs->tmp_best_mask_buf);
  av1_zero(*bufs);  // Set all pointers to NULL for safety.
}

void av1_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb(AV1_COMP *cpi, TileDataEnc *tile_data,
                               MACROBLOCK *x, int mi_row, int mi_col,
                               RD_STATS *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                               PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx, int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  const SPEED_FEATURES *const sf = &cpi->sf;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  const int try_palette =
      cpi->oxcf.enable_palette &&
      av1_allow_palette(cm->allow_screen_content_tools, mbmi->sb_type);
  PALETTE_MODE_INFO *const pmi = &mbmi->palette_mode_info;
  const struct segmentation *const seg = &cm->seg;
  PREDICTION_MODE this_mode;
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  int i;
  struct buf_2d yv12_mb[REF_FRAMES][MAX_MB_PLANE];
  unsigned int ref_costs_single[REF_FRAMES];
  unsigned int ref_costs_comp[REF_FRAMES][REF_FRAMES];
  int *comp_inter_cost = x->comp_inter_cost[av1_get_reference_mode_context(xd)];
  mode_skip_mask_t mode_skip_mask;
  uint8_t motion_mode_skip_mask = 0;  // second pass of single ref modes
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
  int temp_y_eob = 0, temp_y_eob_0 = 0, temp_y_eob_1 = 0, temp_y_eob_2 = 0,
      temp_y_eob_3 = 0;
  int64_t temp_y_rd = 0, temp_y_rd_0 = 0, temp_y_rd_1 = 0, temp_y_rd_2 = 0,
          temp_y_rd_3 = 0;
#endif

  InterModeSearchState search_state;
  init_inter_mode_search_state(&search_state, cpi, tile_data, x, bsize,
                               best_rd_so_far);
  INTERINTRA_MODE interintra_modes[REF_FRAMES] = {
    INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES,
    INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES, INTERINTRA_MODES
  };
  HandleInterModeArgs args = {
    { NULL },  { MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE, MAX_SB_SIZE },
    { NULL },  { MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1, MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1, MAX_SB_SIZE >> 1 },
    NULL,      NULL,
    NULL,      search_state.modelled_rd,
    { { 0 } }, INT_MAX,
    INT_MAX,   search_state.simple_rd,
    0,         interintra_modes,
    1,         NULL
  };
  for (i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) x->pred_sse[i] = INT_MAX;

  av1_invalid_rd_stats(rd_cost);

  // init params, set frame modes, speed features
  set_params_rd_pick_inter_mode(cpi, x, &args, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                                &mode_skip_mask, ctx->skip_ref_frame_mask,
                                ref_costs_single, ref_costs_comp, yv12_mb);

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
  int64_t best_est_rd = INT64_MAX;
  // TODO(angiebird): Turn this on when this speed feature is well tested
  const InterModeRdModel *md = &tile_data->inter_mode_rd_models[bsize];
  const int do_tx_search =
      !((cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1 && md->ready) ||
        (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 2 &&
         x->source_variance < 512));
  InterModesInfo *inter_modes_info = x->inter_modes_info;
  inter_modes_info->num = 0;
#endif

  int intra_mode_num = 0;
  int intra_mode_idx_ls[MAX_MODES];
  int reach_first_comp_mode = 0;

  // Temporary buffers used by handle_inter_mode().
  uint8_t *const tmp_buf = get_buf_by_bd(xd, x->tmp_obmc_bufs[0]);

  CompoundTypeRdBuffers rd_buffers;
  alloc_compound_type_rd_buffers(cm, &rd_buffers);

  for (int midx = 0; midx < MAX_MODES; ++midx) {
    const MODE_DEFINITION *mode_order = &av1_mode_order[midx];
    this_mode = mode_order->mode;
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame = mode_order->ref_frame[0];
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME second_ref_frame = mode_order->ref_frame[1];
    const int comp_pred = second_ref_frame > INTRA_FRAME;

    // When single ref motion search ends:
    // 1st pass: To evaluate single ref RD results and rewind to the beginning;
    // 2nd pass: To continue with compound ref search.
    if (sf->prune_single_motion_modes_by_simple_trans) {
      if (comp_pred && args.single_ref_first_pass) {
        args.single_ref_first_pass = 0;
        // Reach the first comp ref mode
        // Reset midx to start the 2nd pass for single ref motion search
        midx = -1;
        motion_mode_skip_mask = analyze_simple_trans_states(cpi, x);
        continue;
      }
      if (!comp_pred) {  // single ref mode
        if (args.single_ref_first_pass) {
          // clear stats
          for (int k = 0; k < MAX_REF_MV_SERCH; ++k) {
            x->simple_rd_state[midx][k].rd_stats.rdcost = INT64_MAX;
            x->simple_rd_state[midx][k].early_skipped = 0;
          }
        } else {
          if (motion_mode_skip_mask & (1 << ref_frame)) {
            continue;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // Reach the first compound prediction mode
    if (sf->prune_comp_search_by_single_result > 0 && comp_pred &&
        reach_first_comp_mode == 0) {
      analyze_single_states(cpi, &search_state);
      reach_first_comp_mode = 1;
    }
    int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
    int disable_skip = 0;
    int rate2 = 0, rate_y = 0, rate_uv = 0;
    int64_t distortion2 = 0;
    int skippable = 0;
    int this_skip2 = 0;

