/*!\page encoder_guide AV1 ENCODER GUIDE

\tableofcontents

\section architecture_introduction Introduction

This document provides an architectural overview of the libaom AV1 encoder.

It is intended as a high level starting point for anyone wishing to contribute
to the project, that will help them to more quickly understand the structure
of the encoder and find their way around the codebase.

It stands above and will where necessary link to more detailed function
level documents.

\section  architecture_gencodecs Generic Block Transform Based Codecs

Most modern video encoders including VP8, H.264, VP9, HEVC and AV1
(in increasing order of complexity) share a common basic paradigm. This
comprises separating a stream of raw video frames into a series of discrete
blocks (of one or more sizes), then computing a prediction signal and a
quantized, transform coded, residual error signal. The prediction and residual
error signal, along with any side information needed by the decoder, are then
entropy coded and packed to form the encoded bitstream. See Figure 1: below,
where the blue blocks are, to all intents and purposes, the lossless parts of
the encoder and the red block is the lossy part.

This is of course a gross oversimplification, even in regard to the simplest
of the above codecs.  For example, all of them allow for block based
prediction at multiple different scales (i.e. different block sizes) and may
use previously coded pixels in the current frame for prediction or pixels from
one or more previously encoded frames. Further, they may support multiple
different transforms and transform sizes and quality optimization tools like
loop filtering.

\image html genericcodecflow.png "" width=70%

\section architecture_av1_structure AV1 Structure and Complexity

As previously stated, AV1 adopts the same underlying paradigm as other block
transform based codecs. However, it is much more complicated than previous
generation codecs and supports many more block partitioning, prediction and
transform options.

AV1 supports block partitions of various sizes from 128x128 pixels down to 4x4
pixels using a multi-layer recursive tree structure as illustrated in figure 2
below.

\image html av1partitions.png "" width=70%

AV1 also provides 71 basic intra prediction modes, 56 single frame inter prediction
modes (7 reference frames x 4 modes x 2 for OBMC (overlapped block motion
compensation)), 12768 compound inter prediction modes (that combine inter
predictors from two reference frames) and 36708 compound inter / intra
prediction modes. Furthermore, in addition to simple inter motion estimation,
AV1 also supports warped motion prediction using affine transforms.

In terms of transform coding, it has 16 separable 2-D transform kernels
{ DCT, ADST, fADST, IDTX }2 that can be applied at up to 19 different scales
from 64x64 down to 4x4 pixels.

When combined together, this means that for any one 8x8 pixel block in a
source frame, there are approximately 45,000,000 different ways that it can
be encoded.

Consequently, AV1 requires complex control processes. While not necessarily
a normative part of the bitstream, these are the algorithms that turn a set
of compression tools and a bitstream format specification, into a coherent
and useful codec implementation. These may include but are not limited to
things like :-

- Rate distortion optimization (The process of trying to choose the most
  efficient combination of block size, prediction mode, transform type
  etc.)
- Rate control (regulation of the output bitrate)
- Encoder speed vs quality trade offs.
- Features such as two pass encoding or optimization for low delay
  encoding.

For a more detailed overview of AV1's encoding tools and a discussion of some
of the design considerations and hardware constraints that had to be
accommodated, please refer to *** TODO link to Jingning's AV1 overview paper.

Figure 3 provides a slightly expanded but still simplistic view of the
AV1 encoder architecture with blocks that relate to some of the subsequent
sections of this document. In this diagram, the raw uncompressed frame buffers
are shown in dark green and the reconstructed frame buffers used for
prediction in light green. Red indicates those parts of the codec that are
(or may be) lossy, where fidelity can be traded off against compression
efficiency, whilst light blue shows algorithms or coding tools that are
lossless. The yellow blocks represent non-bitstream normative configuration
and control algorithms.

