av1/encoder/encode_strategy.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2019, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved
 *
 * This source code is subject to the terms of the BSD 2 Clause License and
 * the Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0. If the BSD 2 Clause License
 * was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
 * obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
 * Media Patent License 1.0 was not distributed with this source code in the
 * PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
 */

#include <stdint.h>

#include "av1/common/blockd.h"
#include "config/aom_config.h"
#include "config/aom_scale_rtcd.h"

#include "aom/aom_codec.h"
#include "aom/aom_encoder.h"

#include "aom_ports/system_state.h"

#if CONFIG_MISMATCH_DEBUG
#include "aom_util/debug_util.h"
#endif  // CONFIG_MISMATCH_DEBUG

#include "av1/common/av1_common_int.h"
#include "av1/common/reconinter.h"

#include "av1/encoder/encoder.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encode_strategy.h"
#include "av1/encoder/encodeframe.h"
#include "av1/encoder/firstpass.h"
#include "av1/encoder/pass2_strategy.h"
#include "av1/encoder/temporal_filter.h"
#include "av1/encoder/tpl_model.h"

#if CONFIG_TUNE_VMAF
#include "av1/encoder/tune_vmaf.h"
#endif

#define TEMPORAL_FILTER_KEY_FRAME (CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY ? 0 : 1)

static INLINE void set_refresh_frame_flags(
    RefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const refresh_frame_flags, bool refresh_gf,
    bool refresh_bwdref, bool refresh_arf) {
  refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame = refresh_gf;
  refresh_frame_flags->bwd_ref_frame = refresh_bwdref;
  refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame = refresh_arf;
}

void av1_configure_buffer_updates(
    AV1_COMP *const cpi, RefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const refresh_frame_flags,
    const FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE type, const REFBUF_STATE refbuf_state,
    int force_refresh_all) {
  // NOTE(weitinglin): Should we define another function to take care of
  // cpi->rc.is_$Source_Type to make this function as it is in the comment?
  const ExtRefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const ext_refresh_frame_flags =
      &cpi->ext_flags.refresh_frame;
  cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref = 0;

  switch (type) {
    case KF_UPDATE:
      set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, true, true);
      break;

    case LF_UPDATE:
      set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, false, false, false);
      break;

    case GF_UPDATE:
      set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, false, false);
      break;

    case OVERLAY_UPDATE:
      if (refbuf_state == REFBUF_RESET)
        set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, true, true);
      else
        set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, false, false);

      cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref = 1;
      break;

    case ARF_UPDATE:
      // NOTE: BWDREF does not get updated along with ALTREF_FRAME.
      if (refbuf_state == REFBUF_RESET)
        set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, true, true);
      else
        set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, false, false, true);

      break;

    case INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE:
      set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, false, false, false);
      cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref = 1;
      break;

    case INTNL_ARF_UPDATE:
      set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, false, true, false);
      break;

    default: assert(0); break;
  }

  if (ext_refresh_frame_flags->update_pending &&
      (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi))) {
    set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags,
                            ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame,
                            ext_refresh_frame_flags->bwd_ref_frame,
                            ext_refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame);
    GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
    if (ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame)
      gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = GF_UPDATE;
    if (ext_refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame)
      gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = ARF_UPDATE;
    if (ext_refresh_frame_flags->bwd_ref_frame)
      gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = INTNL_ARF_UPDATE;
  }

  if (force_refresh_all)
    set_refresh_frame_flags(refresh_frame_flags, true, true, true);
}

static void set_additional_frame_flags(const AV1_COMMON *const cm,
                                       unsigned int *const frame_flags) {
  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_INTRAONLY;
  }
  if (frame_is_sframe(cm)) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_SWITCH;
  }
  if (cm->features.error_resilient_mode) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_ERROR_RESILIENT;
  }
}

static void set_ext_overrides(AV1_COMMON *const cm,
                              EncodeFrameParams *const frame_params,
                              ExternalFlags *const ext_flags) {
  // Overrides the defaults with the externally supplied values with
  // av1_update_reference() and av1_update_entropy() calls
  // Note: The overrides are valid only for the next frame passed
  // to av1_encode_lowlevel()

  if (ext_flags->use_s_frame) {
    frame_params->frame_type = S_FRAME;
  }

  if (ext_flags->refresh_frame_context_pending) {
    cm->features.refresh_frame_context = ext_flags->refresh_frame_context;
    ext_flags->refresh_frame_context_pending = 0;
  }
  cm->features.allow_ref_frame_mvs = ext_flags->use_ref_frame_mvs;

  frame_params->error_resilient_mode = ext_flags->use_error_resilient;
  // A keyframe is already error resilient and keyframes with
  // error_resilient_mode interferes with the use of show_existing_frame
  // when forward reference keyframes are enabled.
  frame_params->error_resilient_mode &= frame_params->frame_type != KEY_FRAME;
  // For bitstream conformance, s-frames must be error-resilient
  frame_params->error_resilient_mode |= frame_params->frame_type == S_FRAME;
}

static int choose_primary_ref_frame(
    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, const EncodeFrameParams *const frame_params) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;

  const int intra_only = frame_params->frame_type == KEY_FRAME ||
                         frame_params->frame_type == INTRA_ONLY_FRAME;
  if (intra_only || frame_params->error_resilient_mode ||
      cpi->ext_flags.use_primary_ref_none) {
    return PRIMARY_REF_NONE;
  }

  // In large scale case, always use Last frame's frame contexts.
  // Note(yunqing): In other cases, primary_ref_frame is chosen based on
  // cpi->ppi->gf_group.layer_depth[cpi->gf_frame_index], which also controls
  // frame bit allocation.
  if (cm->tiles.large_scale) return (LAST_FRAME - LAST_FRAME);

  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) return av1_svc_primary_ref_frame(cpi);

  // Find the most recent reference frame with the same reference type as the
  // current frame
  const int current_ref_type = get_current_frame_ref_type(cpi);
  int wanted_fb = cpi->ppi->fb_of_context_type[current_ref_type];

  int primary_ref_frame = PRIMARY_REF_NONE;
  for (int ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ref_frame++) {
    if (get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, ref_frame) == wanted_fb) {
      primary_ref_frame = ref_frame - LAST_FRAME;
    }
  }

  return primary_ref_frame;
}

static void adjust_frame_rate(AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t ts_start, int64_t ts_end) {
  TimeStamps *time_stamps = &cpi->time_stamps;
  int64_t this_duration;
  int step = 0;

  // Clear down mmx registers
  aom_clear_system_state();

  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc && cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id > 0) {
    cpi->framerate = cpi->svc.base_framerate;
    av1_rc_update_framerate(cpi, cpi->common.width, cpi->common.height);
    return;
  }

  if (ts_start == time_stamps->first_ts_start) {
    this_duration = ts_end - ts_start;
    step = 1;
  } else {
    int64_t last_duration =
        time_stamps->prev_ts_end - time_stamps->prev_ts_start;

    this_duration = ts_end - time_stamps->prev_ts_end;

    // do a step update if the duration changes by 10%
    if (last_duration)
      step = (int)((this_duration - last_duration) * 10 / last_duration);
  }

  if (this_duration) {
    if (step) {
      av1_new_framerate(cpi, 10000000.0 / this_duration);
    } else {
      // Average this frame's rate into the last second's average
      // frame rate. If we haven't seen 1 second yet, then average
      // over the whole interval seen.
      const double interval =
          AOMMIN((double)(ts_end - time_stamps->first_ts_start), 10000000.0);
      double avg_duration = 10000000.0 / cpi->framerate;
      avg_duration *= (interval - avg_duration + this_duration);
      avg_duration /= interval;

      av1_new_framerate(cpi, 10000000.0 / avg_duration);
    }
  }
  time_stamps->prev_ts_start = ts_start;
  time_stamps->prev_ts_end = ts_end;
}