    init_mbmi(mbmi, midx, cm);

    x->skip = 0;
    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, ref_frame, second_ref_frame);

    const int ret = inter_mode_search_order_independent_skip(
        cpi, ctx, x, bsize, midx, mi_row, mi_col, &mode_skip_mask,
        &search_state);
    if (ret == 1) continue;
    args.skip_motion_mode = (ret == 2);

    if (sf->drop_ref && comp_pred) {
      if (sf_check_is_drop_ref(mode_order, &search_state)) {
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (search_state.best_rd < search_state.mode_threshold[midx]) continue;

    if (sf->prune_comp_search_by_single_result > 0 && comp_pred) {
      if (compound_skip_by_single_states(cpi, &search_state, this_mode,
                                         ref_frame, second_ref_frame, x))
        continue;
    }

    const int ref_frame_cost = comp_pred
                                   ? ref_costs_comp[ref_frame][second_ref_frame]
                                   : ref_costs_single[ref_frame];
    const int compmode_cost =
        is_comp_ref_allowed(mbmi->sb_type) ? comp_inter_cost[comp_pred] : 0;
    const int real_compmode_cost =
        cm->current_frame.reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT
            ? compmode_cost
            : 0;

    if (comp_pred) {
      if ((sf->mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_COMP_BESTINTRA) &&
          search_state.best_mode_index >= 0 &&
          search_state.best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] == INTRA_FRAME)
        continue;
    }

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_smooth_intra &&
          (mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_PRED || mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_H_PRED ||
           mbmi->mode == SMOOTH_V_PRED))
        continue;
      if (!cpi->oxcf.enable_paeth_intra && mbmi->mode == PAETH_PRED) continue;
      if (sf->adaptive_mode_search)
        if ((x->source_variance << num_pels_log2_lookup[bsize]) >
            search_state.best_pred_sse)
          continue;

      if (this_mode != DC_PRED) {
        // Only search the oblique modes if the best so far is
        // one of the neighboring directional modes
        if ((sf->mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_BESTINTER) &&
            (this_mode >= D45_PRED && this_mode <= PAETH_PRED)) {
          if (search_state.best_mode_index >= 0 &&
              search_state.best_mbmode.ref_frame[0] > INTRA_FRAME)
            continue;
        }
        if (sf->mode_search_skip_flags & FLAG_SKIP_INTRA_DIRMISMATCH) {
          if (conditional_skipintra(this_mode, search_state.best_intra_mode))
            continue;
        }
      }
    }

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[ref_frame][i];
      if (comp_pred) xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[second_ref_frame][i];
    }

    if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
      intra_mode_idx_ls[intra_mode_num++] = midx;
      continue;
    } else {
      mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_Y] = 0;
      mbmi->angle_delta[PLANE_TYPE_UV] = 0;
      mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
      mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;
      int64_t ref_best_rd = search_state.best_rd;
      {
        RD_STATS rd_stats, rd_stats_y, rd_stats_uv;
        av1_init_rd_stats(&rd_stats);
        rd_stats.rate = rate2;

        // Point to variables that are maintained between loop iterations
        args.single_newmv = search_state.single_newmv;
        args.single_newmv_rate = search_state.single_newmv_rate;
        args.single_newmv_valid = search_state.single_newmv_valid;
        args.single_comp_cost = real_compmode_cost;
        args.ref_frame_cost = ref_frame_cost;
        if (midx < MAX_SINGLE_REF_MODES) {
          args.simple_rd_state = x->simple_rd_state[midx];
        }
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        this_rd = handle_inter_mode(
            cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, &rd_stats, &rd_stats_y, &rd_stats_uv,
            &disable_skip, mi_row, mi_col, &args, ref_best_rd, tmp_buf,
            &rd_buffers, &best_est_rd, do_tx_search, inter_modes_info);
#else
        this_rd =
            handle_inter_mode(cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, &rd_stats, &rd_stats_y,
                              &rd_stats_uv, &disable_skip, mi_row, mi_col,
                              &args, ref_best_rd, tmp_buf, &rd_buffers);
#endif
        rate2 = rd_stats.rate;
        skippable = rd_stats.skip;
        distortion2 = rd_stats.dist;
        rate_y = rd_stats_y.rate;
        rate_uv = rd_stats_uv.rate;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
        av1_unpack_reg_stat(&rd_stats_y, &temp_y_eob, &temp_y_eob_0,
                            &temp_y_eob_1, &temp_y_eob_2, &temp_y_eob_3,
                            &temp_y_rd, &temp_y_rd_0, &temp_y_rd_1,
                            &temp_y_rd_2, &temp_y_rd_3);
#endif
      }

      if (sf->prune_comp_search_by_single_result > 0 &&
          is_inter_singleref_mode(this_mode) && args.single_ref_first_pass) {
        collect_single_states(x, &search_state, mbmi);
      }

      if (this_rd == INT64_MAX) continue;

      this_skip2 = mbmi->skip;
      this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate2, distortion2);
      if (this_skip2) {
        rate_y = 0;
        rate_uv = 0;
      }
    }