\image html av1encoderflow.png "" width=70%

\section architecture_command_line The Libaom Command Line Interface

 Add details or links here: TODO ? elliotk@

\section architecture_enc_data_structures Main Encoder Data Structures

The following are the main high level data structures used by the libaom AV1
encoder and referenced elsewhere in this overview document:

 - \ref AV1_COMP
   - \ref AV1_COMP.rc (\ref RATE_CONTROL)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.oxcf (\ref AV1EncoderConfig)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.twopass (\ref TWO_PASS)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.gf_group (\ref GF_GROUP)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.speed
   - \ref AV1_COMP.sf (\ref SPEED_FEATURES)

 - \ref AV1EncoderConfig (Encoder configuration parameters)
   - \ref AV1EncoderConfig.rc_cfg (\ref RateControlCfg)

 - \ref RATE_CONTROL (Rate control status)
 - \ref RateControlCfg (Rate control configuration)
 - \ref TWO_PASS (Two pass status and control data)
 - \ref GF_GROUP (Data relating to the current GF/ARF group)
 - \ref FIRSTPASS_STATS (Defines entries in the first pass stats buffer)
 - \ref SPEED_FEATURES (Encode speed / quality tradeoff parameters)

\section architecture_enc_use_cases Encoder Use Cases

The libaom AV1 encoder is configurable to support a number of different use
cases and rate control strategies.

The principle use cases for which it is optimised are as follows:

 - <b>Video on Demand / Streaming</b>
 - <b>Low Delay or Live Streaming</b>
 - <b>Video Conferencing / Real Time Coding (RTC)</b>
 - <b>Fixed Quality / Testing</b>

Other examples of use cases for which the encoder could be configured but for
which there is less by way of specific optimizations include:

 - <b>Download and Play</b>
 - <b>Disk Playback</b>>
 - <b>Storage</b>
 - <b>Editing</b>
 - <b>Broadcast video</b>

Specific use cases may have particular requirements or constraints. For
example:

<b>Video Conferencing:</b>  In a video conference we need to encode the video
in real time and to avoid any coding tools that could increase latency, such
as frame look ahead.

<b>Live Streams:</b> In cases such as live streaming of games or events, it
may be possible to allow some limited buffering of the video and use of
lookahead coding tools to improve encoding quality. However,  whilst a lag of
a second or two may be fine given the one way nature of this type of video,
it is clearly not possible to use tools such as two pass coding.

<b>Broadcast:</b> Broadcast video (e.g. digital TV over satellite) may have
specific requirements such as frequent and regular key frames (e.g. once per
second or more) as these are important as entry points to users when switching
channels. There may also be  strict upper limits on bandwidth over a short
window of time.

<b>Download and Play:</b> Download and play applications may have less strict
requirements in terms of local frame by frame rate control but there may be a
requirement to accurately hit a file size target for the video clip as a
whole. Similar considerations may apply to playback from mass storage devices
such as DVD or disk drives.

<b>Editing:</b> In certain special use cases such as offline editing, it may
be desirable to have very high quality and data rate but also very frequent
key frames or indeed to encode the video exclusively as key frames. Lossless
video encoding may also be required in this use case.

<b>VOD / Streaming:</b> One of the most important and common use cases for AV1
is video on demand or streaming, for services such as YouTube and Netflix. In
this use case it is possible to do two or even multi-pass encoding to improve
compression efficiency. Streaming services will often store many encoded
copies of a video at different resolutions and data rates to support users
with different types of playback device and bandwidth limitations.
Furthermore, these services support dynamic switching between multiple
streams, so that they can respond to changing network conditions.

Exact rate control when encoding for a specific format (e.g 360P or 1080P on
YouTube) may not be critical, provided that the video bandwidth remains within
allowed limits. Whilst a format may have a nominal target data rate, this can
be considered more as the desired average egress rate over the video corpus
rather than a strict requirement for any individual clip. Indeed, in order
to maintain optimal quality of experience for the end user, it may be
desirable to encode some easier videos or sections of video at a lower data
rate and harder videos or sections at a higher rate.