// Determine whether there is a forced keyframe pending in the lookahead buffer
int is_forced_keyframe_pending(struct lookahead_ctx *lookahead,
                               const int up_to_index,
                               const COMPRESSOR_STAGE compressor_stage) {
  for (int i = 0; i <= up_to_index; i++) {
    const struct lookahead_entry *e =
        av1_lookahead_peek(lookahead, i, compressor_stage);
    if (e == NULL) {
      // We have reached the end of the lookahead buffer and not early-returned
      // so there isn't a forced key-frame pending.
      return -1;
    } else if (e->flags == AOM_EFLAG_FORCE_KF) {
      return i;
    } else {
      continue;
    }
  }
  return -1;  // Never reached
}

// Check if we should encode an ARF or internal ARF.  If not, try a LAST
// Do some setup associated with the chosen source
// temporal_filtered, flush, and frame_update_type are outputs.
// Return the frame source, or NULL if we couldn't find one
static struct lookahead_entry *choose_frame_source(
    AV1_COMP *const cpi, int *const flush, int *pop_lookahead,
    struct lookahead_entry **last_source,
    EncodeFrameParams *const frame_params) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
  struct lookahead_entry *source = NULL;

  // Source index in lookahead buffer.
  int src_index = gf_group->arf_src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index];

  // TODO(Aasaipriya): Forced key frames need to be fixed when rc_mode != AOM_Q
  if (src_index &&
      (is_forced_keyframe_pending(cpi->ppi->lookahead, src_index,
                                  cpi->compressor_stage) != -1) &&
      cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_Q && !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    src_index = 0;
    *flush = 1;
  }

  // If the current frame is arf, then we should not pop from the lookahead
  // buffer. If the current frame is not arf, then pop it. This assumes the
  // first frame in the GF group is not arf. May need to change if it is not
  // true.
  *pop_lookahead = (src_index == 0);
  // If this is a key frame and keyframe filtering is enabled with overlay,
  // then do not pop.
  if (*pop_lookahead && cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.enable_keyframe_filtering > 1 &&
      gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == ARF_UPDATE &&
      !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) && cpi->ppi->lookahead) {
    if (cpi->ppi->lookahead->read_ctxs[cpi->compressor_stage].sz &&
        (*flush ||
         cpi->ppi->lookahead->read_ctxs[cpi->compressor_stage].sz ==
             cpi->ppi->lookahead->read_ctxs[cpi->compressor_stage].pop_sz)) {
      *pop_lookahead = 0;
    }
  }

  // LAP stage does not have ARFs or forward key-frames,
  // hence, always pop_lookahead here.
  if (is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    *pop_lookahead = 1;
    src_index = 0;
  }

  frame_params->show_frame = *pop_lookahead;

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  // Future frame in parallel encode set
  if (gf_group->src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index] != 0 &&
      !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) &&
      0 /*will be turned on along with frame parallel encode*/) {
    src_index = gf_group->src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index];
    // Don't remove future frames from lookahead_ctx. They will be
    // removed in their actual encode call.
    *pop_lookahead = 0;
  }
#endif
  if (frame_params->show_frame) {
    // show frame, pop from buffer
    // Get last frame source.
    if (cm->current_frame.frame_number > 0) {
      *last_source = av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, src_index - 1,
                                        cpi->compressor_stage);
    }
    // Read in the source frame.
    source = av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, src_index,
                                cpi->compressor_stage);
  } else {
    // no show frames are arf frames
    source = av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, src_index,
                                cpi->compressor_stage);
    // When src_index == rc->frames_to_key, it indicates a fwd_kf
    if (src_index == cpi->rc.frames_to_key && src_index != 0) {
      cpi->no_show_fwd_kf = 1;
    }
    if (source != NULL) {
      cm->showable_frame = 1;
    }
  }
  return source;
}

// Don't allow a show_existing_frame to coincide with an error resilient or
// S-Frame. An exception can be made in the case of a keyframe, since it does
// not depend on any previous frames.
static int allow_show_existing(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                               unsigned int frame_flags) {
  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_number == 0) return 0;

  const struct lookahead_entry *lookahead_src =
      av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, 0, cpi->compressor_stage);
  if (lookahead_src == NULL) return 1;

  const int is_error_resilient =
      cpi->oxcf.tool_cfg.error_resilient_mode ||
      (lookahead_src->flags & AOM_EFLAG_ERROR_RESILIENT);
  const int is_s_frame = cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.enable_sframe ||
                         (lookahead_src->flags & AOM_EFLAG_SET_S_FRAME);
  const int is_key_frame =
      (cpi->rc.frames_to_key == 0) || (frame_flags & FRAMEFLAGS_KEY);
  return !(is_error_resilient || is_s_frame) || is_key_frame;
}

// Update frame_flags to tell the encoder's caller what sort of frame was
// encoded.
static void update_frame_flags(
    const AV1_COMMON *const cm,
    const RefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const refresh_frame_flags,
    unsigned int *frame_flags) {
  if (encode_show_existing_frame(cm)) {
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_GOLDEN;
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_BWDREF;
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_ALTREF;
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_KEY;
    return;
  }

  if (refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_GOLDEN;
  } else {
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_GOLDEN;
  }

  if (refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_ALTREF;
  } else {
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_ALTREF;
  }

  if (refresh_frame_flags->bwd_ref_frame) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_BWDREF;
  } else {
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_BWDREF;
  }

  if (cm->current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
    *frame_flags |= FRAMEFLAGS_KEY;
  } else {
    *frame_flags &= ~FRAMEFLAGS_KEY;
  }
}

#define DUMP_REF_FRAME_IMAGES 0

#if DUMP_REF_FRAME_IMAGES == 1
static int dump_one_image(AV1_COMMON *cm,
                          const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *const ref_buf,
                          char *file_name) {
  int h;
  FILE *f_ref = NULL;

  if (ref_buf == NULL) {
    printf("Frame data buffer is NULL.\n");
    return AOM_CODEC_MEM_ERROR;
  }

  if ((f_ref = fopen(file_name, "wb")) == NULL) {
    printf("Unable to open file %s to write.\n", file_name);
    return AOM_CODEC_MEM_ERROR;
  }

  // --- Y ---
  for (h = 0; h < cm->height; ++h) {
    fwrite(&ref_buf->y_buffer[h * ref_buf->y_stride], 1, cm->width, f_ref);
  }
  // --- U ---
  for (h = 0; h < (cm->height >> 1); ++h) {
    fwrite(&ref_buf->u_buffer[h * ref_buf->uv_stride], 1, (cm->width >> 1),
           f_ref);
  }
  // --- V ---
  for (h = 0; h < (cm->height >> 1); ++h) {
    fwrite(&ref_buf->v_buffer[h * ref_buf->uv_stride], 1, (cm->width >> 1),
           f_ref);
  }

  fclose(f_ref);

  return AOM_CODEC_OK;
}

static void dump_ref_frame_images(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  MV_REFERENCE_FRAME ref_frame;

  for (ref_frame = LAST_FRAME; ref_frame <= ALTREF_FRAME; ++ref_frame) {
    char file_name[256] = "";
    snprintf(file_name, sizeof(file_name), "/tmp/enc_F%d_ref_%d.yuv",
             cm->current_frame.frame_number, ref_frame);
    dump_one_image(cm, get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cpi, ref_frame), file_name);
  }
}
#endif  // DUMP_REF_FRAME_IMAGES == 1

int av1_get_refresh_ref_frame_map(int refresh_frame_flags) {
  int ref_map_index;

  for (ref_map_index = 0; ref_map_index < REF_FRAMES; ++ref_map_index)
    if ((refresh_frame_flags >> ref_map_index) & 1) break;

  if (ref_map_index == REF_FRAMES) ref_map_index = INVALID_IDX;
  return ref_map_index;
}

static void update_arf_stack(int ref_map_index,
                             RefBufferStack *ref_buffer_stack) {
  if (ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size >= 0) {
    if (ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack[0] == ref_map_index)
      stack_pop(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
  }

  if (ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size) {
    for (int i = ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack[i] == ref_map_index) {
        for (int idx = i; idx < ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1; ++idx)
          ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack[idx] =
              ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack[idx + 1];
        ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack[ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1] =
            INVALID_IDX;
        --ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size;
      }
    }
  }

  if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size) {
    for (int i = ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[i] == ref_map_index) {
        for (int idx = i; idx < ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1; ++idx)
          ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[idx] =
              ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[idx + 1];
        ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1] =
            INVALID_IDX;
        --ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Update reference frame stack info.
void av1_update_ref_frame_map(AV1_COMP *cpi,
                              FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type,
                              REFBUF_STATE refbuf_state, int ref_map_index,
                              RefBufferStack *ref_buffer_stack) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;