    // Did this mode help.. i.e. is it the new best mode
    if (this_rd < search_state.best_rd || x->skip) {
      int mode_excluded = 0;
      if (comp_pred) {
        mode_excluded = cm->current_frame.reference_mode == SINGLE_REFERENCE;
      }
      if (!mode_excluded) {
        // Note index of best mode so far
        search_state.best_mode_index = midx;

        if (ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME) {
          /* required for left and above block mv */
          mbmi->mv[0].as_int = 0;
        } else {
          search_state.best_pred_sse = x->pred_sse[ref_frame];
        }

        rd_cost->rate = rate2;
        rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
        rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;
        search_state.best_rd = this_rd;
        search_state.best_mbmode = *mbmi;
        search_state.best_skip2 = this_skip2;
        search_state.best_mode_skippable = skippable;
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        if (do_tx_search) {
          // When do_tx_search == 0, handle_inter_mode won't provide correct
          // rate_y and rate_uv because txfm_search process is replaced by
          // rd estimation.
          // Therfore, we should avoid updating best_rate_y and best_rate_uv
          // here. These two values will be updated when txfm_search is called
          search_state.best_rate_y =
              rate_y +
              x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][this_skip2 || skippable];
          search_state.best_rate_uv = rate_uv;

#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
          av1_set_reg_stat(rd_cost, temp_y_eob, temp_y_eob_0, temp_y_eob_1,
                           temp_y_eob_2, temp_y_eob_3, temp_y_rd, temp_y_rd_0,
                           temp_y_rd_1, temp_y_rd_2, temp_y_rd_3);
#endif
        }
#else  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        search_state.best_rate_y =
            rate_y +
            x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][this_skip2 || skippable];
        search_state.best_rate_uv = rate_uv;
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
        av1_set_reg_stat(rd_cost, temp_y_eob, temp_y_eob_0, temp_y_eob_1,
                         temp_y_eob_2, temp_y_eob_3, temp_y_rd, temp_y_rd_0,
                         temp_y_rd_1, temp_y_rd_2, temp_y_rd_3);
#endif
#endif  // CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
        memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
               sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
      }
    }

    /* keep record of best compound/single-only prediction */
    if (!disable_skip && ref_frame != INTRA_FRAME) {
      int64_t single_rd, hybrid_rd, single_rate, hybrid_rate;

      if (cm->current_frame.reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT) {
        single_rate = rate2 - compmode_cost;
        hybrid_rate = rate2;
      } else {
        single_rate = rate2;
        hybrid_rate = rate2 + compmode_cost;
      }

      single_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, single_rate, distortion2);
      hybrid_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, hybrid_rate, distortion2);

      if (!comp_pred) {
        if (single_rd < search_state.best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE])
          search_state.best_pred_rd[SINGLE_REFERENCE] = single_rd;
      } else {
        if (single_rd < search_state.best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE])
          search_state.best_pred_rd[COMPOUND_REFERENCE] = single_rd;
      }
      if (hybrid_rd < search_state.best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT])
        search_state.best_pred_rd[REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT] = hybrid_rd;
    }
    if (sf->drop_ref && second_ref_frame == NONE_FRAME) {
      // Collect data from single ref mode, and analyze data.
      sf_drop_ref_analyze(&search_state, mode_order, distortion2);
    }

    if (x->skip && !comp_pred) break;
  }

  release_compound_type_rd_buffers(&rd_buffers);

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_INTER_MODE_RD_STATS
  if (!do_tx_search) {
    inter_modes_info_sort(inter_modes_info, inter_modes_info->rd_idx_pair_arr);
    search_state.best_rd = INT64_MAX;

    int64_t top_est_rd =
        inter_modes_info->num > 0
            ? inter_modes_info
                  ->est_rd_arr[inter_modes_info->rd_idx_pair_arr[0].idx]
            : INT64_MAX;
    for (int j = 0; j < inter_modes_info->num; ++j) {
      const int data_idx = inter_modes_info->rd_idx_pair_arr[j].idx;
      *mbmi = inter_modes_info->mbmi_arr[data_idx];
      int64_t curr_est_rd = inter_modes_info->est_rd_arr[data_idx];
      if (curr_est_rd * 0.80 > top_est_rd) break;

      const int mode_rate = inter_modes_info->mode_rate_arr[data_idx];

      x->skip = 0;
      set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1]);

      // Select prediction reference frames.
      const int is_comp_pred = mbmi->ref_frame[1] > INTRA_FRAME;
      for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
        xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[0]][i];
        if (is_comp_pred) xd->plane[i].pre[1] = yv12_mb[mbmi->ref_frame[1]][i];
      }