VOD / streaming does not usually require very frequent key frames (as in the
broadcast case) but key frames are important in trick play (scanning back and
forth to different points in a video) and for adaptive stream switching. As
such, in a use case like YouTube, there is normally an upper limit on the
maximum time between key frames of a few seconds, but within certain limits
the encoder can try to align key frames with real scene cuts.

Whilst encoder speed may not seem to be as critical in this use case, for
services such as YouTube, where millions of new videos have to be encoded
every day, encoder speed is still important, so libaom allows command line
control of the encode speed vs quality trade off.

<b>Fixed Quality / Testing Mode:</b> Libaom also has a fixed quality encoder
pathway designed for testing under highly constrained conditions.


\section architecture_enc_rate_ctrl Rate Control

Different use cases may have different requirements in terms of data rate
control.

The broad rate control strategy is selected using the <b>--end-usage</b>
parameter on the command line, which maps onto the field
\ref aom_codec_enc_cfg_t.rc_end_usage in \ref aom_encoder.h.

The four supported options are:-

- <b>VBR</b> (Variable Bitrate)
- <b>CBR</b> (Constant Bitrate)
- <b>CQ</b> (Constrained Quality mode ; A constrained variant of VBR)
- <b>Fixed Q</b> (Constant quality of Q mode)

The value of \ref aom_codec_enc_cfg_t.rc_end_usage is in turn copied over
into the encoder rate control configuration data structure as
(TODO REF) RateControlCfg.rc_mode (see \ref encoder.h).

In regards to the most important use cases above, Video on demand uses either
VBR or CQ mode. CBR is the preferred rate control model for RTC and Live
streaming and Fixed Q is only used in testing.

The behaviour of each of these modes is regulated by a series of secondary
command line rate control options but also depends somewhat on the selected
use case, whether 2-pass coding is enabled and the selected encode speed vs
quality trade offs (\ref AV1_COMP.speed and \ref AV1_COMP.sf).

The list below gives the names of the main rate control command line
options together with the names of the corresponding fields in the rate
control configuration data structure.

- <b>--target-bitrate</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.target_bandwidth)
- <b>--min-q</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.best_allowed_q)
- <b>--max-q</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.worst_allowed_q)
- <b>--cq-level</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.cq_level)
- <b>--undershoot-pct</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.under_shoot_pct)
- <b>--overshoot-pct</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.over_shoot_pct)

The following control aspects of 2 pass vbr encoding

- <b>--bias-pct</b> (RateControlCfg::two_pass_vbrbias)
- <b>--minsection-pct</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.two_pass_vbrmin_section)
- <b>--maxsection-pct</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.two_pass_vbrmax_section)

The following relate to buffer and delay management in one pass low delay and
real time coding

- <b>--buf-sz</b> ((TODO REF) RateControlCfg::maximum_buffer_size_ms)
- <b>--buf-initial-sz</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.starting_buffer_level_ms)
- <b>--buf-optimal-sz</b> ((TODO REF)RateControlCfg.optimal_buffer_level_ms)

The rate control configuration data structure can be found in:

- \ref AV1_COMP.oxcf
  - \ref AV1EncoderConfig.rc_cfg

\subsection architecture_enc_vbr Variable Bitrate (VBR) Encoding

For streamed VOD content the most common rate control strategy is Variable
Bitrate (VBR) encoding. The CQ mode mentioned above is a variant of this
where additional quantizer and quality constraints are applied.  VBR
encoding may in theory be used in conjunction with either 1-pass or 2-pass
encoding.

VBR encoding varies the number of bits given to each frame or group of frames
according to the difficulty of that frame or group of frames, such that easier
frames are allocated fewer bits and harder frames are allocated more bits. The
intent here is to even out the quality between frames. This contrasts with
Constant Bitrate (CBR) encoding where each frame is allocated the same number
of bits.