  // TODO(jingning): Consider the S-frame same as key frame for the
  // reference frame tracking purpose. The logic might be better
  // expressed than converting the frame update type.
  if (frame_is_sframe(cm)) frame_update_type = KF_UPDATE;
  if (is_frame_droppable(&cpi->svc, &cpi->ext_flags.refresh_frame)) return;

  switch (frame_update_type) {
    case KF_UPDATE:
      stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack,
                  &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size);
      stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack,
                  &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size);
      stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                  &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
      stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size,
                 ref_map_index);
      break;
    case GF_UPDATE:
      update_arf_stack(ref_map_index, ref_buffer_stack);
      stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size,
                 ref_map_index);
      // For nonrd_mode: update LAST as well on GF_UPDATE frame.
      // TODO(jingning, marpan): Why replacing both reference frames with the
      // same decoded frame?
      if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.use_nonrd_pick_mode)
        stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack,
                   &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size, ref_map_index);
      break;
    case LF_UPDATE:
      update_arf_stack(ref_map_index, ref_buffer_stack);
      stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size,
                 ref_map_index);
      break;
    case ARF_UPDATE:
    case INTNL_ARF_UPDATE:
      if (refbuf_state == REFBUF_RESET) {
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size);
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size);
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
      } else {
        update_arf_stack(ref_map_index, ref_buffer_stack);
      }
      stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size,
                 ref_map_index);
      break;
    case OVERLAY_UPDATE:
      if (refbuf_state == REFBUF_RESET) {
        ref_map_index = stack_pop(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                                  &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size);
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size);
        stack_reset(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                    &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
        stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack,
                   &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size, ref_map_index);
      } else {
        if (ref_map_index != INVALID_IDX) {
          update_arf_stack(ref_map_index, ref_buffer_stack);
          stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack,
                     &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size, ref_map_index);
        }
        ref_map_index = stack_pop(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                                  &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
        stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack,
                   &ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size, ref_map_index);
      }
      break;
    case INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE:
      ref_map_index = stack_pop(ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack,
                                &ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size);
      stack_push(ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack, &ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size,
                 ref_map_index);
      break;
    default: assert(0 && "unknown type");
  }
  return;
}

static int get_free_ref_map_index(
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    RefFrameMapPair ref_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES],
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    const RefBufferStack *ref_buffer_stack) {
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  (void)ref_buffer_stack;
  for (int idx = 0; idx < REF_FRAMES; ++idx)
    if (ref_map_pairs[idx].disp_order == -1) return idx;
  return INVALID_IDX;
#else
  for (int idx = 0; idx < REF_FRAMES; ++idx) {
    int is_free = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size; ++i) {
      if (ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack[i] == idx) {
        is_free = 0;
        break;
      }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size; ++i) {
      if (ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack[i] == idx) {
        is_free = 0;
        break;
      }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size; ++i) {
      if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[i] == idx) {
        is_free = 0;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (is_free) return idx;
  }
  return INVALID_IDX;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
}

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
static int get_refresh_idx(RefFrameMapPair ref_frame_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES],
                           int update_arf,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                           GF_GROUP *gf_group, int gf_index,
                           int enable_refresh_skip,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                           int cur_frame_disp) {
  int arf_count = 0;
  int oldest_arf_order = INT32_MAX;
  int oldest_arf_idx = -1;

  int oldest_frame_order = INT32_MAX;
  int oldest_idx = -1;

  for (int map_idx = 0; map_idx < REF_FRAMES; map_idx++) {
    RefFrameMapPair ref_pair = ref_frame_map_pairs[map_idx];
    if (ref_pair.disp_order == -1) continue;
    const int frame_order = ref_pair.disp_order;
    const int reference_frame_level = ref_pair.pyr_level;
    // Do not refresh a future frame.
    if (frame_order > cur_frame_disp) continue;

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
    if (enable_refresh_skip) {
      int skip_frame = 0;
      // Prevent refreshing a frame in gf_group->skip_frame_refresh.
      for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; i++) {
        int frame_to_skip = gf_group->skip_frame_refresh[gf_index][i];
        if (frame_to_skip == INVALID_IDX) break;
        if (frame_order == frame_to_skip) {
          skip_frame = 1;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (skip_frame) continue;
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2

    // Keep track of the oldest level 1 frame if the current frame is also level
    // 1.
    if (reference_frame_level == 1) {
      // If there are more than 2 level 1 frames in the reference list,
      // discard the oldest.
      if (frame_order < oldest_arf_order) {
        oldest_arf_order = frame_order;
        oldest_arf_idx = map_idx;
      }
      arf_count++;
      continue;
    }

    // Update the overall oldest reference frame.
    if (frame_order < oldest_frame_order) {
      oldest_frame_order = frame_order;
      oldest_idx = map_idx;
    }
  }
  if (update_arf && arf_count > 2) return oldest_arf_idx;
  if (oldest_idx >= 0) return oldest_idx;
  if (oldest_arf_idx >= 0) return oldest_arf_idx;
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  if (oldest_idx == -1) {
    assert(arf_count > 2 && enable_refresh_skip);
    return oldest_arf_idx;
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  assert(0 && "No valid refresh index found");
  return -1;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

int av1_get_refresh_frame_flags(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                                const EncodeFrameParams *const frame_params,
                                FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type,
                                int gf_index,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                                int cur_disp_order,
                                RefFrameMapPair ref_frame_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES],
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                                const RefBufferStack *const ref_buffer_stack) {
  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const ExtRefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const ext_refresh_frame_flags =
      &cpi->ext_flags.refresh_frame;

  GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
  if (gf_group->refbuf_state[gf_index] == REFBUF_RESET)
    return SELECT_ALL_BUF_SLOTS;

  // TODO(jingning): Deprecate the following operations.
  // Switch frames and shown key-frames overwrite all reference slots
  if (frame_params->frame_type == S_FRAME) return SELECT_ALL_BUF_SLOTS;

  // show_existing_frames don't actually send refresh_frame_flags so set the
  // flags to 0 to keep things consistent.
  if (frame_params->show_existing_frame &&
      (!frame_params->error_resilient_mode ||
       frame_params->frame_type == KEY_FRAME)) {
    return 0;
  }

  const SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
  if (is_frame_droppable(svc, ext_refresh_frame_flags)) return 0;

  int refresh_mask = 0;

  if (ext_refresh_frame_flags->update_pending) {
    if (svc->set_ref_frame_config) {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
        int ref_frame_map_idx = svc->ref_idx[i];
        refresh_mask |= svc->refresh[ref_frame_map_idx] << ref_frame_map_idx;
      }
      return refresh_mask;
    }
    // Unfortunately the encoder interface reflects the old refresh_*_frame
    // flags so we have to replicate the old refresh_frame_flags logic here in
    // order to preserve the behaviour of the flag overrides.
    int ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, LAST_FRAME);
    if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
      refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->last_frame << ref_frame_map_idx;

    ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, EXTREF_FRAME);
    if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
      refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->bwd_ref_frame
                      << ref_frame_map_idx;

    ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, ALTREF2_FRAME);
    if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
      refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->alt2_ref_frame
                      << ref_frame_map_idx;

    if (frame_update_type == OVERLAY_UPDATE) {
      ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, ALTREF_FRAME);
      if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
        refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame
                        << ref_frame_map_idx;
    } else {
      ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, GOLDEN_FRAME);
      if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
        refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame
                        << ref_frame_map_idx;

      ref_frame_map_idx = get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, ALTREF_FRAME);
      if (ref_frame_map_idx != INVALID_IDX)
        refresh_mask |= ext_refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame
                        << ref_frame_map_idx;
    }
    return refresh_mask;
  }

  // Search for the open slot to store the current frame.
  int free_fb_index = get_free_ref_map_index(
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
      ref_frame_map_pairs,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
      ref_buffer_stack);

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  // No refresh necessary for these frame types.
  if (frame_update_type == OVERLAY_UPDATE ||
      frame_update_type == INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE)
    return refresh_mask;

  // If there is an open slot, refresh that one instead of replacing a
  // reference.
  if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) {
    refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
    return refresh_mask;
  }
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  const int enable_refresh_skip = !is_one_pass_rt_params(cpi);
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  const int update_arf = frame_update_type == ARF_UPDATE;
  const int refresh_idx =
      get_refresh_idx(ref_frame_map_pairs, update_arf,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                      &cpi->ppi->gf_group, gf_index, enable_refresh_skip,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                      cur_disp_order);
  return 1 << refresh_idx;
#else
  switch (frame_update_type) {
    case KF_UPDATE:
    case GF_UPDATE:
      if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) {
        refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
      } else {
        if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size)
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->gld_stack[ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1];
        else
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->lst_stack[ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1];
      }
      break;
    case LF_UPDATE:
      if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) {
        refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
      } else {
        if (ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size >= 2)
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->lst_stack[ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1];
        else if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size >= 2)
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->gld_stack[ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1];
        else
          assert(0 && "No ref map index found");
      }
      break;
    case ARF_UPDATE:
      if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) {
        refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
      } else {
        if (ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size >= 3)
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->gld_stack[ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size - 1];
        else if (ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size >= 2)
          refresh_mask =
              1 << ref_buffer_stack
                       ->lst_stack[ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1];
        else
          assert(0 && "No ref map index found");
      }
      break;
    case INTNL_ARF_UPDATE:
      if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) {
        refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
      } else {
        refresh_mask =
            1 << ref_buffer_stack
                     ->lst_stack[ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size - 1];
      }
      break;
    case OVERLAY_UPDATE:
      if (free_fb_index != INVALID_IDX) refresh_mask = 1 << free_fb_index;
      break;
    case INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE: break;
    default: assert(0); break;
  }

  return refresh_mask;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
}

#if !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
void setup_mi(AV1_COMP *const cpi, YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *src) {
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const int num_planes = av1_num_planes(cm);
  MACROBLOCK *const x = &cpi->td.mb;
  MACROBLOCKD *const xd = &x->e_mbd;

  av1_setup_src_planes(x, src, 0, 0, num_planes, cm->seq_params->sb_size);

  av1_setup_block_planes(xd, cm->seq_params->subsampling_x,
                         cm->seq_params->subsampling_y, num_planes);

  set_mi_offsets(&cm->mi_params, xd, 0, 0);
}

// Apply temporal filtering to source frames and encode the filtered frame.
// If the current frame does not require filtering, this function is identical
// to av1_encode() except that tpl is not performed.
static int denoise_and_encode(AV1_COMP *const cpi, uint8_t *const dest,
                              EncodeFrameInput *const frame_input,
                              EncodeFrameParams *const frame_params,
                              EncodeFrameResults *const frame_results) {
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) start_timing(cpi, denoise_and_encode_time);
#endif
  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  const GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
  FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE update_type =
      get_frame_update_type(&cpi->ppi->gf_group, cpi->gf_frame_index);

  // Decide whether to apply temporal filtering to the source frame.
  int apply_filtering = 0;
  if (frame_params->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
    // Decide whether it is allowed to perform key frame filtering
    int allow_kf_filtering =
        oxcf->kf_cfg.enable_keyframe_filtering &&
        !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) && !frame_params->show_existing_frame &&
        cpi->rc.frames_to_key > cpi->oxcf.algo_cfg.arnr_max_frames &&
        !is_lossless_requested(&oxcf->rc_cfg) &&
        oxcf->algo_cfg.arnr_max_frames > 0 && oxcf->gf_cfg.lag_in_frames > 1;
    if (allow_kf_filtering) {
      const double y_noise_level = av1_estimate_noise_from_single_plane(
          frame_input->source, 0, cm->seq_params->bit_depth);
      apply_filtering = y_noise_level > 0;
    } else {
      apply_filtering = 0;
    }
    // If we are doing kf filtering, set up a few things.
    if (apply_filtering) {
      av1_setup_past_independence(cm);
    }
  } else if (update_type == ARF_UPDATE || update_type == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE) {
    // ARF
    apply_filtering = oxcf->algo_cfg.arnr_max_frames > 0;
  }
  if (is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    apply_filtering = 0;
  }

#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) start_timing(cpi, apply_filtering_time);
#endif
  // Save the pointer to the original source image.
  YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *source_buffer = frame_input->source;
  // apply filtering to frame
  if (apply_filtering) {
    int show_existing_alt_ref = 0;
    // TODO(bohanli): figure out why we need frame_type in cm here.
    cm->current_frame.frame_type = frame_params->frame_type;
    int arf_src_index = gf_group->arf_src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index];
    int is_forward_keyframe = 0;
    if (!frame_params->show_frame && cpi->no_show_fwd_kf) {
      // TODO(angiebird): Figure out why this condition yields forward keyframe.
      // fwd kf
      is_forward_keyframe = 1;
    }
    const int code_arf =
        av1_temporal_filter(cpi, arf_src_index, update_type,
                            is_forward_keyframe, &show_existing_alt_ref);
    if (code_arf) {
      aom_extend_frame_borders(&cpi->ppi->alt_ref_buffer, av1_num_planes(cm));
      frame_input->source = &cpi->ppi->alt_ref_buffer;
      aom_copy_metadata_to_frame_buffer(frame_input->source,
                                        source_buffer->metadata);
    }
    // Currently INTNL_ARF_UPDATE only do show_existing.
    if (update_type == ARF_UPDATE && !cpi->no_show_fwd_kf) {
      cpi->show_existing_alt_ref = show_existing_alt_ref;
    }
  }
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) end_timing(cpi, apply_filtering_time);
#endif

  // perform tpl after filtering
  int allow_tpl = oxcf->gf_cfg.lag_in_frames > 1 &&
                  !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) &&
                  oxcf->algo_cfg.enable_tpl_model;
  if (frame_params->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
    // Don't do tpl for fwd key frames or fwd key frame overlays
    allow_tpl = allow_tpl && !cpi->sf.tpl_sf.disable_filtered_key_tpl &&
                !cpi->no_show_fwd_kf &&
                gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] != OVERLAY_UPDATE;
  } else {
    // Do tpl after ARF is filtered, or if no ARF, at the second frame of GF
    // group.
    // TODO(bohanli): if no ARF, just do it at the first frame.
    int gf_index = cpi->gf_frame_index;
    allow_tpl = allow_tpl && (gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == ARF_UPDATE ||
                              gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == GF_UPDATE);
    if (allow_tpl) {
      // Need to set the size for TPL for ARF
      // TODO(bohanli): Why is this? what part of it is necessary?
      av1_set_frame_size(cpi, cm->superres_upscaled_width,
                         cm->superres_upscaled_height);
    }
  }