      RD_STATS rd_stats;
      RD_STATS rd_stats_y;
      RD_STATS rd_stats_uv;

      av1_build_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, NULL, bsize);
      if (mbmi->motion_mode == OBMC_CAUSAL)
        av1_build_obmc_inter_predictors_sb(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col);

      if (!txfm_search(cpi, tile_data, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, &rd_stats,
                       &rd_stats_y, &rd_stats_uv, mode_rate,
                       search_state.best_rd)) {
        continue;
      } else if (cpi->sf.inter_mode_rd_model_estimation == 1) {
        const int skip_ctx = av1_get_skip_context(xd);
        inter_mode_data_push(tile_data, mbmi->sb_type, rd_stats.sse,
                             rd_stats.dist,
                             rd_stats_y.rate + rd_stats_uv.rate +
                                 x->skip_cost[skip_ctx][mbmi->skip]);
      }
      rd_stats.rdcost = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rd_stats.rate, rd_stats.dist);

      if (rd_stats.rdcost < search_state.best_rd) {
        search_state.best_rd = rd_stats.rdcost;
        // Note index of best mode so far
        const int mode_index = get_prediction_mode_idx(
            mbmi->mode, mbmi->ref_frame[0], mbmi->ref_frame[1]);
        search_state.best_mode_index = mode_index;
        *rd_cost = rd_stats;
        search_state.best_rd = rd_stats.rdcost;
        search_state.best_mbmode = *mbmi;
        search_state.best_skip2 = mbmi->skip;
        search_state.best_mode_skippable = rd_stats.skip;
        search_state.best_rate_y =
            rd_stats_y.rate +
            x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][rd_stats.skip || mbmi->skip];
        search_state.best_rate_uv = rd_stats_uv.rate;
        memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
               sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
        av1_copy_reg_stat(rd_cost, &rd_stats_y);
#endif
      }
    }
  }
#endif

  for (int j = 0; j < intra_mode_num; ++j) {
    const int mode_index = intra_mode_idx_ls[j];
    const MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame =
        av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[0];
    assert(av1_mode_order[mode_index].ref_frame[1] == NONE_FRAME);
    assert(ref_frame == INTRA_FRAME);
    if (sf->skip_intra_in_interframe && search_state.skip_intra_modes) break;
    init_mbmi(mbmi, mode_index, cm);
    x->skip = 0;
    set_ref_ptrs(cm, xd, INTRA_FRAME, NONE_FRAME);

    // Select prediction reference frames.
    for (i = 0; i < num_planes; i++) {
      xd->plane[i].pre[0] = yv12_mb[ref_frame][i];
    }

    RD_STATS intra_rd_stats, intra_rd_stats_y, intra_rd_stats_uv;

    const int ref_frame_cost = ref_costs_single[ref_frame];
    intra_rd_stats.rdcost = handle_intra_mode(
        &search_state, cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col, ref_frame_cost, ctx, 0,
        &intra_rd_stats, &intra_rd_stats_y, &intra_rd_stats_uv);
    if (intra_rd_stats.rdcost < search_state.best_rd) {
      search_state.best_rd = intra_rd_stats.rdcost;
      // Note index of best mode so far
      search_state.best_mode_index = mode_index;
      *rd_cost = intra_rd_stats;
      search_state.best_rd = intra_rd_stats.rdcost;
      search_state.best_mbmode = *mbmi;
      search_state.best_skip2 = 0;
      search_state.best_mode_skippable = intra_rd_stats.skip;
      search_state.best_rate_y =
          intra_rd_stats_y.rate +
          x->skip_cost[av1_get_skip_context(xd)][intra_rd_stats.skip];
      search_state.best_rate_uv = intra_rd_stats_uv.rate;
      memcpy(ctx->blk_skip, x->blk_skip,
             sizeof(x->blk_skip[0]) * ctx->num_4x4_blk);
#if CONFIG_ONE_PASS_SVM
      av1_copy_reg_stat(rd_cost, &intra_rd_stats_y);
#endif
    }
  }

  // In effect only when speed >= 2.
  sf_refine_fast_tx_type_search(
      cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, bsize, ctx, search_state.best_mode_index,
      &search_state.best_mbmode, yv12_mb, search_state.best_rate_y,
      search_state.best_rate_uv, &search_state.best_skip2);

  // Only try palette mode when the best mode so far is an intra mode.
  if (try_palette && !is_inter_mode(search_state.best_mbmode.mode)) {
    search_palette_mode(cpi, x, mi_row, mi_col, rd_cost, ctx, bsize, mbmi, pmi,
                        ref_costs_single, &search_state);
  }

  search_state.best_mbmode.skip_mode = 0;
  if (cm->current_frame.skip_mode_info.skip_mode_flag &&
      !segfeature_active(seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME) &&
      is_comp_ref_allowed(bsize)) {
    rd_pick_skip_mode(rd_cost, &search_state, cpi, x, bsize, mi_row, mi_col,
                      yv12_mb);
  }