Whilst for any given frame or group of frames the data rate may vary, the VBR
algorithm attempts to deliver a given average bitrate over a wider time
interval. In standard VBR encoding, the time interval over which the data rate
is averaged is usually the duration of the video clip.  An alternative
approach is to target an average VBR bitrate over the entire video corpus for
a particular video format (corpus VBR).

\subsubsection architecture_enc_1pass_vbr 1 Pass VBR Encoding

The command line for libaom does allow 1 Pass VBR, but this has not been
properly optimised and behaves much like 1 pass CBR in most regards, with bits
allocated to frames by the following functions:

- \ref av1_calc_iframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr()
- \ref av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr()

\subsubsection architecture_enc_2pass_vbr 2 Pass VBR Encoding

The main focus here will be on 2-pass VBR encoding (and the related CQ mode)
as these are the modes most commonly used for VOD content.

2-pass encoding is selected on the command line by setting --passes=2
(or -p 2).

Generally speaking, in 2-pass encoding, an encoder will first encode a video
using a default set of parameters and assumptions. Depending on the outcome
of that first encode, the baseline assumptions and parameters will be adjusted
to optimize the output during the second pass.  In essence the first pass is a
fact finding mission to establish the complexity and variability of the video,
in order to allow a better allocation of bits in the second pass.

The libaom 2-pass algorithm is unusual in that the first pass is not a full
encode of the video. Rather it uses a limited set of prediction and transform
options and a fixed quantizer,  to generate statistics about each frame. No
output bitstream is created and the per frame first pass statistics are stored
entirely in volatile memory. This has some disadvantages when compared to a
full first pass encode, but avoids the need for file I/O and improves speed.

In this section I will refer to the following key data structures.
(see also \ref architecture_enc_data_structures)

- \ref AV1_COMP cpi (the main compressor instance data structure)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.oxcf (\ref AV1EncoderConfig)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.rc (\ref RATE_CONTROL)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.twopass (\ref TWO_PASS)

- \ref AV1EncoderConfig  (Encoder configuration parameters)
   - \ref AV1EncoderConfig.pass

- \ref RATE_CONTROL (Rate control status)
- \ref TWO_PASS (Two pass status and control data)

- \ref FIRSTPASS_STATS *frame_stats_buf (used to store per frame first
  pass stats)

For two pass encoding, the function \ref av1_encode() will first be called
for each frame in the video with the value \ref AV1EncoderConfig.pass = 1.
This will result in calls to \ref av1_first_pass().

Statistics for each frame are stored in \ref FIRSTPASS_STATS frame_stats_buf.

After completion of the first pass, \ref av1_encode() will be called again for
each frame with \ref AV1EncoderConfig.pass = 2.  The frames are then encoded in
accordance with the statistics gathered during the first pass by calls to
\ref encode_frame_to_data_rate().

\ref encode_frame_to_data_rate() in turn calls (TODO REF)
av1_get_second_pass_params().

In summary the second pass code :-

- Searches for scene cuts (if auto key frame detection is enabled).
- Defines the length of and hierarchical structure to be used in each
  ARF/GF group.
- Allocates bits based on the relative complexity of each frame, the quality
  of frame to frame prediction and the type of frame (e.g. key frame, ARF
  frame, golden frame or normal leaf frame).
- Suggests a maximum Q (quantizer value) for each ARF/GF group, based on
  estimated complexity and recent rate control compliance
  (\ref RATE_CONTROL.active_worst_quality)
- Tracks adherence to the overall rate control objectives and adjusts
  heuristics.

The main two pass 2 functions in regard to the above include:-

- (TODO REF) find_next_key_frame()
- (TODO REF) define_gf_group()
- (TODO REF) calculate_total_gf_group_bits()
- (TODO REF) get_twopass_worst_quality()
- (TODO REF) av1_gop_setup_structure()
- (TODO REF) av1_gop_bit_allocation()
- (TODO REF) av1_twopass_postencode_update()

For each frame, the two pass algorithm defines a target number of bits
\ref RATE_CONTROL.base_frame_target,  which is then adjusted if necessary to
reflect any undershoot or overshoot on previous frames to give
\ref RATE_CONTROL.this_frame_target.