#if CONFIG_RD_COMMAND
  if (frame_params->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
    char filepath[] = "rd_command.txt";
    av1_read_rd_command(filepath, &cpi->rd_command);
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_RD_COMMAND

  if (allow_tpl == 0) {
    // Avoid the use of unintended TPL stats from previous GOP's results.
    if (cpi->gf_frame_index == 0 && !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi))
      av1_init_tpl_stats(&cpi->ppi->tpl_data);
  } else {
    if (!cpi->skip_tpl_setup_stats) {
      av1_tpl_preload_rc_estimate(cpi, frame_params);
      av1_tpl_setup_stats(cpi, 0, frame_params, frame_input);
    }
  }

  if (av1_encode(cpi, dest, frame_input, frame_params, frame_results) !=
      AOM_CODEC_OK) {
    return AOM_CODEC_ERROR;
  }

  // Set frame_input source to true source for psnr calculation.
  if (apply_filtering && is_psnr_calc_enabled(cpi)) {
    cpi->source =
        av1_scale_if_required(cm, source_buffer, &cpi->scaled_source,
                              cm->features.interp_filter, 0, false, true);
    cpi->unscaled_source = source_buffer;
  }
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
  if (cpi->oxcf.pass == 2) end_timing(cpi, denoise_and_encode_time);
#endif
  return AOM_CODEC_OK;
}
#endif  // !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY

static INLINE int find_unused_ref_frame(const int *used_ref_frames,
                                        const int *stack, int stack_size) {
  for (int i = 0; i < stack_size; ++i) {
    const int this_ref = stack[i];
    int ref_idx = 0;
    for (ref_idx = 0; ref_idx <= ALTREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME; ++ref_idx) {
      if (this_ref == used_ref_frames[ref_idx]) break;
    }

    // not in use
    if (ref_idx > ALTREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME) return this_ref;
  }

  return INVALID_IDX;
}

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
/*!\cond */
// Struct to keep track of relevant reference frame data.
typedef struct {
  int map_idx;
  int disp_order;
  int pyr_level;
  int used;
} RefBufMapData;
/*!\endcond */

// Comparison function to sort reference frames in ascending display order.
static int compare_map_idx_pair_asc(const void *a, const void *b) {
  if (((RefBufMapData *)a)->disp_order == ((RefBufMapData *)b)->disp_order) {
    return 0;
  } else if (((const RefBufMapData *)a)->disp_order >
             ((const RefBufMapData *)b)->disp_order) {
    return 1;
  } else {
    return -1;
  }
}

// Checks to see if a particular reference frame is already in the reference
// frame map.
static int is_in_ref_map(RefBufMapData *map, int disp_order, int n_frames) {
  for (int i = 0; i < n_frames; i++) {
    if (disp_order == map[i].disp_order) return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

// Add a reference buffer index to a named reference slot.
static void add_ref_to_slot(RefBufMapData *ref, int *const remapped_ref_idx,
                            int frame) {
  remapped_ref_idx[frame - LAST_FRAME] = ref->map_idx;
  ref->used = 1;
}

// Threshold dictating when we are allowed to start considering
// leaving lowest level frames unmapped.
#define LOW_LEVEL_FRAMES_TR 5

// Find which reference buffer should be left out of the named mapping.
// This is because there are 8 reference buffers and only 7 named slots.
static void set_unmapped_ref(RefBufMapData *buffer_map, int n_bufs,
                             int n_min_level_refs, int min_level,
                             int cur_frame_disp) {
  int max_dist = 0;
  int unmapped_idx = -1;
  if (n_bufs <= ALTREF_FRAME) return;
  for (int i = 0; i < n_bufs; i++) {
    if (buffer_map[i].used) continue;
    if (buffer_map[i].pyr_level != min_level ||
        n_min_level_refs >= LOW_LEVEL_FRAMES_TR) {
      int dist = abs(cur_frame_disp - buffer_map[i].disp_order);
      if (dist > max_dist) {
        max_dist = dist;
        unmapped_idx = i;
      }
    }
  }
  assert(unmapped_idx >= 0 && "Unmapped reference not found");
  buffer_map[unmapped_idx].used = 1;
}

static void get_ref_frames(AV1_COMP *const cpi,
                           RefFrameMapPair ref_frame_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES],
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                           int gf_index,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                           int cur_frame_disp) {
  AV1_COMMON *cm = &cpi->common;
  int *const remapped_ref_idx = cm->remapped_ref_idx;

  int buf_map_idx = 0;

  // Initialize reference frame mappings.
  for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) remapped_ref_idx[i] = INVALID_IDX;

  RefBufMapData buffer_map[REF_FRAMES];
  int n_bufs = 0;
  memset(buffer_map, 0, REF_FRAMES * sizeof(buffer_map[0]));
  int min_level = MAX_ARF_LAYERS;
  int max_level = 0;
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
  int skip_ref_unmapping = 0;
  int is_one_pass_rt = is_one_pass_rt_params(cpi);
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2

  // Go through current reference buffers and store display order, pyr level,
  // and map index.
  for (int map_idx = 0; map_idx < REF_FRAMES; map_idx++) {
    // Get reference frame buffer.
    RefFrameMapPair ref_pair = ref_frame_map_pairs[map_idx];
    if (ref_pair.disp_order == -1) continue;
    const int frame_order = ref_pair.disp_order;
    // Avoid duplicates.
    if (is_in_ref_map(buffer_map, frame_order, n_bufs)) continue;
    const int reference_frame_level = ref_pair.pyr_level;

    // Keep track of the lowest and highest levels that currently exist.
    if (reference_frame_level < min_level) min_level = reference_frame_level;
    if (reference_frame_level > max_level) max_level = reference_frame_level;

    buffer_map[n_bufs].map_idx = map_idx;
    buffer_map[n_bufs].disp_order = frame_order;
    buffer_map[n_bufs].pyr_level = reference_frame_level;
    buffer_map[n_bufs].used = 0;
    n_bufs++;
  }

  // Sort frames in ascending display order.
  qsort(buffer_map, n_bufs, sizeof(buffer_map[0]), compare_map_idx_pair_asc);

  int n_min_level_refs = 0;
  int n_past_high_level = 0;
  int closest_past_ref = -1;
  int golden_idx = -1;
  int altref_idx = -1;

  // Find the GOLDEN_FRAME and BWDREF_FRAME.
  // Also collect various stats about the reference frames for the remaining
  // mappings.
  for (int i = n_bufs - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    if (buffer_map[i].pyr_level == min_level) {
      // Keep track of the number of lowest level frames.
      n_min_level_refs++;
      if (buffer_map[i].disp_order < cur_frame_disp && golden_idx == -1 &&
          remapped_ref_idx[GOLDEN_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] == INVALID_IDX) {
        // Save index for GOLDEN.
        golden_idx = i;
      } else if (buffer_map[i].disp_order > cur_frame_disp &&
                 altref_idx == -1 &&
                 remapped_ref_idx[ALTREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] == INVALID_IDX) {
        // Save index for ALTREF.
        altref_idx = i;
      }
    } else if (buffer_map[i].disp_order == cur_frame_disp) {
      // Map the BWDREF_FRAME if this is the show_existing_frame.
      add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[i], remapped_ref_idx, BWDREF_FRAME);
    }

    // Keep track of the number of past frames that are not at the lowest level.
    if (buffer_map[i].disp_order < cur_frame_disp &&
        buffer_map[i].pyr_level != min_level)
      n_past_high_level++;

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
    // During parallel encodes of lower layer frames, exclude the first frame
    // (frame_parallel_level 1) from being used for the reference assignment of
    // the second frame (frame_parallel_level 2).
    if (!is_one_pass_rt &&
        gf_group->skip_frame_as_ref[gf_index] != INVALID_IDX) {
      assert(gf_group->frame_parallel_level[gf_index] == 2 &&
             gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE);
      assert(gf_group->frame_parallel_level[gf_index - 1] == 1 &&
             gf_group->update_type[gf_index - 1] == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE);
      if (buffer_map[i].disp_order == gf_group->skip_frame_as_ref[gf_index]) {
        buffer_map[i].used = 1;
        // In case a ref frame is excluded from being used during assignment,
        // skip the call to set_unmapped_ref(). Applicable in steady state.
        skip_ref_unmapping = 1;
      }
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2