  // Make sure that the ref_mv_idx is only nonzero when we're
  // using a mode which can support ref_mv_idx
  if (search_state.best_mbmode.ref_mv_idx != 0 &&
      !(search_state.best_mbmode.mode == NEWMV ||
        search_state.best_mbmode.mode == NEW_NEWMV ||
        have_nearmv_in_inter_mode(search_state.best_mbmode.mode))) {
    search_state.best_mbmode.ref_mv_idx = 0;
  }

  if (search_state.best_mode_index < 0 ||
      search_state.best_rd >= best_rd_so_far) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
    return;
  }

  assert(
      (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
      (cm->interp_filter ==
       av1_extract_interp_filter(search_state.best_mbmode.interp_filters, 0)) ||
      !is_inter_block(&search_state.best_mbmode));
  assert(
      (cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
      (cm->interp_filter ==
       av1_extract_interp_filter(search_state.best_mbmode.interp_filters, 1)) ||
      !is_inter_block(&search_state.best_mbmode));

  if (!cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref)
    av1_update_rd_thresh_fact(cm, tile_data->thresh_freq_fact,
                              sf->adaptive_rd_thresh, bsize,
                              search_state.best_mode_index);

  // macroblock modes
  *mbmi = search_state.best_mbmode;
  x->skip |= search_state.best_skip2;

  // Note: this section is needed since the mode may have been forced to
  // GLOBALMV by the all-zero mode handling of ref-mv.
  if (mbmi->mode == GLOBALMV || mbmi->mode == GLOBAL_GLOBALMV) {
    // Correct the interp filters for GLOBALMV
    if (is_nontrans_global_motion(xd, xd->mi[0])) {
      assert(mbmi->interp_filters ==
             av1_broadcast_interp_filter(
                 av1_unswitchable_filter(cm->interp_filter)));
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < REFERENCE_MODES; ++i) {
    if (search_state.best_pred_rd[i] == INT64_MAX)
      search_state.best_pred_diff[i] = INT_MIN;
    else
      search_state.best_pred_diff[i] =
          search_state.best_rd - search_state.best_pred_rd[i];
  }

  x->skip |= search_state.best_mode_skippable;

  assert(search_state.best_mode_index >= 0);

  store_coding_context(x, ctx, search_state.best_mode_index,
                       search_state.best_pred_diff,
                       search_state.best_mode_skippable);

  if (pmi->palette_size[1] > 0) {
    assert(try_palette);
    restore_uv_color_map(cpi, x);
  }
}

void av1_rd_pick_inter_mode_sb_seg_skip(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
                                        TileDataEnc *tile_data, MACROBLOCK *x,
                                        int mi_row, int mi_col,
                                        RD_STATS *rd_cost, BLOCK_SIZE bsize,
                                        PICK_MODE_CONTEXT *ctx,
                                        int64_t best_rd_so_far) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;
  MB_MODE_INFO *const mbmi = xd->mi[0];
  unsigned char segment_id = mbmi->segment_id;
  const int comp_pred = 0;
  int i;
  int64_t best_pred_diff[REFERENCE_MODES];
  unsigned int ref_costs_single[REF_FRAMES];
  unsigned int ref_costs_comp[REF_FRAMES][REF_FRAMES];
  int *comp_inter_cost = x->comp_inter_cost[av1_get_reference_mode_context(xd)];
  InterpFilter best_filter = SWITCHABLE;
  int64_t this_rd = INT64_MAX;
  int rate2 = 0;
  const int64_t distortion2 = 0;
  (void)mi_row;
  (void)mi_col;

  av1_collect_neighbors_ref_counts(xd);

  estimate_ref_frame_costs(cm, xd, x, segment_id, ref_costs_single,
                           ref_costs_comp);

  for (i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) x->pred_sse[i] = INT_MAX;
  for (i = LAST_FRAME; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) x->pred_mv_sad[i] = INT_MAX;

  rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;

  assert(segfeature_active(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_SKIP));

  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[0] = 0;
  mbmi->palette_mode_info.palette_size[1] = 0;
  mbmi->filter_intra_mode_info.use_filter_intra = 0;
  mbmi->mode = GLOBALMV;
  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  mbmi->uv_mode = UV_DC_PRED;
  if (segfeature_active(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME))
    mbmi->ref_frame[0] = get_segdata(&cm->seg, segment_id, SEG_LVL_REF_FRAME);
  else
    mbmi->ref_frame[0] = LAST_FRAME;
  mbmi->ref_frame[1] = NONE_FRAME;
  mbmi->mv[0].as_int =
      gm_get_motion_vector(&cm->global_motion[mbmi->ref_frame[0]],
                           cm->allow_high_precision_mv, bsize, mi_col, mi_row,
                           cm->cur_frame_force_integer_mv)
          .as_int;
  mbmi->tx_size = max_txsize_lookup[bsize];
  x->skip = 1;

  mbmi->ref_mv_idx = 0;

  mbmi->motion_mode = SIMPLE_TRANSLATION;
  av1_count_overlappable_neighbors(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col);
  if (is_motion_variation_allowed_bsize(bsize) && !has_second_ref(mbmi)) {
    int pts[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE], pts_inref[SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE];
    mbmi->num_proj_ref = findSamples(cm, xd, mi_row, mi_col, pts, pts_inref);
    // Select the samples according to motion vector difference
    if (mbmi->num_proj_ref > 1)
      mbmi->num_proj_ref = selectSamples(&mbmi->mv[0].as_mv, pts, pts_inref,
                                         mbmi->num_proj_ref, bsize);
  }