As well as \ref RATE_CONTROL.active_worst_quality, the two pass code also
maintains a record of the actual Q value used to encode previous frames
at each level in the current pyramid hierarchy
(\ref RATE_CONTROL.active_best_quality). The function
\ref rc_pick_q_and_bounds(), uses these values to set a permitted Q range
for each frame.

\subsubsection architecture_enc_1pass_lagged 1 Pass Lagged VBR Encoding

1 pass lagged encode falls between simple 1 pass encoding and full two pass
encoding and is used for cases where it is not possible to do a full first
pass through the entire video clip, but where some delay is permissible. For
example near live streaming where there is a delay of up to a few seconds. In
this case the first pass and second pass are in effect combined such that the
first pass starts encoding the clip and the second pass lags behind it by a
few frames.  When using this method, full sequence level statistics are not
available, but it is possible to collect and use frame or group of frame level
data to help in the allocation of bits and in defining ARF/GF coding
hierarchies.  The reader is referred to the data value
(TODO REF) cpi->lap_enabled (where <b>lap</b> stands for
<b>look ahead processing</b>). This encoding mode for the most part uses the
same rate control pathways as two pass VBR encoding.

\subsection architecture_enc_rc_loop The Main Rate Control Loop

Having established a target rate for a given frame and an allowed range of Q
values, the encoder then tries to encode the frame at a rate that is as close
as possible to the target value, given the Q range constraints.

There are two main mechanisms by which this is achieved.

The first selects a frame level Q, using an adaptive estimate of the number of
bits that will be generated when the frame is encoded at any given Q.
Fundamentally this mechanism is common to VBR, CBR and to use cases such as
RTC with small adjustments.

As the Q value mainly adjusts the precision of the residual signal, it is not
actually a reliable basis for accurately predicting the number of bits that
will be generated across all clips. A well predicted clip, for example, may
have a much smaller error residual after prediction.  The algorithm copes with
this by adapting its predictions on the fly using a feedback loop based on how
well it did the previous time around.

The main functions responsible for the prediction of Q and the adaptation over
time, for the two pass encoding pipeline are:

- \ref rc_pick_q_and_bounds()
	- (TODO REF) get_q()
		- (TODO REF) av1_rc_regulate_q()
			- (TODO REF) get_rate_correction_factor()
			- (TODO REF) find_closest_qindex_by_rate()

- (TODO REF) av1_twopass_postencode_update()
	- (TODO REF) av1_rc_update_rate_correction_factors()

The second mechanism for control comes into play if there is a large rate miss
for the current frame (much too big or too small). This is a recode mechanism
which allows the current frame to be re-encoded one or more times with a
revised Q value. This obviously has significant implications for encode speed
and in the case of RTC latency (hence it is not used for the RTC pathway).

Whether or not a recode is allowed for a given frame depends on the selected
encode speed vs quality trade off. This is set on the command line using the
--cpu-used parameter which maps onto the \ref AV1_COMP.speed field in the main
compressor instance data structure.

The value of \ref AV1_COMP.speed, combined with the use case, is used to
populate the speed features data structure AV1_COMP.sf. In particular
\ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES.recode_loop determines the types of frames that
may be recoded and \ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES.recode_tolerance is a rate
error trigger threshold.