    // Keep track of where the frames change from being past frames to future
    // frames.
    if (buffer_map[i].disp_order < cur_frame_disp && closest_past_ref < 0)
      closest_past_ref = i;
  }

  // Do not map GOLDEN and ALTREF based on their pyramid level if all reference
  // frames have the same level.
  if (n_min_level_refs <= n_bufs) {
    // Map the GOLDEN_FRAME.
    if (golden_idx > -1)
      add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[golden_idx], remapped_ref_idx, GOLDEN_FRAME);
    // Map the ALTREF_FRAME.
    if (altref_idx > -1)
      add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[altref_idx], remapped_ref_idx, ALTREF_FRAME);
  }

  // Find the buffer to be excluded from the mapping.
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
  if (!skip_ref_unmapping)
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
    set_unmapped_ref(buffer_map, n_bufs, n_min_level_refs, min_level,
                     cur_frame_disp);

  // Place past frames in LAST_FRAME, LAST2_FRAME, and LAST3_FRAME.
  for (int frame = LAST_FRAME; frame < GOLDEN_FRAME; frame++) {
    // Continue if the current ref slot is already full.
    if (remapped_ref_idx[frame - LAST_FRAME] != INVALID_IDX) continue;
    // Find the next unmapped reference buffer
    // in decreasing ouptut order relative to current picture.
    int next_buf_max = 0;
    int next_disp_order = INT_MIN;
    for (buf_map_idx = n_bufs - 1; buf_map_idx >= 0; buf_map_idx--) {
      if (!buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used &&
          buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order < cur_frame_disp &&
          buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order > next_disp_order) {
        next_disp_order = buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order;
        next_buf_max = buf_map_idx;
      }
    }
    buf_map_idx = next_buf_max;
    if (buf_map_idx < 0) break;
    if (buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[buf_map_idx], remapped_ref_idx, frame);
  }

  // Place future frames (if there are any) in BWDREF_FRAME and ALTREF2_FRAME.
  for (int frame = BWDREF_FRAME; frame < REF_FRAMES; frame++) {
    // Continue if the current ref slot is already full.
    if (remapped_ref_idx[frame - LAST_FRAME] != INVALID_IDX) continue;
    // Find the next unmapped reference buffer
    // in increasing ouptut order relative to current picture.
    int next_buf_max = 0;
    int next_disp_order = INT_MAX;
    for (buf_map_idx = n_bufs - 1; buf_map_idx >= 0; buf_map_idx--) {
      if (!buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used &&
          buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order > cur_frame_disp &&
          buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order < next_disp_order) {
        next_disp_order = buffer_map[buf_map_idx].disp_order;
        next_buf_max = buf_map_idx;
      }
    }
    buf_map_idx = next_buf_max;
    if (buf_map_idx < 0) break;
    if (buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[buf_map_idx], remapped_ref_idx, frame);
  }

  // Place remaining past frames.
  buf_map_idx = closest_past_ref;
  for (int frame = LAST_FRAME; frame < REF_FRAMES; frame++) {
    // Continue if the current ref slot is already full.
    if (remapped_ref_idx[frame - LAST_FRAME] != INVALID_IDX) continue;
    // Find the next unmapped reference buffer.
    for (; buf_map_idx >= 0; buf_map_idx--) {
      if (!buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    }
    if (buf_map_idx < 0) break;
    if (buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[buf_map_idx], remapped_ref_idx, frame);
  }

  // Place remaining future frames.
  buf_map_idx = n_bufs - 1;
  for (int frame = ALTREF_FRAME; frame >= LAST_FRAME; frame--) {
    // Continue if the current ref slot is already full.
    if (remapped_ref_idx[frame - LAST_FRAME] != INVALID_IDX) continue;
    // Find the next unmapped reference buffer.
    for (; buf_map_idx > closest_past_ref; buf_map_idx--) {
      if (!buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    }
    if (buf_map_idx < 0) break;
    if (buffer_map[buf_map_idx].used) break;
    add_ref_to_slot(&buffer_map[buf_map_idx], remapped_ref_idx, frame);
  }

  // Fill any slots that are empty (should only happen for the first 7 frames).
  for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i)
    if (remapped_ref_idx[i] == INVALID_IDX) remapped_ref_idx[i] = 0;
}
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

void av1_get_ref_frames(const RefBufferStack *ref_buffer_stack,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                        AV1_COMP *cpi,
                        RefFrameMapPair ref_frame_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES],
                        int cur_frame_disp,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                        int gf_index,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                        int remapped_ref_idx[REF_FRAMES]) {
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  (void)ref_buffer_stack;
  (void)remapped_ref_idx;
  get_ref_frames(cpi, ref_frame_map_pairs,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                 gf_index,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                 cur_frame_disp);
  return;
#else
  const int *const arf_stack = ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack;
  const int *const lst_stack = ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack;
  const int *const gld_stack = ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack;
  const int arf_stack_size = ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack_size;
  const int lst_stack_size = ref_buffer_stack->lst_stack_size;
  const int gld_stack_size = ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack_size;

  // Initialization
  for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) remapped_ref_idx[i] = INVALID_IDX;

  if (arf_stack_size) {
    remapped_ref_idx[ALTREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = arf_stack[arf_stack_size - 1];

    if (arf_stack_size > 1)
      remapped_ref_idx[BWDREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = arf_stack[0];

    if (arf_stack_size > 2)
      remapped_ref_idx[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = arf_stack[1];
  }

  if (lst_stack_size) {
    remapped_ref_idx[LAST_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = lst_stack[0];

    if (lst_stack_size > 1)
      remapped_ref_idx[LAST2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = lst_stack[1];
  }

  if (gld_stack_size) {
    remapped_ref_idx[GOLDEN_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = gld_stack[0];

    // If there are more frames in the golden stack, assign them to BWDREF,
    // ALTREF2, or LAST3.
    if (gld_stack_size > 1) {
      if (arf_stack_size <= 2) {
        if (arf_stack_size <= 1) {
          remapped_ref_idx[BWDREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = gld_stack[1];
          if (gld_stack_size > 2)
            remapped_ref_idx[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = gld_stack[2];
        } else {
          remapped_ref_idx[ALTREF2_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = gld_stack[1];
        }
      } else {
        remapped_ref_idx[LAST3_FRAME - LAST_FRAME] = gld_stack[1];
      }
    }
  }

  for (int idx = ALTREF_FRAME - LAST_FRAME; idx >= 0; --idx) {
    int ref_map_index = remapped_ref_idx[idx];

    if (ref_map_index != INVALID_IDX) continue;

    ref_map_index =
        find_unused_ref_frame(remapped_ref_idx, arf_stack, arf_stack_size);

    if (ref_map_index == INVALID_IDX) {
      ref_map_index =
          find_unused_ref_frame(remapped_ref_idx, gld_stack, gld_stack_size);
    }

    if (ref_map_index == INVALID_IDX) {
      ref_map_index =
          find_unused_ref_frame(remapped_ref_idx, lst_stack, lst_stack_size);
    }

    if (ref_map_index != INVALID_IDX) {
      remapped_ref_idx[idx] = ref_map_index;
    } else if (!gld_stack_size && arf_stack_size) {
      remapped_ref_idx[idx] = ref_buffer_stack->arf_stack[0];
    } else {
      remapped_ref_idx[idx] = ref_buffer_stack->gld_stack[0];
    }
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
}

int av1_encode_strategy(AV1_COMP *const cpi, size_t *const size,
                        uint8_t *const dest, unsigned int *frame_flags,
                        int64_t *const time_stamp, int64_t *const time_end,
                        const aom_rational64_t *const timestamp_ratio,
                        int *const pop_lookahead, int flush) {
  AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
  GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
  ExternalFlags *const ext_flags = &cpi->ext_flags;
  GFConfig *const gf_cfg = &oxcf->gf_cfg;