  set_default_interp_filters(mbmi, cm->interp_filter);

  if (cm->interp_filter != SWITCHABLE) {
    best_filter = cm->interp_filter;
  } else {
    best_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR;
    if (av1_is_interp_needed(xd) && av1_is_interp_search_needed(xd) &&
        x->source_variance >= cpi->sf.disable_filter_search_var_thresh) {
      int rs;
      int best_rs = INT_MAX;
      for (i = 0; i < SWITCHABLE_FILTERS; ++i) {
        mbmi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(i);
        rs = av1_get_switchable_rate(cm, x, xd);
        if (rs < best_rs) {
          best_rs = rs;
          best_filter = av1_extract_interp_filter(mbmi->interp_filters, 0);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // Set the appropriate filter
  mbmi->interp_filters = av1_broadcast_interp_filter(best_filter);
  rate2 += av1_get_switchable_rate(cm, x, xd);

  if (cm->current_frame.reference_mode == REFERENCE_MODE_SELECT)
    rate2 += comp_inter_cost[comp_pred];

  // Estimate the reference frame signaling cost and add it
  // to the rolling cost variable.
  rate2 += ref_costs_single[LAST_FRAME];
  this_rd = RDCOST(x->rdmult, rate2, distortion2);

  rd_cost->rate = rate2;
  rd_cost->dist = distortion2;
  rd_cost->rdcost = this_rd;

  if (this_rd >= best_rd_so_far) {
    rd_cost->rate = INT_MAX;
    rd_cost->rdcost = INT64_MAX;
    return;
  }

  assert((cm->interp_filter == SWITCHABLE) ||
         (cm->interp_filter ==
          av1_extract_interp_filter(mbmi->interp_filters, 0)));

  av1_update_rd_thresh_fact(cm, tile_data->thresh_freq_fact,
                            cpi->sf.adaptive_rd_thresh, bsize, THR_GLOBALMV);

  av1_zero(best_pred_diff);

  store_coding_context(x, ctx, THR_GLOBALMV, best_pred_diff, 0);
}

struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt {
  const MACROBLOCK *x;
  const uint8_t *tmp;
  int tmp_stride;
  int overlap;
};

static INLINE void calc_target_weighted_pred_above(
    MACROBLOCKD *xd, int rel_mi_col, uint8_t nb_mi_width, MB_MODE_INFO *nb_mi,
    void *fun_ctxt, const int num_planes) {
  (void)nb_mi;
  (void)num_planes;

  struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt *ctxt =
      (struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt *)fun_ctxt;

  const int bw = xd->n4_w << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  const uint8_t *const mask1d = av1_get_obmc_mask(ctxt->overlap);

  int32_t *wsrc = ctxt->x->wsrc_buf + (rel_mi_col * MI_SIZE);
  int32_t *mask = ctxt->x->mask_buf + (rel_mi_col * MI_SIZE);
  const uint8_t *tmp = ctxt->tmp + rel_mi_col * MI_SIZE;
  const int is_hbd = (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? 1 : 0;

  if (!is_hbd) {
    for (int row = 0; row < ctxt->overlap; ++row) {
      const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[row];
      const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
      for (int col = 0; col < nb_mi_width * MI_SIZE; ++col) {
        wsrc[col] = m1 * tmp[col];
        mask[col] = m0;
      }
      wsrc += bw;
      mask += bw;
      tmp += ctxt->tmp_stride;
    }
  } else {
    const uint16_t *tmp16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(tmp);

    for (int row = 0; row < ctxt->overlap; ++row) {
      const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[row];
      const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
      for (int col = 0; col < nb_mi_width * MI_SIZE; ++col) {
        wsrc[col] = m1 * tmp16[col];
        mask[col] = m0;
      }
      wsrc += bw;
      mask += bw;
      tmp16 += ctxt->tmp_stride;
    }
  }
}

static INLINE void calc_target_weighted_pred_left(
    MACROBLOCKD *xd, int rel_mi_row, uint8_t nb_mi_height, MB_MODE_INFO *nb_mi,
    void *fun_ctxt, const int num_planes) {
  (void)nb_mi;
  (void)num_planes;

  struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt *ctxt =
      (struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt *)fun_ctxt;

  const int bw = xd->n4_w << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  const uint8_t *const mask1d = av1_get_obmc_mask(ctxt->overlap);

  int32_t *wsrc = ctxt->x->wsrc_buf + (rel_mi_row * MI_SIZE * bw);
  int32_t *mask = ctxt->x->mask_buf + (rel_mi_row * MI_SIZE * bw);
  const uint8_t *tmp = ctxt->tmp + (rel_mi_row * MI_SIZE * ctxt->tmp_stride);
  const int is_hbd = (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? 1 : 0;