For more information the reader is directed to the following data structures:

- \ref AV1_COMP cpi (the main compressor instance data structure)
   - \ref AV1_COMP.speed
   - \ref AV1_COMP.sf (\ref SPEED_FEATURES)

- \ref SPEED_FEATURES (Encode speed vs quality tradeoff parameters)
	- \ref SPEED_FEATURES.hl_sf (\ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES)

- \ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES
	- \ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES.recode_loop
	- \ref HIGH_LEVEL_SPEED_FEATURES.recode_tolerance

and functions:

- (TODO REF) encode_with_recode_loop()
- (TODO REF) recode_loop_update_q()
- (TODO REF) av1_set_speed_features_framesize_independent()
- (TODO REF) av1_set_speed_features_framesize_dependent()

\subsection architecture_enc_fixed_q Fixed Q Mode

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_src_proc Source Frame Processing

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_hierachical Hierarchical Coding

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_tpl Temporal Dependency Modelling

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_partitions Block Partition Search

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_inter_modes Inter Prediction Mode Search

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_intra_modes Intra Mode Search

 Add details here.

\section architecture_enc_tx_search Transform Search

 Add details here.

\section architecture_loop_filt Loop Filtering

 Add details here.

\section architecture_loop_rest Loop Restoration Filtering

 Add details here.

\section architecture_cdef CDEF

 Add details here.

\section architecture_entropy Entropy Coding

 Add details here.

*/

/*!\defgroup encoder_algo Encoder Algorithm
 *
 * The encoder algorithm describes how a sequence is encoded, including high
 * level decision as well as algorithm used at every encoding stage.
 */

/*!\defgroup high_level_algo High-level Algorithm
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes sequence level/frame level algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */

 /*!\defgroup frame_coding_pipeline Frame Coding Pipeline
    \ingroup high_level_algo

 To encode a frame, first call \ref av1_receive_raw_frame() to obtain the raw
 frame data. Then call \ref av1_get_compressed_data() to encode raw frame data
 into compressed frame data. The main body of \ref av1_get_compressed_data()
 is \ref av1_encode_strategy(), which determines high-level encode strategy
 (frame type, frame placement, etc.) and then encodes the frame by calling
 \ref av1_encode(). In \ref av1_encode(), \ref av1_first_pass() will execute
 the first_pass of two-pass encoding, while \ref encode_frame_to_data_rate()
 will perform the final pass for either one-pass or two-pass encoding.

 The main body of \ref encode_frame_to_data_rate() is
 \ref encode_with_recode_loop_and_filter(), which handles encoding before
 in-loop filters (with recode loops encode_with_recode_loop(), or without
 any recode loop \ref encode_without_recode()), followed by in-loop filters
 (deblocking filters \ref loopfilter_frame(), CDEF filters and restoration
 filters \ref cdef_restoration_frame()).

 Except for rate/quality control, both encode_with_recode_loop() and
 \ref encode_without_recode() call \ref av1_encode_frame() to manage reference
 frame buffers and to perform the rest of encoding that does not require
 operating external frames by \ref encode_frame_internal(), which is the
 starting point of \ref partition_search.
 */

 /*!\defgroup two_pass_algo Two Pass Mode
    \ingroup high_level_algo

 In two pass mode, the input file is passed into the encoder for a quick
 first pass, where statistics are gathered. These statistics and the input
 file are then passed back into the encoder for a second pass. The statistics
 help the encoder reach the desired bitrate without as much overshooting or
 undershooting.

 During the first pass, the codec will return "stats" packets that contain
 information useful for the second pass. The caller should concatenate these
 packets as they are received. In the second pass, the concatenated packets
 are passed in, along with the frames to encode. During the second pass,
 "frame" packets are returned that represent the compressed video.

 A complete example can be found in `examples/twopass_encoder.c`. Pseudocode
 is provided below to illustrate the core parts.

 During the first pass, the uncompressed frames are passed in and stats
 information is appended to a byte array.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.c}
// For simplicity, assume that there is enough memory in the stats buffer.
// Actual code will want to use a resizable array. stats_len represents
// the length of data already present in the buffer.
void get_stats_data(aom_codec_ctx_t *encoder, char *stats,
                    size_t *stats_len, bool *got_data) {
  const aom_codec_cx_pkt_t *pkt;
  aom_codec_iter_t iter = NULL;
  while ((pkt = aom_codec_get_cx_data(encoder, &iter))) {
    *got_data = true;
    if (pkt->kind != AOM_CODEC_STATS_PKT) continue;
    memcpy(stats + *stats_len, pkt->data.twopass_stats.buf,
           pkt->data.twopass_stats.sz);
    *stats_len += pkt->data.twopass_stats.sz;
  }
}