  EncodeFrameInput frame_input;
  EncodeFrameParams frame_params;
  EncodeFrameResults frame_results;
  memset(&frame_input, 0, sizeof(frame_input));
  memset(&frame_params, 0, sizeof(frame_params));
  memset(&frame_results, 0, sizeof(frame_results));

  // Check if we need to stuff more src frames
  if (flush == 0) {
    int srcbuf_size =
        av1_lookahead_depth(cpi->ppi->lookahead, cpi->compressor_stage);
    int pop_size =
        av1_lookahead_pop_sz(cpi->ppi->lookahead, cpi->compressor_stage);

    // Continue buffering look ahead buffer.
    if (srcbuf_size < pop_size) return -1;
  }

  if (!av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, 0, cpi->compressor_stage)) {
#if !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
    if (flush && oxcf->pass == AOM_RC_FIRST_PASS &&
        !cpi->ppi->twopass.first_pass_done) {
      av1_end_first_pass(cpi); /* get last stats packet */
      cpi->ppi->twopass.first_pass_done = 1;
    }
#endif
    return -1;
  }

  // TODO(sarahparker) finish bit allocation for one pass pyramid
  if (has_no_stats_stage(cpi)) {
    gf_cfg->gf_max_pyr_height =
        AOMMIN(gf_cfg->gf_max_pyr_height, USE_ALTREF_FOR_ONE_PASS);
    gf_cfg->gf_min_pyr_height =
        AOMMIN(gf_cfg->gf_min_pyr_height, gf_cfg->gf_max_pyr_height);
  }

  cpi->skip_tpl_setup_stats = 0;
#if !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
  const int use_one_pass_rt_params = is_one_pass_rt_params(cpi);
  if (!use_one_pass_rt_params && !is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
    start_timing(cpi, av1_get_second_pass_params_time);
#endif
    av1_get_second_pass_params(cpi, &frame_params, &frame_input, *frame_flags);
#if CONFIG_COLLECT_COMPONENT_TIMING
    end_timing(cpi, av1_get_second_pass_params_time);
#endif
  }
#endif

  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    // If this is a forward keyframe, mark as a show_existing_frame
    // TODO(bohanli): find a consistent condition for fwd keyframes
    if (oxcf->kf_cfg.fwd_kf_enabled &&
        gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == OVERLAY_UPDATE &&
        cpi->rc.frames_to_key == 0) {
      frame_params.show_existing_frame = 1;
    } else {
      frame_params.show_existing_frame =
          (cpi->show_existing_alt_ref &&
           gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == OVERLAY_UPDATE) ||
          gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE;
    }
    frame_params.show_existing_frame &= allow_show_existing(cpi, *frame_flags);

    // Reset show_existing_alt_ref decision to 0 after it is used.
    if (gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == OVERLAY_UPDATE) {
      cpi->show_existing_alt_ref = 0;
    }
  } else {
    frame_params.show_existing_frame = 0;
  }

  struct lookahead_entry *source = NULL;
  struct lookahead_entry *last_source = NULL;
  if (frame_params.show_existing_frame) {
    source = av1_lookahead_peek(cpi->ppi->lookahead, 0, cpi->compressor_stage);
    *pop_lookahead = 1;
    frame_params.show_frame = 1;
  } else {
    source = choose_frame_source(cpi, &flush, pop_lookahead, &last_source,
                                 &frame_params);
  }

  if (source == NULL) {  // If no source was found, we can't encode a frame.
#if !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
    if (flush && oxcf->pass == AOM_RC_FIRST_PASS &&
        !cpi->ppi->twopass.first_pass_done) {
      av1_end_first_pass(cpi); /* get last stats packet */
      cpi->ppi->twopass.first_pass_done = 1;
    }
#endif
    return -1;
  }

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  // reset src_offset to allow actual encode call for this frame to get its
  // source.
  gf_group->src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index] = 0;
#endif

  // Source may be changed if temporal filtered later.
  frame_input.source = &source->img;
  frame_input.last_source = last_source != NULL ? &last_source->img : NULL;
  frame_input.ts_duration = source->ts_end - source->ts_start;
  // Save unfiltered source. It is used in av1_get_second_pass_params().
  cpi->unfiltered_source = frame_input.source;

  *time_stamp = source->ts_start;
  *time_end = source->ts_end;
  if (source->ts_start < cpi->time_stamps.first_ts_start) {
    cpi->time_stamps.first_ts_start = source->ts_start;
    cpi->time_stamps.prev_ts_end = source->ts_start;
  }

  av1_apply_encoding_flags(cpi, source->flags);
  *frame_flags = (source->flags & AOM_EFLAG_FORCE_KF) ? FRAMEFLAGS_KEY : 0;

  // Shown frames and arf-overlay frames need frame-rate considering
  if (frame_params.show_frame)
    adjust_frame_rate(cpi, source->ts_start, source->ts_end);

  if (!frame_params.show_existing_frame) {
    if (cpi->film_grain_table) {
      cm->cur_frame->film_grain_params_present = aom_film_grain_table_lookup(
          cpi->film_grain_table, *time_stamp, *time_end, 0 /* =erase */,
          &cm->film_grain_params);
    } else {
      cm->cur_frame->film_grain_params_present =
          cm->seq_params->film_grain_params_present;
    }
    // only one operating point supported now
    const int64_t pts64 = ticks_to_timebase_units(timestamp_ratio, *time_stamp);
    if (pts64 < 0 || pts64 > UINT32_MAX) return AOM_CODEC_ERROR;
    cm->frame_presentation_time = (uint32_t)pts64;
  }

#if CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
  av1_get_one_pass_rt_params(cpi, &frame_params, *frame_flags);
  if (cpi->oxcf.speed >= 5 && cpi->ppi->number_spatial_layers == 1 &&
      cpi->ppi->number_temporal_layers == 1)
    av1_set_reference_structure_one_pass_rt(cpi, cpi->gf_frame_index == 0);
#else
  if (use_one_pass_rt_params) {
    av1_get_one_pass_rt_params(cpi, &frame_params, *frame_flags);
    if (cpi->oxcf.speed >= 5 && cpi->ppi->number_spatial_layers == 1 &&
        cpi->ppi->number_temporal_layers == 1)
      av1_set_reference_structure_one_pass_rt(cpi, cpi->gf_frame_index == 0);
  }
#endif

  FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type =
      get_frame_update_type(gf_group, cpi->gf_frame_index);

  if (frame_params.show_existing_frame &&
      frame_params.frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
    // Force show-existing frames to be INTER, except forward keyframes
    frame_params.frame_type = INTER_FRAME;
  }

  // TODO(david.turner@argondesign.com): Move all the encode strategy
  // (largely near av1_get_compressed_data) in here

  // TODO(david.turner@argondesign.com): Change all the encode strategy to
  // modify frame_params instead of cm or cpi.