  if (!is_hbd) {
    for (int row = 0; row < nb_mi_height * MI_SIZE; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < ctxt->overlap; ++col) {
        const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[col];
        const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
        wsrc[col] = (wsrc[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0 +
                    (tmp[col] << AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m1;
        mask[col] = (mask[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0;
      }
      wsrc += bw;
      mask += bw;
      tmp += ctxt->tmp_stride;
    }
  } else {
    const uint16_t *tmp16 = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(tmp);

    for (int row = 0; row < nb_mi_height * MI_SIZE; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < ctxt->overlap; ++col) {
        const uint8_t m0 = mask1d[col];
        const uint8_t m1 = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - m0;
        wsrc[col] = (wsrc[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0 +
                    (tmp16[col] << AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m1;
        mask[col] = (mask[col] >> AOM_BLEND_A64_ROUND_BITS) * m0;
      }
      wsrc += bw;
      mask += bw;
      tmp16 += ctxt->tmp_stride;
    }
  }
}

// This function has a structure similar to av1_build_obmc_inter_prediction
//
// The OBMC predictor is computed as:
//
//  PObmc(x,y) =
//    AOM_BLEND_A64(Mh(x),
//                  AOM_BLEND_A64(Mv(y), P(x,y), PAbove(x,y)),
//                  PLeft(x, y))
//
// Scaling up by AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA ** 2 and omitting the intermediate
// rounding, this can be written as:
//
//  AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Pobmc(x,y) =
//    Mh(x) * Mv(y) * P(x,y) +
//      Mh(x) * Cv(y) * Pabove(x,y) +
//      AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Ch(x) * PLeft(x, y)
//
// Where :
//
//  Cv(y) = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - Mv(y)
//  Ch(y) = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA - Mh(y)
//
// This function computes 'wsrc' and 'mask' as:
//
//  wsrc(x, y) =
//    AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * src(x, y) -
//      Mh(x) * Cv(y) * Pabove(x,y) +
//      AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * Ch(x) * PLeft(x, y)
//
//  mask(x, y) = Mh(x) * Mv(y)
//
// These can then be used to efficiently approximate the error for any
// predictor P in the context of the provided neighbouring predictors by
// computing:
//
//  error(x, y) =
//    wsrc(x, y) - mask(x, y) * P(x, y) / (AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA ** 2)
//
static void calc_target_weighted_pred(const AV1_COMMON *cm, const MACROBLOCK *x,
                                      const MACROBLOCKD *xd, int mi_row,
                                      int mi_col, const uint8_t *above,
                                      int above_stride, const uint8_t *left,
                                      int left_stride) {
  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = xd->mi[0]->sb_type;
  const int bw = xd->n4_w << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  const int bh = xd->n4_h << MI_SIZE_LOG2;
  int32_t *mask_buf = x->mask_buf;
  int32_t *wsrc_buf = x->wsrc_buf;

  const int is_hbd = (xd->cur_buf->flags & YV12_FLAG_HIGHBITDEPTH) ? 1 : 0;
  const int src_scale = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA * AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;

  // plane 0 should not be subsampled
  assert(xd->plane[0].subsampling_x == 0);
  assert(xd->plane[0].subsampling_y == 0);

  av1_zero_array(wsrc_buf, bw * bh);
  for (int i = 0; i < bw * bh; ++i) mask_buf[i] = AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;

  // handle above row
  if (xd->up_available) {
    const int overlap =
        AOMMIN(block_size_high[bsize], block_size_high[BLOCK_64X64]) >> 1;
    struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt ctxt = { x, above, above_stride,
                                                   overlap };
    foreach_overlappable_nb_above(cm, (MACROBLOCKD *)xd, mi_col,
                                  max_neighbor_obmc[mi_size_wide_log2[bsize]],
                                  calc_target_weighted_pred_above, &ctxt);
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < bw * bh; ++i) {
    wsrc_buf[i] *= AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;
    mask_buf[i] *= AOM_BLEND_A64_MAX_ALPHA;
  }

  // handle left column
  if (xd->left_available) {
    const int overlap =
        AOMMIN(block_size_wide[bsize], block_size_wide[BLOCK_64X64]) >> 1;
    struct calc_target_weighted_pred_ctxt ctxt = { x, left, left_stride,
                                                   overlap };
    foreach_overlappable_nb_left(cm, (MACROBLOCKD *)xd, mi_row,
                                 max_neighbor_obmc[mi_size_high_log2[bsize]],
                                 calc_target_weighted_pred_left, &ctxt);
  }

  if (!is_hbd) {
    const uint8_t *src = x->plane[0].src.buf;

    for (int row = 0; row < bh; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < bw; ++col) {
        wsrc_buf[col] = src[col] * src_scale - wsrc_buf[col];
      }
      wsrc_buf += bw;
      src += x->plane[0].src.stride;
    }
  } else {
    const uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(x->plane[0].src.buf);

    for (int row = 0; row < bh; ++row) {
      for (int col = 0; col < bw; ++col) {
        wsrc_buf[col] = src[col] * src_scale - wsrc_buf[col];
      }
      wsrc_buf += bw;
      src += x->plane[0].src.stride;
    }
  }
}