void first_pass(char *stats, size_t *stats_len) {
  struct aom_codec_enc_cfg first_pass_cfg;
  ... // Initialize the config as needed.
  first_pass_cfg.g_pass = AOM_RC_FIRST_PASS;
  aom_codec_ctx_t first_pass_encoder;
  ... // Initialize the encoder.

  while (frame_available) {
    // Read in the uncompressed frame, update frame_available
    aom_image_t *frame_to_encode = ...;
    aom_codec_encode(&first_pass_encoder, img, pts, duration, flags);
    get_stats_data(&first_pass_encoder, stats, stats_len);
  }
  // After all frames have been processed, call aom_codec_encode with
  // a NULL ptr repeatedly, until no more data is returned. The NULL
  // ptr tells the encoder that no more frames are available.
  bool got_data;
  do {
    got_data = false;
    aom_codec_encode(&first_pass_encoder, NULL, pts, duration, flags);
    get_stats_data(&first_pass_encoder, stats, stats_len, &got_data);
  } while (got_data);

  aom_codec_destroy(&first_pass_encoder);
}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 During the second pass, the uncompressed frames and the stats are
 passed into the encoder.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.c}
// Write out each encoded frame to the file.
void get_cx_data(aom_codec_ctx_t *encoder, FILE *file,
                 bool *got_data) {
  const aom_codec_cx_pkt_t *pkt;
  aom_codec_iter_t iter = NULL;
  while ((pkt = aom_codec_get_cx_data(encoder, &iter))) {
   *got_data = true;
   if (pkt->kind != AOM_CODEC_CX_FRAME_PKT) continue;
   fwrite(pkt->data.frame.buf, 1, pkt->data.frame.sz, file);
  }
}

void second_pass(char *stats, size_t stats_len) {
  struct aom_codec_enc_cfg second_pass_cfg;
  ... // Initialize the config file as needed.
  second_pass_cfg.g_pass = AOM_RC_LAST_PASS;
  cfg.rc_twopass_stats_in.buf = stats;
  cfg.rc_twopass_stats_in.sz = stats_len;
  aom_codec_ctx_t second_pass_encoder;
  ... // Initialize the encoder from the config.

  FILE *output = fopen("output.obu", "wb");
  while (frame_available) {
    // Read in the uncompressed frame, update frame_available
    aom_image_t *frame_to_encode = ...;
    aom_codec_encode(&second_pass_encoder, img, pts, duration, flags);
    get_cx_data(&second_pass_encoder, output);
  }
  // Pass in NULL to flush the encoder.
  bool got_data;
  do {
    got_data = false;
    aom_codec_encode(&second_pass_encoder, NULL, pts, duration, flags);
    get_cx_data(&second_pass_encoder, output, &got_data);
  } while (got_data);

  aom_codec_destroy(&second_pass_encoder);
}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 */

 /*!\defgroup look_ahead_buffer The Look-Ahead Buffer
    \ingroup high_level_algo

 A program should call \ref aom_codec_encode() for each frame that needs
 processing. These frames are internally copied and stored in a fixed-size
 circular buffer, known as the look-ahead buffer. Other parts of the code
 will use future frame information to inform current frame decisions;
 examples include the first-pass algorithm, TPL model, and temporal filter.
 Note that this buffer also keeps a reference to the last source frame.

 The look-ahead buffer is defined in \ref av1/encoder/lookahead.h. It acts as an
 opaque structure, with an interface to create and free memory associated with
 it. It supports pushing and popping frames onto the structure in a FIFO
 fashion. It also allows look-ahead when using the \ref av1_lookahead_peek()
 function with a non-negative number, and look-behind when -1 is passed in (for
 the last source frame; e.g., firstpass will use this for motion estimation).
 The \ref av1_lookahead_depth() function returns the current number of frames
 stored in it. Note that \ref av1_lookahead_pop() is a bit of a misnomer - it
 only pops if either the "flush" variable is set, or the buffer is at maximum
 capacity.