  // Per-frame encode speed.  In theory this can vary, but things may have
  // been written assuming speed-level will not change within a sequence, so
  // this parameter should be used with caution.
  frame_params.speed = oxcf->speed;

  // Work out some encoding parameters specific to the pass:
  if (has_no_stats_stage(cpi) && oxcf->q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ) {
    av1_cyclic_refresh_update_parameters(cpi);
  } else if (is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    cpi->td.mb.e_mbd.lossless[0] = is_lossless_requested(&oxcf->rc_cfg);
    // Current frame is coded as a key-frame for any of the following cases:
    // 1) First frame of a video
    // 2) For all-intra frame encoding
    // 3) When a key-frame is forced
    const int kf_requested =
        (cm->current_frame.frame_number == 0 ||
         oxcf->kf_cfg.key_freq_max == 0 || (*frame_flags & FRAMEFLAGS_KEY));
    if (kf_requested && frame_update_type != OVERLAY_UPDATE &&
        frame_update_type != INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE) {
      frame_params.frame_type = KEY_FRAME;
    } else {
      frame_params.frame_type = INTER_FRAME;
    }
  } else if (is_stat_consumption_stage(cpi)) {
#if CONFIG_MISMATCH_DEBUG
    mismatch_move_frame_idx_w();
#endif
#if TXCOEFF_COST_TIMER
    cm->txcoeff_cost_timer = 0;
    cm->txcoeff_cost_count = 0;
#endif
  }

  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi))
    set_ext_overrides(cm, &frame_params, ext_flags);

  // Shown keyframes and S frames refresh all reference buffers
  const int force_refresh_all =
      ((frame_params.frame_type == KEY_FRAME && frame_params.show_frame) ||
       frame_params.frame_type == S_FRAME) &&
      !frame_params.show_existing_frame;

  av1_configure_buffer_updates(
      cpi, &frame_params.refresh_frame, frame_update_type,
      gf_group->refbuf_state[cpi->gf_frame_index], force_refresh_all);

  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    const RefCntBuffer *ref_frames[INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME];
    const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *ref_frame_buf[INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME];

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    RefFrameMapPair ref_frame_map_pairs[REF_FRAMES];
    init_ref_map_pair(cpi, ref_frame_map_pairs);
    const int order_offset = gf_group->arf_src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index];
    const int cur_frame_disp =
        cpi->common.current_frame.frame_number + order_offset;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

    if (!ext_flags->refresh_frame.update_pending) {
      av1_get_ref_frames(&cpi->ref_buffer_stack,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                         cpi, ref_frame_map_pairs, cur_frame_disp,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
                         cpi->gf_frame_index,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE_2
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
                         cm->remapped_ref_idx);
    } else if (cpi->svc.set_ref_frame_config) {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++)
        cm->remapped_ref_idx[i] = cpi->svc.ref_idx[i];
    }

    // Get the reference frames
    for (int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++i) {
      ref_frames[i] = get_ref_frame_buf(cm, ref_frame_priority_order[i]);
      ref_frame_buf[i] = ref_frames[i] != NULL ? &ref_frames[i]->buf : NULL;
    }

    // Work out which reference frame slots may be used.
    frame_params.ref_frame_flags = get_ref_frame_flags(
        &cpi->sf, ref_frame_buf, ext_flags->ref_frame_flags);

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    // Set primary_ref_frame of non-reference frames as PRIMARY_REF_NONE.
    if (cpi->ppi->gf_group.is_frame_non_ref[cpi->gf_frame_index]) {
      frame_params.primary_ref_frame = PRIMARY_REF_NONE;
    } else {
      frame_params.primary_ref_frame =
          choose_primary_ref_frame(cpi, &frame_params);
    }
#else
    frame_params.primary_ref_frame =
        choose_primary_ref_frame(cpi, &frame_params);
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

    frame_params.order_offset = gf_group->arf_src_offset[cpi->gf_frame_index];

    frame_params.refresh_frame_flags = av1_get_refresh_frame_flags(
        cpi, &frame_params, frame_update_type, cpi->gf_frame_index,
#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
        cur_frame_disp, ref_frame_map_pairs,
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
        &cpi->ref_buffer_stack);

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    // Make the frames marked as is_frame_non_ref to non-reference frames.
    if (gf_group->is_frame_non_ref[cpi->gf_frame_index])
      frame_params.refresh_frame_flags = 0;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    frame_params.existing_fb_idx_to_show = INVALID_IDX;
    // Find the frame buffer to show based on display order.
    if (frame_params.show_existing_frame) {
      for (int frame = 0; frame < REF_FRAMES; frame++) {
        const RefCntBuffer *const buf = cm->ref_frame_map[frame];
        if (buf == NULL) continue;
        const int frame_order = (int)buf->display_order_hint;
        if (frame_order == cur_frame_disp)
          frame_params.existing_fb_idx_to_show = frame;
      }
    }
#else
    frame_params.existing_fb_idx_to_show =
        frame_params.show_existing_frame
            ? (frame_update_type == INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE
                   ? get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, BWDREF_FRAME)
                   : get_ref_frame_map_idx(cm, ALTREF_FRAME))
            : INVALID_IDX;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  }

  // The way frame_params->remapped_ref_idx is setup is a placeholder.
  // Currently, reference buffer assignment is done by update_ref_frame_map()
  // which is called by high-level strategy AFTER encoding a frame.  It
  // modifies cm->remapped_ref_idx.  If you want to use an alternative method
  // to determine reference buffer assignment, just put your assignments into
  // frame_params->remapped_ref_idx here and they will be used when encoding
  // this frame.  If frame_params->remapped_ref_idx is setup independently of
  // cm->remapped_ref_idx then update_ref_frame_map() will have no effect.
  memcpy(frame_params.remapped_ref_idx, cm->remapped_ref_idx,
         REF_FRAMES * sizeof(*cm->remapped_ref_idx));

  cpi->td.mb.delta_qindex = 0;

  if (!frame_params.show_existing_frame) {
    cm->quant_params.using_qmatrix = oxcf->q_cfg.using_qm;
  }

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  // Copy previous frame's largest MV component from ppi to cpi.
  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) && cpi->do_frame_data_update)
    cpi->mv_search_params.max_mv_magnitude = cpi->ppi->max_mv_magnitude;
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE

#if CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
  if (av1_encode(cpi, dest, &frame_input, &frame_params, &frame_results) !=
      AOM_CODEC_OK) {
    return AOM_CODEC_ERROR;
  }
#else
  if (has_no_stats_stage(cpi) && oxcf->mode == REALTIME &&
      gf_cfg->lag_in_frames == 0) {
    if (av1_encode(cpi, dest, &frame_input, &frame_params, &frame_results) !=
        AOM_CODEC_OK) {
      return AOM_CODEC_ERROR;
    }
  } else if (denoise_and_encode(cpi, dest, &frame_input, &frame_params,
                                &frame_results) != AOM_CODEC_OK) {
    return AOM_CODEC_ERROR;
  }
#endif  // CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY

#if CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  // Store current frame's largest MV component in ppi.
  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) && cpi->do_frame_data_update)
    cpi->ppi->max_mv_magnitude = cpi->mv_search_params.max_mv_magnitude;
#endif

  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    // First pass doesn't modify reference buffer assignment or produce frame
    // flags
    update_frame_flags(&cpi->common, &cpi->refresh_frame, frame_flags);
    set_additional_frame_flags(cm, frame_flags);
#if !CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
    if (!ext_flags->refresh_frame.update_pending) {
      int ref_map_index =
          av1_get_refresh_ref_frame_map(cm->current_frame.refresh_frame_flags);
      av1_update_ref_frame_map(cpi, frame_update_type,
                               gf_group->refbuf_state[cpi->gf_frame_index],
                               ref_map_index, &cpi->ref_buffer_stack);
    }
#endif  // CONFIG_FRAME_PARALLEL_ENCODE
  }

#if !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY
#if TXCOEFF_COST_TIMER
  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi)) {
    cm->cum_txcoeff_cost_timer += cm->txcoeff_cost_timer;
    fprintf(stderr,
            "\ntxb coeff cost block number: %ld, frame time: %ld, cum time %ld "
            "in us\n",
            cm->txcoeff_cost_count, cm->txcoeff_cost_timer,
            cm->cum_txcoeff_cost_timer);
  }
#endif
#endif  // !CONFIG_REALTIME_ONLY

#if CONFIG_TUNE_VMAF
  if (!is_stat_generation_stage(cpi) &&
      (oxcf->tune_cfg.tuning >= AOM_TUNE_VMAF_WITH_PREPROCESSING &&
       oxcf->tune_cfg.tuning <= AOM_TUNE_VMAF_NEG_MAX_GAIN)) {
    av1_update_vmaf_curve(cpi);
  }
#endif

  // Unpack frame_results:
  *size = frame_results.size;

  // Leave a signal for a higher level caller about if this frame is droppable
  if (*size > 0) {
    cpi->droppable = is_frame_droppable(&cpi->svc, &ext_flags->refresh_frame);
  }

  return AOM_CODEC_OK;
}