/* Use standard 3x3 Sobel matrix. Macro so it can be used for either high or
   low bit-depth arrays. */
#define SOBEL_X(src, stride, i, j)                       \
  ((src)[((i)-1) + (stride) * ((j)-1)] -                 \
   (src)[((i) + 1) + (stride) * ((j)-1)] +  /* NOLINT */ \
   2 * (src)[((i)-1) + (stride) * (j)] -    /* NOLINT */ \
   2 * (src)[((i) + 1) + (stride) * (j)] +  /* NOLINT */ \
   (src)[((i)-1) + (stride) * ((j) + 1)] -  /* NOLINT */ \
   (src)[((i) + 1) + (stride) * ((j) + 1)]) /* NOLINT */
#define SOBEL_Y(src, stride, i, j)                       \
  ((src)[((i)-1) + (stride) * ((j)-1)] +                 \
   2 * (src)[(i) + (stride) * ((j)-1)] +    /* NOLINT */ \
   (src)[((i) + 1) + (stride) * ((j)-1)] -  /* NOLINT */ \
   (src)[((i)-1) + (stride) * ((j) + 1)] -  /* NOLINT */ \
   2 * (src)[(i) + (stride) * ((j) + 1)] -  /* NOLINT */ \
   (src)[((i) + 1) + (stride) * ((j) + 1)]) /* NOLINT */

sobel_xy sobel(const uint8_t *input, int stride, int i, int j, bool high_bd) {
  int16_t s_x;
  int16_t s_y;
  if (high_bd) {
    const uint16_t *src = CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(input);
    s_x = SOBEL_X(src, stride, i, j);
    s_y = SOBEL_Y(src, stride, i, j);
  } else {
    s_x = SOBEL_X(input, stride, i, j);
    s_y = SOBEL_Y(input, stride, i, j);
  }
  sobel_xy r = { .x = s_x, .y = s_y };
  return r;
}

// 8-tap Gaussian convolution filter with sigma = 1.3, sums to 128,
// all co-efficients must be even.
DECLARE_ALIGNED(16, static const int16_t, gauss_filter[8]) = { 2,  12, 30, 40,
                                                               30, 12, 2,  0 };

void gaussian_blur(const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, int w, int h,
                   uint8_t *dst, bool high_bd, int bd) {
  ConvolveParams conv_params = get_conv_params(0, 0, bd);
  InterpFilterParams filter = { .filter_ptr = gauss_filter,
                                .taps = 8,
                                .subpel_shifts = 0,
                                .interp_filter = EIGHTTAP_REGULAR };
  // Requirements from the vector-optimized implementations.
  assert(h % 4 == 0);
  assert(w % 8 == 0);
  // Because we use an eight tap filter, the stride should be at least 7 + w.
  assert(src_stride >= w + 7);
  if (high_bd) {
    av1_highbd_convolve_2d_sr(CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(src), src_stride,
                              CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(dst), w, w, h, &filter,
                              &filter, 0, 0, &conv_params, bd);
  } else {
    av1_convolve_2d_sr(src, src_stride, dst, w, w, h, &filter, &filter, 0, 0,
                       &conv_params);
  }
}

static uint16_t edge_probability(const uint8_t *input, int w, int h,
                                 bool high_bd, int bd) {
  // The probability of an edge in the whole image is the same as the highest
  // probability of an edge for any individual pixel. Use Sobel as the metric
  // for finding an edge.
  uint16_t highest = 0;
  // Ignore the 1 pixel border around the image for the computation.
  for (int j = 1; j < h - 1; ++j) {
    for (int i = 1; i < w - 1; ++i) {
      sobel_xy g = sobel(input, w, i, j, high_bd);
      // Scale down to 8-bit to get same output regardless of bit depth.
      int16_t g_x = g.x >> (bd - 8);
      int16_t g_y = g.y >> (bd - 8);
      uint16_t magnitude = (uint16_t)sqrt(g_x * g_x + g_y * g_y);
      highest = AOMMAX(highest, magnitude);
    }
  }
  return highest;
}

/* Uses most of the Canny edge detection algorithm to find if there are any
 * edges in the image.
 */
uint16_t av1_edge_exists(const uint8_t *src, int src_stride, int w, int h,
                         bool high_bd, int bd) {
  if (w < 3 || h < 3) {
    return 0;
  }
  uint8_t *blurred;
  if (high_bd) {
    blurred = CONVERT_TO_BYTEPTR(aom_memalign(32, sizeof(uint16_t) * w * h));
  } else {
    blurred = (uint8_t *)aom_memalign(32, sizeof(uint8_t) * w * h);
  }
  gaussian_blur(src, src_stride, w, h, blurred, high_bd, bd);
  // Skip the non-maximum suppression step in Canny edge detection. We just
  // want a probability of an edge existing in the buffer, which is determined
  // by the strongest edge in it -- we don't need to eliminate the weaker
  // edges. Use Sobel for the edge detection.
  uint16_t prob = edge_probability(blurred, w, h, high_bd, bd);
  if (high_bd) {
    aom_free(CONVERT_TO_SHORTPTR(blurred));
  } else {
    aom_free(blurred);
  }
  return prob;
}