 The buffer is stored in the \ref AV1_COMP::lookahead field.
 It is initialized in the first call to \ref aom_codec_encode(), in the
 \ref av1_receive_raw_frame() sub-routine. The buffer size is defined by
 the g_lag_in_frames parameter set in the
 \ref aom_codec_enc_cfg_t::g_lag_in_frames struct.
 This can be modified manually but should only be set once. On the command
 line, the flag "--lag-in-frames" controls it. The default size is 19 for
 non-realtime usage and 1 for realtime. Note that a maximum value of 35 is
 enforced.

 A frame will stay in the buffer as long as possible. As mentioned above,
 the \ref av1_lookahead_pop() only removes a frame when either flush is set,
 or the buffer is full. Note that each call to \ref aom_codec_encode() inserts
 another frame into the buffer, and pop is called by the sub-function
 \ref av1_encode_strategy(). The buffer is told to flush when
 \ref aom_codec_encode() is passed a NULL image pointer. Note that the caller
 must repeatedly call \ref aom_codec_encode() with a NULL image pointer, until
 no more packets are available, in order to fully flush the buffer.

 */

/*! @} - end defgroup high_level_algo */

/*!\defgroup partition_search Partition Search
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 A frame is first split into tiles in \ref encode_tiles(), with each tile
 compressed by av1_encode_tile(). Then a tile is processed in superblock rows
 via \ref av1_encode_sb_row() and then \ref encode_sb_row().

 Partition search starts by superblocks that are sequentially processed in
 \ref encode_sb_row(). For a superblock, two search modes are supported
 corresponding to the encoding configurations, \ref encode_nonrd_sb() is for
 1-pass and real-time modes, while \ref encode_rd_sb() performs more
 exhaustive searches.

 Partition search over the recursive quad-tree space is implemented by
 recursively calling \ref nonrd_use_partition(), \ref rd_use_partition(), or
 rd_pick_partition() and returning best options for sub-trees to their
 parent partitions.

 In libaom, partition search lays on top of mode search (predictor, transform,
 etc.) instead of being a separate module, the interface of mode search is
 \ref pick_sb_modes(), which connects \ref partition_search with
 \ref inter_mode_search and \ref intra_mode_search. To make good decisions,
 reconstruction is also required in order to build references and contexts, it
 is implemented by \ref encode_sb() at sub-tree level and \ref encode_b() at
 coding block level.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup partition_search */

/*!\defgroup intra_mode_search Intra Mode Search
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes intra mode search algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup intra_mode_search */

/*!\defgroup inter_mode_search Inter Mode Search
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes inter mode search algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup inter_mode_search */

/*!\defgroup palette_mode_search Palette Mode Search
 * \ingroup intra_mode_search
 * This module describes palette mode search algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup palette_mode_search */

/*!\defgroup transform_search Transform Search
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes transform search algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup transform_search */

/*!\defgroup coefficient_coding Transform Coefficient Coding and Optimization
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes the algorithms of transform coefficient coding and optimization in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup coefficient_coding */

/*!\defgroup in_loop_filter In-loop Filter
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes in-loop filter algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup in_loop_filter */

/*!\defgroup in_loop_cdef CDEF
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes the CDEF parameter search algorithm
 * in AV1. More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup in_loop_restoration */

/*!\defgroup in_loop_restoration Loop Restoration
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes the loop restoration search
 * and estimation algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup in_loop_restoration */

/*!\defgroup rate_control Rate Control
 * \ingroup encoder_algo
 * This module describes rate control algorithm in AV1.
 * More details will be added.
 * @{
 */
/*! @} - end defgroup rate_control */